'Those noble exemplars of the true military tradition'; Constructions of the Indian army in the mid-victorian press

Modern Asian Studies

Volumn 31, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 109-142

  Peers, Douglas M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY   (Canada)

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[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 6044223555     PISSN: 0026749X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0026749x00016954     Document Type: Article

References (164)

1. Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Institute of Historical Research, University of London, in 1994, and at the annual meeting of the Canadian Historical Association in Calgary in 1994. The stimulating questions and observations from those audiences have, I hope, greatly improved this study. I would also like to thank C. A. Bayly, Philippa Levine, David Finkelstein, Javed Majeed, Edward Ingram and Donovan Williams for encouraging me to work through my ideas with greater rigour. My sincere thanks go out as well to Kevin Hobson, Rhonda Semple and Corinne Mahaffey for their help in tracking down articles on India in the mid-Victorian press.
2. The didactic strategies of philosphical history, and their application to India. have been discussed in Martha McLaren, 'From Analysis to Prescription: Scottish Concepts of Asian Despotism in Early Nineteenth-Century British India', International History Review, 15(1993): 469-301.
3. Oriental and India Office Collections [hereafter OIOC], Lawrence to Dalhousie, 20 Sept. 1850, MSS Eur Fgo/3.
4. [J. W. Kaye], 'The Romance of Indian Warfare', North British Review, 12(1849/ 50): 222.
5. For the Sikhs, see Richard Fox, Lions in the Punjab; Culture in the Making (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Harjot Oberoi, The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994); and David Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj (London: Macmillan, 1994).
6. For the Sikhs, see Richard Fox, Lions in the Punjab; Culture in the Making (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Harjot Oberoi, The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994); and David Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj (London: Macmillan, 1994).
7. For the Sikhs, see Richard Fox, Lions in the Punjab; Culture in the Making (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985); Harjot Oberoi, The Construction of Religious Boundaries: Culture, Identity and Diversity in the Sikh Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994); and David Omissi, The Sepoy and the Raj (London: Macmillan, 1994).
8. For the period prior to the 1830s, see Douglas M. Peers, ' "The Habitual Nobility of Being": British Officers and the Social Construction of the Bengal Army in the Early Nineteenth Century', Modern Asian Studies, 25(1991): 545-69.
9. It is interesting to note that Walter Scott's historical romances were among the few fictional works deemed suitable reading for the European rank and file and hence they were to be found in Indian regimental libraries. OIOC, Military Letter from Bengal, 29 Aug. 1834, F/4/1486, no.58611.
10. The volume of postorientalist critiques of South Asian historiography, initially inspired by Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Routledge, 1978) is too voluminous to list here. However, major works in this field include Ronald Inden, Imagining India (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), Sara Suleri, The Rhetoric of English India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), Gauri Viswanathan, Masks of Conquest; Literary Study and British Rule in India (New York: Columbia UP, 1989), and Gayatri Spivak, 'The Burden of English', Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament; Perspectives on South Asia, Carol Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer (eds) (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 134-57. A recent assessment of the field is offered by Gyan Prakash, 'Subaltern Studies as Postcolonial Criticism', American Historical Review, 99(1994): 1475-90.
11. The volume of postorientalist critiques of South Asian historiography, initially inspired by Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Routledge, 1978) is too voluminous to list here. However, major works in this field include Ronald Inden, Imagining India (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), Sara Suleri, The Rhetoric of English India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), Gauri Viswanathan, Masks of Conquest; Literary Study and British Rule in India (New York: Columbia UP, 1989), and Gayatri Spivak, 'The Burden of English', Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament; Perspectives on South Asia, Carol Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer (eds) (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 134-57. A recent assessment of the field is offered by Gyan Prakash, 'Subaltern Studies as Postcolonial Criticism', American Historical Review, 99(1994): 1475-90.
12. The volume of postorientalist critiques of South Asian historiography, initially inspired by Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Routledge, 1978) is too voluminous to list here. However, major works in this field include Ronald Inden, Imagining India (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), Sara Suleri, The Rhetoric of English India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), Gauri Viswanathan, Masks of Conquest; Literary Study and British Rule in India (New York: Columbia UP, 1989), and Gayatri Spivak, 'The Burden of English', Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament; Perspectives on South Asia, Carol Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer (eds) (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 134-57. A recent assessment of the field is offered by Gyan Prakash, 'Subaltern Studies as Postcolonial Criticism', American Historical Review, 99(1994): 1475-90.
