Congenital Abnormalities of Intrathoracic Airways

Radiologic Clinics of North America

Volumn 47, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 203-225

  Desir, Amandine ^a   Ghaye, Benoît ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF LIÈGE   (Belgium)

Author keywords

Bronchi abnormalities; Bronchi CT; Computed tomography (CT) helical; Lung anatomy; Trachea abnormalities

Indexed keywords

BRONCHIECTASIS; BRONCHOGRAPHY; BRONCHOSCOPY; BRONCHUS ATRESIA; BRONCHUS STENOSIS; DIVERTICULOSIS; HUMAN; LUNG FIBROSIS; LUNG MALFORMATION; MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; REVIEW; SPIRAL COMPUTER ASSISTED TOMOGRAPHY; TRACHEA DISEASE; TRACHEA STENOSIS; TRACHEAL ATRESIA; TRACHEOBRONCHOMEGALY;

BRONCHI; BRONCHOGRAPHY; HUMANS; TOMOGRAPHY, X-RAY COMPUTED; TRACHEA;

EID: 60649089599     PISSN: 00338389     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.rcl.2008.11.009     Document Type: Review

References (126)

1. Lemoine J.M., and Gagnon A. Principaux modes de division et anomalies anatomiques de la trachée et des bronches. Bronches 2 (1952) 409-421
2. Atwell S.W. Major anomalies of the tracheobronchial tree, with a list of the minor anomalies. Dis Chest 52 (1967) 611-615
3. Kubik S., and Müntener M. Bronchusanomalien: tracheale, eparterielle und präeparterielle bronchi. Rofo 114 (1971) 145-163
4. Remy J., Remy-Jardin M., Artaud D., et al. Multiplanar and three-dimensional reconstruction techniques in CT: impact on chest diseases. Eur Radiol 8 (1998) 335-351
5. Fitoz S., Atasoy C., Yagmurlu A., et al. Three-dimensional CT of congenital esophageal atresia and distal tracheoesophageal fistula in neonates: preliminary results. AJR Am J Roentgenol 175 (2000) 1403-1407
6. Kawamoto S., Yuasa M., Tsukuda S., et al. Bronchial atresia: three-dimensional CT bronchography using volume rendering technique. Radiat Med 19 (2001) 107-110
7. Tsuchiya T., Mori K., Ichikawa T., et al. Bronchopulmonary foregut malformation diagnosed by three-dimensional CT. Pediatr Radiol 33 (2003) 887-889
8. Siegel M.J. Multiplanar and three-dimensional multi-detector row CT of thoracic vessels and airways in the pediatric population. Radiology 229 (2003) 641-650
9. Strouse P.J., Newman B., Hernandez R.J., et al. CT of tracheal agenesis. Pediatr Radiol 36 (2006) 920-926
10. Heyer C.M., Nuesslein T.G., Jung D., et al. Tracheobronchial anomalies and stenoses: detection with low-dose multidetector CT with virtual tracheobronchoscopy-comparison with flexible tracheobronchoscopy. Radiology 242 (2007) 542-549
11. Baden W., Schaefer J., Kumpf M., et al. Comparison of imaging techniques in the diagnosis of bridging bronchus. Eur Respir J 31 (2008) 1125-1131
12. Lee E.Y., Boiselle P.M., and Cleveland R.H. Multidetector CT evaluation of congenital lung anomalies. Radiology 247 3 (2008) 632-648
13. Evans J.A. Aberrant bronchi and cardiac vascular anomalies. Am J Med Genet 35 (1990) 46-54
14. Harris Jr. J.H. The clinical significance of the tracheal bronchus. AJR Am J Roentgenol 79 (1958) 228-234
15. Ghaye B., Szapiro D., Fanchamps J.M., et al. Congenital bronchial abnormalities revisited. Radiographics 21 (2001) 105-119
16. Bremer J.L. Accessory bronchi in embryos: their occurrence and probable fate. Anat Rec 54 (1932) 361-374
17. Alescio T., and Cassini A. Induction in vitro of tracheal buds by pulmonary mesenchyma grafted on tracheal epithelium. J Exp Zool 150 (1962) 83-94
