The renoprotective effects of RAS inhibition: Focus on prevention and treatment of chronic kidney disease

Postgraduate Medicine

Volumn 121, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 96-103

  Weir, Matthew R ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MARYLAND SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Angiotensin II receptor blockers; Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors; Chronic kidney disease; Hypertension; RAS; Renin angiotensin system

Indexed keywords

ALBUMIN; ALISKIREN; AMLODIPINE; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONIST; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENT; BIOLOGICAL MARKER; CANDESARTAN; DIPEPTIDYL CARBOXYPEPTIDASE INHIBITOR; ENALAPRIL; IRBESARTAN; LISINOPRIL; LOSARTAN; NISOLDIPINE; OLMESARTAN; PLACEBO; RAMIPRIL; TELMISARTAN; TRANDOLAPRIL; VALSARTAN; VERAPAMIL; ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR;

ALBUMINURIA; BLOOD PRESSURE REGULATION; CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE; CLINICAL TRIAL; DIABETES MELLITUS; DIABETIC NEPHROPATHY; DISEASE COURSE; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INHIBITION; DRUG MEGADOSE; HUMAN; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY FAILURE; KIDNEY FUNCTION; MICROALBUMINURIA; NON INSULIN DEPENDENT DIABETES MELLITUS; PROTEINURIA; RENAL PROTECTION; RENIN ANGIOTENSIN ALDOSTERONE SYSTEM; REVIEW; ARTICLE; CHRONIC KIDNEY FAILURE; DRUG ANTAGONISM; DRUG EFFECT; PHYSIOLOGY; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIAL;

ANGIOTENSIN-CONVERTING ENZYME INHIBITORS; ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AGENTS; DIABETES MELLITUS, TYPE 2; HUMANS; HYPERTENSION; KIDNEY FAILURE, CHRONIC; RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED TRIALS AS TOPIC; RECEPTORS, ANGIOTENSIN; RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN SYSTEM;

EID: 60549087366     PISSN: 00325481     EISSN: 19419260     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.3810/pgm.2009.01.1958     Document Type: Review

References (54)

1. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines on hypertension and antihypertensive agents in chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2004;43(suppl 1):S1-S290.
2. Sarnak MJ, Levey AS, Schoolwerth AC, et al; American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiolgy, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Kidney discase as a risk factor for development of cardiovascular disease: a statement from the American Heart Association Councils on Kidney in Cardiovascular Disease, High Blood Pressure Research, Clinical Cardiology, and Epidemiology and Prevention. Hypertension. 2003;42(5):1050-1065.
3. Sarnak MJ, Levey AS. Cardiovascular disease and chronic renal disease: a new paradigm. Am J Kidney Dis. 2000;35(4 suppl 1):S117-S131. (Pubitemid 30183825)
4. Coresh J, Astor BC, Greene T, Eknoyan G, Levey AS. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease and decreased kidney function in the adult US population: Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Am J Kidney Dis. 2003;41(1):1-12. (Pubitemid 36043346)
5. Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, et al; Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; National High Pressure Education Program Coordinating Committee. Seventh report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2003;42(6):1206-1252.
6. National Kidney Foundation. K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines and clinical practice recommendations for diabetes and chronic kidney disease. Am J Kidney Dis. 2007;49(suppl 2):S1-S180.
7. Raij L. The pathophysiologic basis for blocking the renin-angiotensin system in hypertensive patients with renal disease. Am J Hypertens. 2005;18(4 pt 2):95S-99S. (Pubitemid 40544825)
8. Kopyt NP. Slowing progression along the renal disease continuum. J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2005;105(4):207-215. (Pubitemid 40840098)
9. Navar LG, Harrison-Bernard LM, Nishiyama A, Kobori H. Regulation of intrarenal angiotensin II in hypertension. Hypertension. 2002;39(2pt 2):316-322.
10. Siragy HM, de Gasparo M, El-Kersh M, Carey RM. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition potentiates angiotensin II type 1 receptor effects on renal bradykinin and cGMP. Hypertension. 2001;38(2):183-186. (Pubitemid 34224741)
11. Ha H, Kim KH. Pathogenesis of diabetic nephropathy: the role of oxidative stress and protein kinase C. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1999;45(2-3):147-151. (Pubitemid 29457762)
12. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Bain RP, Rohde RD. The effect of angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibition on diabetic nephropathy. The Collaborative Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(20):1456-1462.
13. Ravid M, Savin H, Jutrin I, Bental T, Katz B, Lishner M. Long-term stabilizing effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition on plasma creatinine and on proteinuria in normotensive type II diabetic patients. Ann Intern Med. 1993;118(8):577-581. (Pubitemid 23102690)
14. Sano T, Hotta N, Kawamura T, et al. Effects of long-term enalapril treatment on persistent microalbuminuria in normotensive type 2 diabetic patients: results of a 4-year, prospective, randomized study. Diabet Med. 1996;13(2):120-124. (Pubitemid 26074289)
15. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICROHOPE substudy. Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Lancet. 2000;355(9200):253-259.
16. Ruggenenti P, Fassi A, Ilieva AP, et al; Bergamo Nephrologic Diabetes Complications Trial (BENEDICT) Investigators. Preventing microalbuminuria in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(19):1941-1951.
17. Agodoa LY, Appel L, Bakris GL, et al; African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension (AASK) Study Group. Effect of ramipril vs amlodipine on renal outcomes in hypertensive nephrosclerosis: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2001;285(21):2719-2728.
18. Wright JT Jr, Bakris G, Greene T, et al; African American Study of Kidney Disease and Hypertension Study Group. Effect of blood pressure lowering and antihypertensive drug class on progression of hypertensive kidney disease: results from the AASK trial. JAMA. 2002;288(19):2421-2431.
19. Ruggenenti P, Perna A, Loriga G, et al; REIN-2 Study Group. Blood-pressure control for renoprotection in patients with non-diabetic chronic renal disease (REIN-2): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005;365(9463):939-946. (Pubitemid 41071427)
20. Parving HH, Lehnert H, Bröchner-Mortensen J, Gomis R, Andersen S, Arner P; Irbesartan in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes and Microalbuminuria Study Group. The effect of irbesartan on the development of diabetic nephropathy in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):870-878.
21. Viberti G, Wheeldon NM; MicroAlbuminuria Reduction With VALsartan (MARVAL) Study Investigators. Microalbuminuria reduction with valsartan in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a blood pressure-independent effect. Circulation. 2002;106(6):672-678.
22. Brenner BM, Cooper ME, de Zeeuw D, et al; RENAAL Study Investigators. Effects of losartan on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):861-869.
23. Lewis EJ, Hunsicker LG, Clarke WR, et al; Collaborative Study Group. Renoprotective effect of the angiotensin-receptor antagonist irbesartan in patients with nephropathy due to type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2001;345(12):851-860. (Pubitemid 34940824)
24. Makino H, Haneda M, Babazono T, et al. The telmisartan renoprotective study from incipient nephropathy to overt nephropathy - rationale, study design, treatment plan and baseline characteristics of the incipient to overt: angiotensin II receptor blocker, telmisartan, Investigation on Type 2 Diabetic Nephropathy (INNOVATION) Study. J Int Med Res. 2005;33(6):677-686. (Pubitemid 43009595)
25. Makino H, Haneda M, Babazono T, et al: INNOVATION Study Group. Prevention of transition from incipient to overt nephropathy with telmisartan in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(6):1577-1578. (Pubitemid 46871174)
26. Hollenberg NK, Parving HH, Viberti G, et al. Albuminuria response to very high-dose valsartan in type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Hypertens. 2007;25(9):1921-1926. (Pubitemid 47356634)