13. The volume of postorientalist critiques of South Asian historiography, initially inspired by Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Routledge, 1978) is too voluminous to list here. However, major works in this field include Ronald Inden, Imagining India (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), Sara Suleri, The Rhetoric of English India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), Gauri Viswanathan, Masks of Conquest; Literary Study and British Rule in India (New York: Columbia UP, 1989), and Gayatri Spivak, 'The Burden of English', Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament; Perspectives on South Asia, Carol Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer (eds) (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 134-57. A recent assessment of the field is offered by Gyan Prakash, 'Subaltern Studies as Postcolonial Criticism', American Historical Review, 99(1994): 1475-90.
14. The volume of postorientalist critiques of South Asian historiography, initially inspired by Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Routledge, 1978) is too voluminous to list here. However, major works in this field include Ronald Inden, Imagining India (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), Sara Suleri, The Rhetoric of English India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), Gauri Viswanathan, Masks of Conquest; Literary Study and British Rule in India (New York: Columbia UP, 1989), and Gayatri Spivak, 'The Burden of English', Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament; Perspectives on South Asia, Carol Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer (eds) (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 134-57. A recent assessment of the field is offered by Gyan Prakash, 'Subaltern Studies as Postcolonial Criticism', American Historical Review, 99(1994): 1475-90.
15. The volume of postorientalist critiques of South Asian historiography, initially inspired by Edward Said, Orientalism (New York: Routledge, 1978) is too voluminous to list here. However, major works in this field include Ronald Inden, Imagining India (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), Sara Suleri, The Rhetoric of English India (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), Gauri Viswanathan, Masks of Conquest; Literary Study and British Rule in India (New York: Columbia UP, 1989), and Gayatri Spivak, 'The Burden of English', Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament; Perspectives on South Asia, Carol Breckenridge and Peter van der Veer (eds) (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1993), 134-57. A recent assessment of the field is offered by Gyan Prakash, 'Subaltern Studies as Postcolonial Criticism', American Historical Review, 99(1994): 1475-90.
16. Breckenridge and van der Veer, Introduction, Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament, 6.
17. See for example Rosalind O'Hanon and David Washbrook, 'Histories in Transition: Approaches to the Study of Colonialism and Culture in India', History Workshop Journal, 32(1991): 110-28; Rosalind O'Hanlon, 'Cultures of Rule, Communities of Resistance: Gender, Discourse and Tradition in Recent South Asian Historiographies', Social Analysis, 25(1989): 94-114; John M. MacKenzie, 'Edward Said and the Historians', Nineteenth Century Contexts, 18(1994): 9-26; and Rosane Rocher, 'British Orientalism in the Eighteenth Century: the Dialectics of Knowledge and Government', Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament, 215-49.
18. See for example Rosalind O'Hanon and David Washbrook, 'Histories in Transition: Approaches to the Study of Colonialism and Culture in India', History Workshop Journal, 32(1991): 110-28; Rosalind O'Hanlon, 'Cultures of Rule, Communities of Resistance: Gender, Discourse and Tradition in Recent South Asian Historiographies', Social Analysis, 25(1989): 94-114; John M. MacKenzie, 'Edward Said and the Historians', Nineteenth Century Contexts, 18(1994): 9-26; and Rosane Rocher, 'British Orientalism in the Eighteenth Century: the Dialectics of Knowledge and Government', Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament, 215-49.
19. See for example Rosalind O'Hanon and David Washbrook, 'Histories in Transition: Approaches to the Study of Colonialism and Culture in India', History Workshop Journal, 32(1991): 110-28; Rosalind O'Hanlon, 'Cultures of Rule, Communities of Resistance: Gender, Discourse and Tradition in Recent South Asian Historiographies', Social Analysis, 25(1989): 94-114; John M. MacKenzie, 'Edward Said and the Historians', Nineteenth Century Contexts, 18(1994): 9-26; and Rosane Rocher, 'British Orientalism in the Eighteenth Century: the Dialectics of Knowledge and Government', Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament, 215-49.