18. Merei J.M., and Hutson J.M. Embryogenesis of tracheoesophageal anomalies: a review. Pediatr Surg Int 18 5-6 (2002) 319-326
19. Mata J.M., and Caceres J. The dysmorphic lung: imaging findings. Eur Radiol 6 (1996) 403-414
20. Landing B.H., and Dixon L.G. Congenital malformations and genetic disorders of the respiratory tract. Am Rev Respir Dis 20 (1979) 151-185
21. Shenoy S.S., Culver G.J., and Pirson H.S. Agenesis of lung in an adult. AJR Am J Roentgenol 133 4 (1979) 755-757
22. Beigelman C., Howarth N.R., Chartrand-Lefebvre C., et al. Congenital anomalies of tracheobronchial branching patterns: spiral CT aspects in adults. Eur Radiol 8 1 (1998) 79-85
23. Paterson A. Imaging evaluation of congenital lung abnormalities in infants and children. Radiol Clin North Am 43 2 (2005) 303-323
24. Woodring J.H., Howard T.A., and Kanga J.F. Congenital pulmonary venolobar syndrome revisited. Radiographics 14 (1994) 349-369
25. Remy J., and Remy-Jardin M. Malformations pulmonaires congénitales. In: Grenier P. (Ed). Imagerie thoracique de l'adulte. 3rd edition (2006), Paris: Flammarion 619-658
26. Fraser R.S., Muller N.L., Colman N., et al. Developmental anomalies affecting the airways and lung parenchyma. In: Fraser R.S., Muller N.L., Colman N., et al. (Eds). Fraser and Paré's diagnosis of diseases of the chest. 4th edition (1999), WB Saunders, Philadelphia 597-635
27. Gerle R.D., Jaretzki III A., Ashley C.A., et al. Congenital bronchopulmonary-foregut malformation: pulmonary sequestration communicating with the gastrointestinal tract. N Engl J Med 278 (1968) 1413-1419
28. Heithoff K.B., Sane S.M., Williams H.J., et al. Bronchopulmonary foregut malformations: a unifying etiological concept. AJR Am J Roentgenol 126 (1976) 46-55
29. Osinowo O., Harley H.R., and Janigan D. Congenital broncho-oesophageal fistula in the adult. Thorax 38 (1983) 138-142
30. Leithiser Jr. R.E., Capitanio M.A., Macpherson R.I., et al. "Communicating" bronchopulmonary foregut malformations. AJR Am J Roentgenol 146 (1986) 227-231
31. Srikanth M.S., Ford E.G., Stanley P., et al. Communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformations: classification and embryogenesis. J Pediatr Surg 27 (1992) 732-736
32. Verma A., Mohan S., Kathuria M., et al. Esophageal bronchus: case report and review of the literature. Acta Radiol 49 (2008) 138-141
33. Keeley J.L., and Schairer A.E. The anomalous origin of the right main bronchus from the esophagus. Ann Surg 152 (1960) 871-874
34. Tsugawa J., Tsugawa C., Satoh S., et al. Communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformation: particular emphasis on concomitant congenital tracheobronchial stenosis. Pediatr Surg Int 21 (2005) 932-935
35. Lacina S., Townley R., Radecki L., et al. Esophageal lung with cardiac abnormalities. Chest 79 (1981) 468-470
36. Lallemand D., Quignodon J.F., and Courtel J.V. The anomalous origin of bronchus from the esophagus: report of three cases. Pediatr Radiol 26 (1996) 179-182
37. Singal A.K., Kumar V.R., Rao M., et al. Bilateral communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformations in a child. Ann Thorac Surg 82 (2006) 330-332
38. Braimbridge M.V., and Keith H.I. Oesophago-bronchial fistula in the adult. Thorax 20 (1965) 226-233
39. Risher W.H., Arensman R.M., and Ochsner J.L. Congenital bronchoesophageal fistula. Ann Thorac Surg 49 (1990) 500-505