27. Weir MR, Hollenberg NK, Daley WL, et al. Dose-related antihypertensive effects of valsartan therapy in African American patients with type 2 diabetes: the Diovan Reduction Of Proteinuria (DROP) study. Abstract P-446 MP-4. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2007;9(suppl A):A186.
28. Mogensen CE, Neldam S, Tikkanen I, et al. Randomised controlled trial of dual blockade of renin-angiotensin system in patients with hypertension, microalbuminuria, and non-insulin dependent diabetes: the Candcsartan And Lisinopril Microalbuminuria (CALM) study. BMJ. 2000;321(7274):1440-1444.
29. Nakao N, Yoshimura A, Morita H, Takada M, Kayano T, Ideura T. Combination treatment of angiotensin-II receptor blocker and angioten-sin-converting-enzyme inhibitor in non-diabelic renal disease (COOPERATE): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2003;361(9352):117-124. (Pubitemid 36092015)
30. Li PK-T, Leung CB, Chow KM, et al; HKVIN Study Group. Hong Kong study using valsartan in IgA nephropathy (HKVIN): a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006;47(5):751-760.
31. Jafar TH, Schmid CH, Landa M, et al. Angiotensin-Converting enzyme inhibitors and progression of nondiabetic renal disease. A meta-analysis of patient level data. Ann Intern Med. 2001;135:73-87. (Pubitemid 32661190)
32. Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, Bosch J, Davies R, Dagenais G. Effects of an angiotensin-converting - enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. The Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(3):145-153.
33. Remuzzi G, Macia M, Ruggenenti P. Prevention and treatment of diabetic renal disease in type 2 diabetes: the BENEDICT study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2006;17(4 suppl 2):S90-S97.
34. Estacio RO, Jeffers BW, Gifford N, Schrier RW. Effect of blood pressure control on diabetic microvascular complications in patients with hypertension and type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2000;23(suppl 2):B54-B64. (Pubitemid 30185779)
35. Ruilope LM. The kidney as a sensor of cardiovascular risk in essential hypertension. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002;13(suppl 3):S 165-S168. (Pubitemid 35216018)
36. Weir MR. Microalbuminuria and cardiovascular disease. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2007;2(3):581-590.
37. Schmieder RE, Delles C, Mimran A, Fauvel JP, Ruilope LM. Impact of telmisartan versus ramipril on renal endothelial function in patients with hypertension anil type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(6):1351-1356. (Pubitemid 46871137)
38. Estacio RO, Coll JR, Tran ZV, Schrier RW. Effect of intensive blood pressure control with valsartan on urinary albumin excretion in normotensive patients with type 2 diabetes. Am J Hypertens. 2006;19(12):1241-1248. (Pubitemid 44856249)
39. Fogari R, Derosa G, Zoppi A, et al. Effect of telmisartan - amlodipine combination at different doses on urinary albumin excretion in hypetensive diabetic patients with microalbuminuria. Am J Hypertens. 2007;20(4):417-422. (Pubitemid 46441757)
40. Barnett AH, Bain SC, Bouter P, et al; Diabetics Exposed to Telmisartan and Enalapril Study Group. Angiotensin-receptor blockade versus converting-enzyme inhibition in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2004;351(19):1952-1961.
41. Staessen JA, Li Y, Richart T. Oral renin inhibitors. Lancet. 2006;368(9545):1449-1456. (Pubitemid 44573444)
42. Parving HH, Persson F, Lewis JB, Lewis EJ, Hollenberg NK; AVOID Study Investigators. Aliskiren combined with losartan in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(23):2433-2446.
43. Casas JP, Chua W, Loukogeorgakis S, et al. Effect of inhibitors of the renin-angiotensin system and other antihypertensive drugs on renal outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2005;366(9502):2026-2033. (Pubitemid 41773378)
44. Remuzzi G, Perico N, Macia M, Ruggenenti P. The role of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the progression of chronic kidney disease. Kidney Int. 2005;68(suppl 99):S57-S65. (Pubitemid 44324688)
45. Ibsen H, Olsen MH, Wachtell K, et al. Reduction in albuminuria translates to reduction in cardiovascular events in hypertensive patients: Losartan Intervention for Endpoint Reduction in Hypertension study. Hypertension. 2005;45(2):198-202. (Pubitemid 40179960)
46. de Zeeuw D, Remuzzi G, Parving HH, et al. Albuminuria, a therapeutic target for cardiovascular protection in type 2 diabetic patients with nephropathy. Circulation. 2004;110(8):921-927. (Pubitemid 39128617)
47. de Zeeuw D, Remuzzi G, Parving HH, et al. Proteinuria, a target for renoprotection in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy: lessons from RENAAL. Kidney Int. 2004;65(6):2309-2320. (Pubitemid 38670018)
48. Douglas JG, Bakris GL, Epstein M, et al; Hypertension in African Americans Working Group of the International Society on Hypertension in Blacks. Management of high blood pressure in African Americans: consensus statement of the Hypertension in African Americans Working Group of the International Society on Hypertension in Blacks. Arch Intern Med. 2003;163(5):525-541.
49. American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2007. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(suppl 1):S4-S41, (Pubitemid 46048398)
50. ONTARGET Investigators, Yusuf S, Teo KK, et al. Telmisartan, ramipril, or both in patients at high risk for vascular events. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(15):1547-1559.
51. Imai E, Ito S, Haneda M, Chan JCN, Makino H; ORIENT Investigators. Olmesartan Reducing Incidence of Endstage Renal Disease in Diabetic Nephropathy Trial (ORIENT): rationale and study design. Hypertens Res. 2006;29(9):703-709. (Pubitemid 44605369)
52. Maione A, Nicolucci A, Craig JC, et al; LIRICO study group. Protocol of the Long-term Impact of RAS Inhibition on Cardiorenal Outcomes (LIRICO) randomized trial. J Nephrol. 2007;20(6):646-655.
53. Pozzi C, Del Vecchio L, Casartelli D, et al. ACE inhibitors and angiotensin II receptor blockers in IgA nephropathy with mild proteinuric: the ACEARB study. J Nephrol. 2006;19(4):508-514. (Pubitemid 44823207)
54. Haller H, Viberti GC, Mimran A, et al. Preventing microalbuminuria in patients with diabetes: rationale and design of the Randomised Olmesartan and Diabetes Microalbuminuria Prevention (ROADMAP) study. J Hypertens. 2006;24(2):403-408. (Pubitemid 43348255)