20. See for example Rosalind O'Hanon and David Washbrook, 'Histories in Transition: Approaches to the Study of Colonialism and Culture in India', History Workshop Journal, 32(1991): 110-28; Rosalind O'Hanlon, 'Cultures of Rule, Communities of Resistance: Gender, Discourse and Tradition in Recent South Asian Historiographies', Social Analysis, 25(1989): 94-114; John M. MacKenzie, 'Edward Said and the Historians', Nineteenth Century Contexts, 18(1994): 9-26; and Rosane Rocher, 'British Orientalism in the Eighteenth Century: the Dialectics of Knowledge and Government', Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament, 215-49.
21. See for example, Nicholas B. Dirks, 'Colonial Histories and Native Informants: Biography of an Archive', and Arjun Appadurai, 'Number in the Colonial Imagination', Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament, 279-313, 314-39. Also, Thomas Richards, The Imperial Archive (London: Verso, 1993).
22. See for example, Nicholas B. Dirks, 'Colonial Histories and Native Informants: Biography of an Archive', and Arjun Appadurai, 'Number in the Colonial Imagination', Orientalism and the Postcolonial Predicament, 279-313, 314-39. Also, Thomas Richards, The Imperial Archive (London: Verso, 1993).
23. Regulation XI of 1835 provided the press in India with the freedom to print what they wanted. No longer would they require a license that could be revoked by the government. In effect, the only legal limits on the press from 1835 were those provided by the laws governing libel.
24. Anon, 'The Subaltern's Logbook', Naval and Military Magazine 4(1828): 165.
25. See for example the petitions for 1830-1838, National Archives of India, Public Consultations, 1830-1838.
26. Henry Spry, Modem India (London, 1837), 86.
27. [Chips], 'Books for the Indian Army', Household Words, 18(1858): 437.
28. Kathryn Tidrick, Empire and the English Character (London: Tauris, 1992), 16; Balcarres D. Wardlaw Ramsay, Rough Recollections of Military Service and Society (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1882), i, 114.
29. Kathryn Tidrick, Empire and the English Character (London: Tauris, 1992), 16; Balcarres D. Wardlaw Ramsay, Rough Recollections of Military Service and Society (Edinburgh: Blackwood, 1882), i, 114.
30. Spry, Modern India, 88.
31. The Mofussilite was first published in Calcutta in the second half of 1845; it was then published in Meerut from 1847 to 1852, moving to Agra from 1853-59, returning to Meerut from 1860-68, Delhi in 1869, and finally winding up at Ambala from 1870-74.
32. Henry Vizetelly, Glances Back Through Seventy Years: Autobiographical and Other Reminiscences (London: Kegan Paul, 1893), ii, 8-9.
33. John Lang, 'Starting a Paper', Household Words, 7(1853): 95.
34. For example, the leading article in the Mofussilite, 16 Aug. 1845, 1-2.
35. See for example National Library of Scotland, Diary of Private John Charles Brown, 1856 [?], MS 15393.
36. Mofussilite, 20 Sept. 1845, 11 Oct. 1845, 1 Nov. 1845, 22 Nov. 1845.
37. Ramsay, Rough Recollections, i, 124.
38. Ibid., i, 181.
39. P. J. Marshall, ' "Cornwallis Triumphant": War in India and the British Public in the Late Eighteenth Century', War, Strategy and International Politics; Essays in Honour of Sir Michael Howard, Lawrence Freedman, Paul Hayes, and Robert O'Neill, eds (Oxford: Clarendon, 1992), 57-74.
40. G. R. Gleig, The Life of Major General Sir Thomas Munro (London: Colburn and Bentley, 1830), iii, pp. iii-iv.
41. Morris Milne, 'The Management of a Nineteenth-Century Magazine: William Blackwood and Sons, 1827-47', Journal of Newspaper and Periodical History, 1(1985): 30. David Finkelstein's recent work on Blackwoods has shown that this journal continued to cultivate its colonial readership until well into the 20th century.
42. National Library of Scotland, Gleig to Blackwood, 29 Dec. 1826, MS 4017, f.99 (Blackwood Papers).
43. National Library of Scotland, Gleig to Blackwood, 30 July 1826, MS 4017, f.82 (Blackwood Papers).
44. Eugenie Palmegiano, 'The Indian Mutiny in the Mid-Victorian Press', Journal of Newspaper and Periodical History, 7 (1991): 3.