40. Im J.G., Lee W.J., Han M.C., et al. Congenital broncho-oesophageal fistula in the adult. Clin Radiol 43 (1991) 380-384
41. Nagata K., Kamio Y., Ichikawa T., et al. Congenital tracheoesophageal fistula successfully diagnosed by CT esophagography. World J Gastroenterol 12 (2006) 1476-1478
42. Sumner T.E., Auringer S.T., and Cox T.D. A complex communicating bronchopulmonary foregut malformation: diagnostic imaging and pathogenesis. Pediatr Radiol 27 (1997) 799-801
43. Islam S., Cavanaugh E., Honeke R., et al. Diagnosis of a proximal tracheoesophageal fistula using three-dimensional CT scan: a case report. J Pediatr Surg 39 (2004) 100-102
44. Sandu K., and Monnier P. Congenital tracheal anomalies. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 40 (2007) 193-217
45. Floyd J., Campbell Jr. D.C., and Dominy D.E. Agenesis of the trachea. Am Rev Respir Dis 86 (1962) 557-560
46. Ramsay B.H., and Byron F.X. Mucocele, congenital bronchiectasis, and bronchiogenic cyst. J Thorac Surg 26 (1953) 21-30
47. Remy J., Ribet M., Pagniez B., et al. [Segmentary bronchial atresia: study of 3 cases and review of the literature]. Ann Radiol 16 (1973) 615-628
48. Jederlinic P.J., Sicilian L.S., Baigelman W., et al. Congenital bronchial atresia: a report of 4 cases and a review of the literature. Medicine 65 (1986) 73-83
49. Ward S., and Morcos S.K. Congenital bronchial atresia: presentation of three cases and a pictorial review. Clin Radiol 54 (1999) 144-148
50. Matsushima H., Takayanagi N., Satoh M., et al. Congenital bronchial atresia: radiologic findings in nine patients. J Comput Assist Tomogr 26 (2002) 860-864
51. Seo T., Ando H., Kaneko K., et al. Two cases of prenatally diagnosed congenital lobar emphysema caused by lobar bronchial atresia. J Pediatr Surg 41 (2006) e17-e20
52. Kinsella D., Sissons G., and Williams M.P. The radiological imaging of bronchial atresia. Br J Radiol 65 (1992) 681-685
53. Berrocal T., Madrid C., Novo S., et al. Congenital anomalies of the tracheobronchial tree, lung, and mediastinum: embryology, radiology, and pathology. Radiographics 24 1 (2004) e17
54. Pedicelli G., Ciarpaglini L.L., De Santis M., et al. Congenital bronchial atresia (CBA): a critical review of CBA as a disease entity and presentation of a case series. Radiol Med 110 (2005) 544-553
55. Morikawa N., Kuroda T., Honna T., et al. Congenital bronchial atresia in infants and children. J Pediatr Surg 40 (2005) 1822-1826
56. Ko S.F., Lee T.Y., Kao C.L., et al. Bronchial atresia associated with epibronchial right pulmonary artery and aberrant right middle lobe artery. Br J Radiol 71 (1998) 217-220
57. Cohen A.M., Solomon E.H., and Alfidi R.J. Computed tomography in bronchial atresia. AJR Am J Roentgenol 135 (1980) 1097-1099
58. Okuda M., Huang C.L., Masuya D., et al. Lobar bronchial atresia demonstrating a cystic lesion without overinflation. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 30 (2006) 391-393
59. Agarwal P.P., Matzinger F.R., Seely J.M., et al. An unusual case of systemic arterial supply to the lung with bronchial atresia. AJR Am J Roentgenol 185 (2005) 150-153
60. Yoon Y.H., Son K.H., Kim J.T., et al. Bronchial atresia associated with spontaneous pneumothorax: report of a case. J Korean Med Sci 19 (2004) 142-144
