Titan's surface at 2.2-cm wavelength imaged by the Cassini RADAR radiometer: Calibration and first results

Icarus

Volumn 200, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 222-239

  Janssen, M A ^a   Lorenz, R D ^b   West, R ^a   Paganelli, F ^c   Lopes, R M ^a   Kirk, R L ^d   Elachi, C ^a   Wall, S D ^a   Johnson, W T K ^a   Anderson, Y ^a   Boehmer, R A ^a   Callahan, P ^a   Gim, Y ^a   Hamilton, G A ^a   Kelleher, K D ^a   Roth, L ^a   Stiles, B ^a   Le Gall, A ^a  

^a CALIFORNIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY   (United States)

^b JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY APPLIED PHYSICS LABORATORY   (United States)

^c European Center for Geodynamics and Seismology and The Luxembourg National Museum of Natural History   (Luxembourg)

^d U S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY   (United States)

Author keywords

composition; Instrumentation; Radio observations; Satellites; surfaces; Titan

Indexed keywords

EID: 60449109904     PISSN: 00191035     EISSN: 10902643     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.icarus.2008.10.017     Document Type: Article

References (41)

1. Barnes J., Brown R.H., Radebaugh J., Buratti B.J., Sotin C., Le Mouelic S., Rodriguez S., Turtle E.P., Perry J., Clark R., Baines K.H., and Nicholson P.D. Cassini observations of flow-like features in western Tui Regio, Titan. Geophys. Res. Lett. 33 16 (2006) 10.1029/2006GL026843 L16204
2. Bolton S.J., Janssen M., Thorne R., Levin S., Klein M., Gulkis S., Bastian T., Sault R., Elachi C., Hofstadter M., Bunker A., Dulk G., Gudim E., Hamilton M., Johnston W., Leblanc Y., Liepack O., McLeod R., Roller J., Roth L., and West R. Ultra-relativistic electrons in Jupiter's radiation belts. Nature 415 (2002) 987-991
3. Courtin R. Pressure-induced absorption coefficients for radiative transfer calculations in Titan's atmosphere. Icarus 75 (1988) 245-254
4. Elachi C., Allison M.D., Borgarelli L., Encrenaz P., Im E., Janssen M.A., Johnson W.T.K., Kirk R.L., Lorenz R.D., Lunine J.I., Muhleman D.O., Ostro S.J., Picardi G., Posa F., Rapley C.G., Roth L.E., Seu R., Soderblom L.A., Vetrella S., Wall S.D., Wood C.A., and Zebker H.A. RADAR: The Cassini Titan radar mapper. Space Sci. Rev. 115 (2004) 71-110
5. Flasar F.M. The dynamic meteorology of Titan. Planet. Space Sci. 46 (1998) 1125-1147
6. Flasar F.M., Samuelson R.E., and Conrath B.J. Titan's atmosphere-Temperature and dynamics. Nature 292 (1981) 693-698
7. Fulchignoni M., Ferri F., Angrilli F., Ball A.J., Bar-Nun A., Barucci M.A., Bianchini G., Bettanini C., Borucki W., Colombatti G., Coradini M., Coustenis A., Debei S., Falkner P., Fanti G., Flamini E., Gaborit V., Hamelin M., Grard R., Harri A.M., Hathi B., Jernej I., Leese M.R., Lehto A., López-Moreno J.J., Mäkinen T., McDonnell J.A.M., McKay C.P., Molina-Cuberos G., Neubauer F.M., Pirronello V., Rodrigo R., Saggin B., Schwingenschuh K., Seiff A., Simões F., Svedhem H., Tokano T., Towner M.C., Trautner R., Withers P., and Zarnecki J.C. Titan's physical characteristics measured by the Huygens Atmospheric Structure Instrument (HASI). Nature 438 (2005) 785-791
8. Grard R., Hamelin M., Lopez-Moreno J.J., Schwingenschuh K., Jernej I., Molina-Cuberos G.J., Simones F., Trautnera R., Falkner P., Ferri F., Fulchignoni M., Rodrigo R., Svedhem H., Beghin C., Berthelier J.-J., Browc V.J.G., Chabassiereh M., Jeronimo J.M., Lara L.M., and Tokano T. Electric properties and related physical characteristics of the atmosphere and surface of Titan. Planet. Space Sci. 54 (2006) 1124-1136