45. Anne Lohrli (comp.), Household Words: a Weekly Journal, 1850-1859 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1973), 23. Figures for Blackwood's circulation are taken from Milne, 'Management of a Nineteenth-Century Magazine', 25 and for the Edinburgh Review they are taken from Frank Fetter, 'Economic Controversy in the British Reviews, 1802-1850', Economica, n.s. 32(1965): 425. Milne also suggests that for most periodicals, a multiplier of eight or nine would not be unreasonable in trying to estimate the total number of people who came into contact with these journals.
46. Anne Lohrli (comp.), Household Words: a Weekly Journal, 1850-1859 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1973), 23. Figures for Blackwood's circulation are taken from Milne, 'Management of a Nineteenth-Century Magazine', 25 and for the Edinburgh Review they are taken from Frank Fetter, 'Economic Controversy in the British Reviews, 1802-1850', Economica, n.s. 32(1965): 425. Milne also suggests that for most periodicals, a multiplier of eight or nine would not be unreasonable in trying to estimate the total number of people who came into contact with these journals.
47. Anne Lohrli (comp.), Household Words: a Weekly Journal, 1850-1859 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press 1973), 23. Figures for Blackwood's circulation are taken from Milne, 'Management of a Nineteenth-Century Magazine', 25 and for the Edinburgh Review they are taken from Frank Fetter, 'Economic Controversy in the British Reviews, 1802-1850', Economica, n.s. 32(1965): 425. Milne also suggests that for most periodicals, a multiplier of eight or nine would not be unreasonable in trying to estimate the total number of people who came into contact with these journals.
48. Marshall, 'Cornwallis Triumphant', 58-9.
49. The impact of accelerated communications is discussed in G. A. Cranfield, The Press and Society, from Caxton to Northcliffe (Harlow: Longman, 1978), esp. pp. 163-71.
50. The rise and development of the military press in India has as yet received little attention though Albert Tucker has provided a useful summary in an essay in Victorian Periodicals and Victorian Society, J. Don Vann and Rosemary T. VanArsdel, eds (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994). The importance of the military press in prompting military reforms in Britain is persuasively argued in Hew Strachan, Wellington's Legacy: the Reform of the British Army, 1830-1854 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984).
51. The rise and development of the military press in India has as yet received little attention though Albert Tucker has provided a useful summary in an essay in Victorian Periodicals and Victorian Society, J. Don Vann and Rosemary T. VanArsdel, eds (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994). The importance of the military press in prompting military reforms in Britain is persuasively argued in Hew Strachan, Wellington's Legacy: the Reform of the British Army, 1830-1854 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1984).
52. The fullest account available of Henry Colburn is provided in Matthew Whiting Rosa, The Silver-Fork School: Novels of Fashion Preceding 'Vanity Fair' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1936). Colburn's illegitimacy is reported on p. 179. See John Sutherland, 'Henry Colburn Publisher'. Publishing History, 19(1986): 59-84.
53. The fullest account available of Henry Colburn is provided in Matthew Whiting Rosa, The Silver-Fork School: Novels of Fashion Preceding 'Vanity Fair' (New York: Columbia University Press, 1936). Colburn's illegitimacy is reported on p. 179. See John Sutherland, 'Henry Colburn Publisher'. Publishing History, 19(1986): 59-84.
54. Tucker, 67.
55. Nihar Nandan Singh, British Historiography on British Rule in India: the Life and Writings of Sri John William Kaye, 1814-1876 (Patna: Janaki Prakashan, 1986), appendix. I am grateful to C. A. Bayly for drawing my attention to this important and unjustly overlooked work.
56. [J. W. Kaye], 'The Crisis in India', North British Review, 27(1857): 254-76, and [J. W. Kaye], 'India', Edinburgh Review, 106(1857): 544-94.
57. [J. W. Kaye], 'The Crisis in India', North British Review, 27(1857): 254-76, and [J. W. Kaye], 'India', Edinburgh Review, 106(1857): 544-94.
58. Singh, British Historiography, 2-4.
59. J. W. Kaye, The Administration of the East India Company; a History of Indian Progress. 2nd ed. (London: Richard Bentley), 1853, 450.