61. Kunisaki S.M., Fauza D.O., Nemes L.P., et al. Bronchial atresia: the hidden pathology within a spectrum of prenatally diagnosed lung masses. J Pediatr Surg 41 (2006) 61-65
62. Holinger P.H., Johnston K.C., and Basinger C.E. Benign stenosis of the trachea. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 59 (1950) 837-859
63. Chang N., Hertzler J.H., Gregg R.H., et al. Congenital stenosis of the right mainstem bronchus: a case report. Pediatrics 41 (1968) 739-742
64. Berdon W.E., Baker D.H., Wung J.T., et al. Complete cartilage-ring tracheal stenosis associated with anomalous left pulmonary artery: the ring-sling complex. Radiology 152 (1984) 57-64
65. Wells T.R., Gwinn J.L., Landing B.H., et al. Reconsideration of the anatomy of sling left pulmonary artery: the association of one form with bridging bronchus and imperforate anus. Anatomic and diagnostic aspects. J Pediatr Surg 23 (1988) 892-898
66. Lee K.H., Yoon C.S., Choe K.O., et al. Use of imaging for assessing anatomical relationships of tracheobronchial anomalies associated with left pulmonary artery sling. Pediatr Radiol 31 (2001) 269-278
67. Berdon W.E. Rings, slings, and other things: vascular compression of the infant trachea updated from the midcentury to the millennium-the legacy of Robert E. Gross, MD, and Edward B.D. Neuhauser, MD. Radiology 216 (2000) 624-632
68. Foster-Carter A.F. Broncho-pulmonary abnormalities. Br J Tuberc Dis Chest 40 (1946) 111-124
69. Woodring J.H., Howard II R.S., and Rehm S.R. Congenital tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier-Kuhn syndrome): a report of 10 cases and review of the literature. J Thorac Imaging 6 2 (1991) 1-10
70. Frenkiel S., Assimes I.K., and Rosales J.K. Congenital tracheal diverticulum: a case report. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 89 (1980) 406-408
71. Early E.K., and Bothwell M.R. Congenital tracheal diverticulum. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 127 1 (2002) 119-121
72. Caversaccio M.D., Becker M., and Zbären P. Tracheal diverticulum presenting with recurrent laryngeal nerve paralysis. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 107 4 (1998) 362-364
73. Restrepo S., Villamil M.A., Rojas I.C., et al. Association of two respiratory congenital anomalies: tracheal diverticulum and cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung. Pediatr Radiol 34 3 (2004) 263-266
74. Goo J.M., Im J.G., Ahn J.M., et al. Right paratracheal air cysts in the thoracic inlet: clinical and radiologic significance. AJR Am J Roentgenol 173 1 (1999) 65-70
75. Soto-Hurtado E.J., Peñuela-Ruíz L., Rivera-Sánchez I., et al. Tracheal diverticulum: a review of the literature. Lung 184 6 (2006) 303-307
76. McKinnon D. Tracheal diverticula. J Pathol Bacteriol 65 (1953) 513-517
77. Polverosi R., Carloni A., and Poletti V. Tracheal and main bronchial diverticula: the role of CT. Radiol Med 113 2 (2008) 181-189
78. Sanford M.F., and Broderick L.S. Multidetector computed tomography detection of bronchial diverticula. J Thorac Imaging 22 (2007) 265-267
79. Koffi-Aka V., Manceau A., Cottier J.P., et al. [Tracheocele: a rare cause of pharyngeal disorders]. Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac 119 3 (2002) 186-188
80. Ming Z., and Lin Z. Evaluation of tracheal bronchus in Chinese children using multidetector CT. Pediatr Radiol 37 (2007) 1230-1234
