The alphabet soup of pneumonia: CAP, HAP, HCAP, NHAP, and VAP

Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine

Volumn 30, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 3-9

  Anand, Nitin ^a   Kollef, Marin H ^a  

^a WASHINGTON UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Antibiotics; Health care; Multidrug resistant; Pneumonia

Indexed keywords

ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY; COMMUNITY ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; DISEASE CLASSIFICATION; DISEASE SEVERITY; ENTEROBACTERIACEAE; HEALTHCARE ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA; HOSPITAL ACQUIRED PNEUMONIA; HOSPITAL INFECTION; HUMAN; INFECTION RISK; METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS; MORTALITY; NURSING HOME; NURSING HOME ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; VENTILATOR ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA;

ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; COMMUNITY-ACQUIRED INFECTIONS; CROSS INFECTION; DRUG RESISTANCE, MULTIPLE, BACTERIAL; HUMANS; NURSING HOMES; PNEUMONIA; PRACTICE GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; SEVERITY OF ILLNESS INDEX; SPAIN; TERMINOLOGY AS TOPIC; UNITED STATES;

EID: 60549098990     PISSN: 10693424     EISSN: 10989048     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1119803     Document Type: Review

References (40)

1. Hiramatsu K, Niederman MS. Healthcare-associated pneumonia: a new therapeutic paradigm. Chest 2005;128:3784-3787
2. Kollef MH, Shorr A, Tabak YP, Gupta V, Liu LZ, Johannes RS. Epidemiology and outcomes of healthcare-associated pneumonia: results from a large US database of culture- positive pneumonia. Chest 2005;128:3854-3862
3. American Thoracic Society; Infectious Diseases Society. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital- acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171:388-416
4. Mandell LA, Wunderink RG, Anzueto A, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America/American Thoracic Society consensus guidelines on the management of community- acquired pneumonia in adults. Clin Infect Dis 2007; 44(Suppl 2):S27-S72
5. Craven DE. What is healthcare-associated pneumonia, and how should it be treated? Curr Opin Infect Dis 2006;19:153-160
6. National hospital ambulatory medical care survey: 2004 emergency department summary. Available at http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ad/ad372.pdf. Accessed April 2, 2007
7. Friedman ND, Kaye KS, Stout JE, et al. Healthcare- associated bloodstream infections in adults: a reason to change the accepted definition of community-acquired infections. Ann Intern Med 2002;137:791-797
8. Muder RR, Aghababian RV, Loeb MB, Solot JA, Higbee M. Nursing home-acquired pneumonia: an emergency department treatment algorithm. Curr Med Res Opin 2004;20: 1309-1320
9. Houck PM, Bratzler DW, Nsa W, Ma A, Bartlett JG. Timing of antibiotic administration and outcomes for Medicare patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia. Arch Intern Med 2004;164:637-644
10. Iregui M, Ward S, Sherman G, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Clinical importance of delays in the initiation of appropriate antibiotic treatment for ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 2002;122:262-268
11. Luna CM, Vujacich P, Niederman MS, et al. Impact of BAL data on the therapy and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest 1997;111:676-685
12. Micek ST, Kollef KE, Reichley RM, Roubinian N, Kollef MH. Healthcare-associated pneumonia and community- acquired pneumonia: a single-center experience. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007;51:3568-3573
13. Shorr AF, Tabak YP, Killian AD, Gupta V, Liu LZ, Kollef MH. Healthcare-associated bloodstream infection: A distinct entity? Insights from a large U.S. database. Crit Care Med 2006;34:2588-2595
14. Guay DR. Guidelines for the management of adults with healthcare-associated pneumonia: implications for nursing facility residents. Consult Pharm 2006;21:719-725
15. Tablan OC, Anderson LJ, Besser R, Bridges C, Hajjeh R. Guidelines for preventing healthcare-associated pneumonia, 2003: recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. MMWR Recomm Rep 2004;53(RR-3):1-36
16. Kirk O, Glenthoj J, Dragsted UB, et al. Penicillin as empirical therapy for patients hospitalised with community acquired pneumonia at a Danish hospital. Dan Med Bull 2001;48:84-88