9. Hagfors T. Remote probing of the Moon by infrared and microwave emissions and by radar. Radio Sci. 5 (1970) 189-227
10. Heiles C.E., and Drake F.D. The polarization and intensity of thermal radiation from a planetary surface. Icarus 2 (1963) 281-292
11. Janssen M.A. An introduction to the passive microwave remote sensing of atmospheres. In: Janssen M. (Ed). Atmospheric Remote Sensing by Microwave Radiometry (1993), Wiley & Sons, New York 1-35
12. Janssen M.A., Ruf C.S., and Keihm S.J. TOPEX/Poseidon Microwave Radiometer (TMR). II. Antenna pattern correction and brightness temperature algorithm. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 33 (1995) 138-146
13. Keihm S.J., and Cutts J.A. Vertical structure effects on planetary microwave brightness temperature measurements: Applications to the lunar regolith. Icarus 48 (1981) 201-229
14. In: Kleidon A.M., and Lorenz R.D. (Eds). Thermodynamics of Life, Earth, and Beyond: Systems, Feedbacks, Organization and Evolution (2005), Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg
15. Krotikov V.D., and Troitskii V.S. Radio emission and nature of the Moon. Sov. Phys. Uspekhi 6 (1964) 841-870
16. Le Mouélic S., Paillou P., Janssen M.A., Barnes J.W., Rodriguez S., Sotin C., Brown R.H., Baines K.H., Buratti B.J., Clark R.N., Crapeau M., Encrenaz P.J., Jaumann R., Geudtner D., Paganelli F., Soderblom L., Tobie G., and Wall S. Mapping and interpretation of Sinlap crater on Titan using Cassini VIMS and RADAR data. J. Geophys. Res. 113 (2008) 10.1029/2007JE002965 E04003
17. Lorenz R.D., McKay C.P., and Lunine J.I. Analytic stability of Titan's climate: Sensitivity to volatile inventory. Planet. Space Sci. 47 (1999) 1503-1515
18. Lorenz R.D., Lunine J.I., McKay C.P., and Withers P.G. Entropy production by latitudinal heat flow on Titan, Mars and Earth. Geophys. Res. Lett. 28 (2001) 415-418
19. Lorenz R.D., Builloz G., Encrenaz P., Janssen M.A., West R.D., and Muhleman D.O. Cassini Radar: Prospects for Titan surface investigations using the microwave radiometer. Planet. Space Sci. 51 (2003) 353-364
20. Lorenz R.D., Wall S., Radebaugh J., Boubin G., Reffet E., Janssen M.A., Stofan E., Lopes R., Kirk R., Elachi C., Lunine J., Mitchell K., Paganelli F., Soderblom L., Wood C., Wye L., Zebker H., Anderson Y., Ostro S., Allison M., Boehmer R., Callahan P., Encrenaz P., Ori G.G., Francescetti G., Gim Y., Hamilton G., Hensley S., Johnson W., Kelleher K., Muhleman D., Picardi G., Posa F., Roth L., Seu R., Shaffer S., Stiles B., Vetrella S., Flamini E., and West R. The sand seas of Titan: Cassini Radar observations of longitudinal dunes. Science 312 (2006) 970-974
21. Mitri G., Showman A.P., Lunine J.I., and Lorenz R.D. Hydrocarbon lakes on Titan. Icarus 186 (2007) 385-394
22. Mizzoni R. The Cassini high-gain antenna subsystem. In: Imbriale W.A. (Ed). Spaceborne Antennas for Planetary Exploration. Deep Space Communication and Navigation Series (2006), Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA 257-297
23. Muhleman D.O. Microwave emissions from the Moon. In: Lucas J.W. (Ed). Thermal Characteristics of the Moon. Progress in Astronautics and Aeronautics vol. 28 (1972), MIT Press, Cambridge, MA 51-81
24. Ostro S.J., West R.D., Janssen M.A., Lorenz R.D., Zebker H.A., Black G.J., Lunine J.I., Wye L.C., Lopes-Gautier R.M., Wall S.J., Elachi C., Roth L., Hensley S., Kelleher K., Hamilton G.A., Gim Y., Anderson Y.Z., Boehmer R.A., Johnson W.T.K., and the Cassini Radar Team. Cassini RADAR observations of Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Iapetus, Hyperion, and Phoebe. Icarus 183 (2006) 479-490