81. Remy J., Smith M., Marache P., et al. La bronche "trachéale" gauche pathogène. J Radiol Electrol 58 (1977) 621-630
82. Ritsema G.H. Ectopic right bronchus: indications for bronchography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 140 (1983) 671-674
83. Feofilov G.L., and Ossipov V.P. Bronche trachéale. Bronches 20 (1970) 274-283
84. Boyden E.A. Segmental anatomy of the lungs (1995), McGraw-Hill, New York
85. Iannaccone G., Capocaccia P., Colloridi V., et al. Double right tracheal bronchus: a case report in an infant. Pediatr Radiol 13 (1983) 156-158
86. Kumagae Y., Jinguji M., Tanaka D., et al. An adult case of bilateral true tracheal bronchi associated with hemoptysis. J Thorac Imaging 21 (2006) 293-295
87. Siegel M.J., Shackelford G.D., Francis R.S., et al. Tracheal bronchus. Radiology 130 (1979) 353-355
88. Yildiz H., Ugurel S., Soylu K., et al. Accessory cardiac bronchus and tracheal bronchus anomalies: CT-bronchoscopy and CT-bronchography findings. Surg Radiol Anat 28 (2006) 646-649
89. McLaughlin F.J., Strieder D.J., Harris G.B.C., et al. Tracheal bronchus: association with respiratory morbidity in childhood. J Pediatr 106 (1985) 751-755
90. Middleton R.M., Littleton J.T., Brickey D.A., et al. Obstructed tracheal bronchus as a cause of post-obstructive pneumonia. J Thorac Imaging 10 (1995) 223-224
91. Stene R., Rose M., Weinger M.B., et al. Bronchial trifurcation at the carina complicating use of a double-lumen tracheal tube. Anesthesiology 80 (1994) 1162-1164
92. O'Sullivan B.P., Frassica J.J., and Rayder S.M. Tracheal bronchus: a cause of prolonged atelectasis in intubated children. Chest 113 (1998) 537-540
93. Patrinou V., Kourea H., and Dougenis D. Bronchial carcinoid of an accessory tracheal bronchus. Ann Thorac Surg 71 (2001) 1034-1035
94. Brock R.C. The anatomy of the bronchial tree (1946), Oxford University Press, London
95. Mangiulea V.G., and Stinghe R.V. The accessory cardiac bronchus: bronchologic aspect and review of the literature. Dis Chest 54 (1968) 35-38
96. Ghaye B., Kos X., and Dondelinger R.F. Accessory cardiac bronchus: 3D CT demonstration in nine cases. Eur Radiol 9 (1999) 45-48
97. Lachowicz D., and Trzebińska-Korniszewska A. [Unusual left-side bronchial anomaly]. Rofo 129 2 (1978) 271-272
98. Ghaye B. Accessory cardiac bronchus. Radiographics 20 (2000) 1493
99. Huzly A., and Boehm F. Bronches cardiaques accessoires. Bronches 6 (1956) 540-550
100. McGuinness G., Naidich D.P., Garay S.M., et al. Accessory cardiac bronchus: CT features and clinical significance. Radiology 189 (1993) 563-566
101. Jackson G.D., and Littleton J.T. Simultaneous occurrence of anomalous cardiac and tracheal bronchi: a case report. J Thorac Imaging 3 (1988) 59-60
102. Bentala M., Grijm K., van der Zee J.H., et al. Cardiac bronchus: a rare cause of hemoptysis. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 22 (2002) 643-645
103. Gonzalez-Crussi F., Padilla L.M., Miller J.K., et al. Bridging bronchus: a previously undescribed airway anomaly. Am J Dis Child 130 (1976) 1015-1018
104. Starshak R.J., Sty J.R., Woods G., et al. Bridging bronchus: a rare airway anomaly. Radiology 140 (1981) 95-96
105. Bertucci G.M., Dickman P.S., Lachman R.S., et al. Bridging bronchus and posterior left pulmonary artery: a unique association. Pediatr Pathol 7 (1987) 637-643