17. Grossman RF, Rotschafer JC, Tan JS. Antimicrobial treatment of lower respiratory tract infections in the hospital setting. Am J Med 2005;118(Suppl 7A):29S-38S
18. Pop-Vicas AE, D'Agata EM. The rising influx of multidrug- resistant gram-negative bacilli into a tertiary care hospital. Clin Infect Dis 2005;40:1792-1798
19. Lescure FX, Locher G, Eveillard M, et al. Community- acquired infection with healthcare-associated methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus: the role of home nursing care. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2006;27:1213-1218
20. Fujitani S, Yu VL. A new category: healthcare-associated pneumonia: a good idea, but problems with its execution. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2006;25:627-631
21. Wunderink RG. Healthcare-associated bacteremia: stirring the mud. Crit Care Med 2006;34:2685-2686
22. Tillotson GS, Ball P. Meeting report: Fourth Forum on Respiratory Tract Infections, Sitges, Spain, 8 11 February 2007. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007;60:464-469
23. Arancibia F, Bauer TT, Ewig S, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia due to gram-negative bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: incidence, risk, and prognosis. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1849-1858
24. Carratalà J, Mykietiuk A, Fernández-Sabé N, et al. Healthcare-associated pneumonia requiring hospital admission: epidemiology, antibiotic therapy, and clinical outcomes. Arch Intern Med 2007;167:1393-1399
25. Lim WS, Macfarlane JT. A prospective comparison of nursing home acquired pneumonia with community acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2001;18:362-368
26. Marrie TJ, Blanchard W. A comparison of nursing home- acquired pneumonia patients with patients with community- acquired pneumonia and nursing home patients without pneumonia. J Am Geriatr Soc 1997;45:50-55
27. El Solh AA, Pietrantoni C, Bhat A, Bhora M, Berbary E. Indicators of potentially drug-resistant bacteria in severe nursing home-acquired pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39: 474-480
28. Muder RR. Pneumonia in residents of long-term care facilities: epidemiology, etiology, management, and prevention. Am J Med 1998;105:319-330
29. Craven DE, Palladino R, McQuillen DP. Healthcare- associated pneumonia in adults: management principles to improve outcomes. Infect Dis Clin North Am 2004;18:939-962
30. Buising KL, Thursky KA, Black JF, et al. A prospective comparison of severity scores for identifying patients with severe community acquired pneumonia: reconsidering what is meant by severe pneumonia. Thorax 2006;61:419-424
31. Capelastegui A, Espana PP, Quintana JM, et al. Validation of a predictive rule for the management of community- acquired pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2006;27:151-157
32. Ewig S, Ruiz M, Mensa J, et al. Severe community-acquired pneumonia: assessment of severity criteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;158:1102-1108
33. Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med 1997;336:243-250
34. Ewig S, Torres A. Severe community-acquired pneumonia. Clin Chest Med 1999;20:575-587
35. Micek ST, Dunne M, Kollef MK. Complications of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus:importanceof treatment with antimicrobials inhibiting exotoxin production. Chest 2005;128:2732-2738
36. Falagas ME, Karveli EA, Kelesidis I, Kelesidis T. Community- acquired Acinetobacter infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2007;26:857-868
37. Rello J, Bodi M, Mariscal D, et al. Microbiological testing and outcome of patients with severe community-acquired pneumonia. Chest 2003;123:174-180
38. Arancibia F, Bauer TT, Ewig S, et al. Community-acquired pneumonia due to gram-negative bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: incidence, risk, and prognosis. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:1849-1858
39. Ibrahim EH, Ward S, Sherman G, Schaiff R, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. Experience with a clinical guideline for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Crit Care Med 2001;29:1109-1115
40. Soo Hoo GW, Wen YE, Nguyen TV, Goetz MB. Impact of clinical guidelines in the management of severe hospital- acquired pneumonia. Chest 2005;128:2778-2787