25. Paganelli F., Janssen M.A., Stiles B., West R., Lorenz R.D., Lunine J.I., Wall S.D., Callahan P., Lopes R.M., Stofan E., Kirk R.L., Johnson W.T.K., Roth L., Elachi C., and the Cassini Radar Team. Titan's surface from the Cassini Radar SAR and high resolution radiometry data of the first five flybys. Icarus 191 (2007) 211-222
26. Paganelli, F., Janssen, M., Stiles, B., Johnson, W.T.K., Lorenz, R.D., Lunine, J.I., and the Cassini Radar Team, 2007b. Titan's northern lakes and terrains from SAR and high-resolution radiometry. In: European Geosciences Union General Assembly, EGU2007-A-04694, Vienna, Austria, 2-7 April 2007 (abstract)
27. Paillou P., Lunine J., Ruffié G., Encrenaz P., Wall S., Lorenz R., and Janssen M. Microwave dielectric constant of Titan-relevant materials. Geophys. Res. Lett. 35 (2008) 10.1029/2008GL035216 L18202
28. Pérez-Ayúcar M., Lorenz R.D., Floury N., Prieto-Cerdeira R., and Lebreton J.-P. Bistatic observations of Titan's surface with the Huygens probe radio signal. J. Geophys. Res. Planets 111 (2006) 10.1029/2005JE002613 E07001
29. Pettengill G.H., Ford P.G., and Chapman B.D. Venus: Surface electrical properties. J. Geophys. Res. 93 (1988) 14881-14892
30. Pettengill G.H., Ford P.G., Johnson W.T.K., Raney R.K., and Soderblom L.A. Magellan: Radar performance and data products. Science 252 (1991) 260-265
31. Radebaugh J., Lorenz R.D., Lunine J.I., Wall S.D., Boubin G., Reffet E., Kirk R.L., Lopes R.M., Stofan E.R., Soderblom L., Allison M., Janssen M., Paillou P., Callahan P., and the Cassini Radar Team. Dunes on Titan observed by Cassini Radar. Icarus 194 (2008) 690-703
32. Samuelson R.E., Nath N.R., and Borysow A. Gaseous abundances and methane supersaturation in Titan's troposphere. Planet. Space Sci. 45 (1997) 959-980
33. Schinder P.J., Flasar F.M., Marouf E.A., French R.G., and McGhee C.A. The 2007 high-latitude radio occultations of Cassini by Titan. Bull. Am. Astron. Soc. 39 (2007) 529 (abstract)
34. Simpson R.A. Electromagnetic reflection and transmission at interfaces involving graded dielectrics with applications to planetary radar astronomy. IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat. AP-24 (1976) 17-24
35. Tyler G.L., Ford P.G., Campbell D.B., Elachi C., Pettengill G.H., and Simpson R.A. Magellan: Electrical and physical properties of Venus' surface. Science 252 (1991) 265-275
36. Ulaby F.T., Moore R.K., and Fung A.K. Microwave Remote Sensing, Active and Passive, vol. II: Radar Remote Sensing and Surface Scattering and Emission Theory (1982), Addison-Wesley, Reading, MA
37. Ulaby F.T., Moore R.K., and Fung A.K. Microwave Remote Sensing: Active and Passive, vol. III: Volume Scattering and Emission Theory, Advanced Systems and Applications (1986), Artech House, Norwood, MA
38. West, R., Anderson, Y., Boehmer, R., Borgarelli, L., Callahan, P., Elachi, C., Gim, Y., Hamilton, G., Hensley, S., Janssen, M., Johnson, W.T.K., Kelleher, K., Lorenz, R. Ostro, S., Roth, L., Shaffer, S., Stiles, B., Wall, S., Wye, L., Zebker, H., 2008. Cassini RADAR sequence planning and instrument performance. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing, in press
39. White T.L., and Cogdell J.R. Lunar polarization studies at 3.1 mm wavelength. Moon 6 (1973) 235-249
40. Wye L.C., Zebker H.A., Ostro S.J., West R.D., Gim Y., Lorenz R.D., and the Cassini RADAR Team. Electrical properties of Titan's surface from Cassini RADAR scatterometer measurements. Icarus 188 (2007) 367-385
41. Zebker H.A., Wye L.C., and Janssen M.A. Titan's surface from reconciled Cassini microwave reflectivity and emissivity observations. Icarus 194 (2008) 704-710