106. Wells T.R., Stanley P., Padua E.M., et al. Serial section-reconstruction of anomalous tracheobronchial branching patterns from CT scan images: bridging bronchus associated with sling left pulmonary artery. Pediatr Radiol 20 (1990) 444-446
107. Stokes J.R., Heatley D.G., Lusk R.P., et al. The bridging bronchus: successful diagnosis and repair. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 123 (1997) 1344-1347
108. Grillo H.C., Wright C.D., Vlahakes G.J., et al. Management of congenital tracheal stenosis by means of slide tracheoplasty or resection and reconstruction, with long-term follow-up of growth after slide tracheoplasty. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 123 1 (2002) 145-152
109. Rishavy T.J., Goretsky M.J., Langenburg S.E., et al. Anterior bridging bronchus. Pediatr Pulmonol 35 (2003) 70-72
110. Topcu S., Liman S.T., Sarisoy H.T., et al. Stenotic bridging bronchus: a very rare entity. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 131 (2006) 1200-1201
111. Lee M.L., Lue H.C., Chiu I.S., et al. A systematic classification of the congenital bronchopulmonary vascular malformations: dysmorphogeneses of the primitive foregut system and the primitive aortic arch system. Yonsei Med J 49 (2008) 90-102
112. Gower W.A., McGrath-Morrow S.A., MacDonald K.D., et al. Tracheal bronchus in a 6-month-old infant identified by CT with three-dimensional airway reconstruction. Thorax 63 (2008) 93-94
113. Cope R., Campbell J.R., and Wall M. Bilateral tracheal bronchi. J Pediatr Surg 21 5 (1986) 443-444
114. Clements B.S., and Warner J.O. The crossover lung segment: congenital malformation associated with a variant of scimitar syndrome. Thorax 42 (1987) 417-419
115. Wheeler D.S., Poss W.B., Cocalis M., et al. Braided bronchus: a previously undescribed airway anomaly. Pediatr Pulmonol 25 (1998) 348-351
116. Odell J. Anomalous origin of the anterior segmental bronchus of the right upper lobe. Thorax 35 (1980) 213-214
117. Wu J.W., White C.S., Meyer C.A., et al. Variant bronchial anatomy: CT appearance and classification. AJR Am J Roentgenol 172 (1999) 741-744
118. MacGregor J.H., Chiles C., Godwin J.D., et al. Imaging of the axillary subsegment of the right upper lobe. Chest 90 5 (1986) 763-765
119. Winer-Muram H.T. Adult presentation of heterotaxic syndromes and related complexes. J Thorac Imaging 10 1 (1995) 43-57
120. Applegate K.E., Goske M.J., Pierce G., et al. Situs revisited: imaging of the heterotaxy syndrome. Radiographics 19 4 (1999) 837-852
121. Winer-Muram H.T., and Tonkin I.L. The spectrum of heterotaxic syndromes. Radiol Clin North Am 27 6 (1989) 1147-1170
122. Bush A. Left bronchial isomerism, normal atrial arrangement and bronchomalacia mimicking asthma: a new syndrome?. Eur Respir J 14 2 (1999) 475-477
123. Partridge J.B., Scott O., Deverall P.B., et al. Visualization and measurement of the main bronchi by tomography as an objective indicator of thoracic situs in congenital heart disease. Circulation 51 (1975) 188-196
124. Ruscazio M., Van Praagh S., Marrass A.R., et al. Interrupted inferior vena cava in asplenia syndrome and a review of the hereditary patterns of visceral situs abnormalities. Am J Cardiol 81 1 (1998) 111-116
125. Winer-Muram H., Ellis J.V., Scott R.L., et al. Isolated left thoracic isomerism. Radiology 155 (1985) 10
126. Landay M.J., Chaw C., and Bordlee R.P. Bilateral left lungs: unusual variation of hilar anatomy. AJR Am J Roentgenol 138 (1982) 1162-1164