60. Singh, British Historiography, places great emphasis on the importance of Scott's historical romances in configuring the discourse through which Kaye and other writers on India worked.
61. Tucker, Victorian Periodicals, 66.
62. Dictionary of National Biography, xviii, 1282-83.
63. am grateful to David Finkelstein for explaining Henry Reeve's role in securing publishing openings for Philip Meadows Taylor.
64. Philip Meadows Taylor, The Story of My Life, edited by his daughter (Edinbugh: Blackwood, 1878), 116, 295.
65. Taylor, Story of My Life, 217-19.
66. John Barrell, The Infection of Thomas De Quincey: A Psycopathology of Imperialism (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1991). See also the Robert Baird Smith papers in the National Library of Scotland.
67. Mofussilite, 1848; Fraser's Magazine, 47(1853).
68. Mofussilite, 1848; Fraser's Magazine, 47(1853).
69. Mofussilite, 22 Nov. 1845, 323.
70. OIOC, Hardinge to Peel, 18 Aug. 1845, MSS Eur Neg 11692; and Peel to Hardinge, 24 Sept. 18(45?), MSS Eur Neg 11693 [Hardinge Papers].
71. Hardinge to Walter James, 13 Aug. 1846, The Letters of the First Viscount Hardinge of Lahore, Bawa Satinder Singh (ed.), Camden Fourth Series, vol. 32 (London: Royal Historical Society, 1986), 186.
72. [William Dunlop], 'Authentic Narrative of Facts which occurred during a March in India', Fraser's Magazine, 12(1835): 667-9.
73. Articles on thagi include one by Meadows Taylor in the New Monthly Magazine (1833), Trevelyan in the Edinburgh Review (1836), Frederick Holme in Blackwood's Magazine (1841), and anonymous contributions in Foreign Quarterly Review (1838), and DublinUniversity Magazine (1840).
74. Articles on thagi include one by Meadows Taylor in the New Monthly Magazine (1833), Trevelyan in the Edinburgh Review (1836), Frederick Holme in Blackwood's Magazine (1841), and anonymous contributions in Foreign Quarterly Review (1838), and DublinUniversity Magazine (1840).
75. Articles on thagi include one by Meadows Taylor in the New Monthly Magazine (1833), Trevelyan in the Edinburgh Review (1836), Frederick Holme in Blackwood's Magazine (1841), and anonymous contributions in Foreign Quarterly Review (1838), and DublinUniversity Magazine (1840).
76. Articles on thagi include one by Meadows Taylor in the New Monthly Magazine (1833), Trevelyan in the Edinburgh Review (1836), Frederick Holme in Blackwood's Magazine (1841), and anonymous contributions in Foreign Quarterly Review (1838), and DublinUniversity Magazine (1840).
77. Articles on thagi include one by Meadows Taylor in the New Monthly Magazine (1833), Trevelyan in the Edinburgh Review (1836), Frederick Holme in Blackwood's Magazine (1841), and anonymous contributions in Foreign Quarterly Review (1838), and Dublin University Magazine (1840).
78. [J. W. Kaye], 'The War on the Sutlej', North British Review, 5(1846): 258.
79. quoted in J. M. MacKenzie (ed.), Popular Imperialism and the Military (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1992), 2.
80. [J. M. Ludlow], 'Captain Hervey's Ten Years in India', Fraser's Magazine, 42 (1850): 479-82.
81. The Times, 2 Sept. 1837.
82. Lang, 'Starting a Paper', 96.
83. Brantlinger, Rule of Darkness, 81.
84. [E. Townsend and A. H. A. Hamilton], 'Indian Recruits and Indian English', Household Words, 16(1857): 322.
85. Barrell, Thomas De Quincey, 7.
86. The common implication that good gunnery was the consequence of deserters going over to the enemy was made in 1825 in Burma, again in 1825 for Bhartpur, as well as in some of the smaller campaigns of the 1830s and 1840s such as Chittoor and Gwalior.
87. Sir Walter Scott, The Surgeon's Daughter (reprint of 1827 edn, Edinburgh): 10.
88. Select Committee on East India Company Affairs (Parliamentary Papers, 1831/32, vol. 13), 165.
89. Anon, 'Considerations on the Native Army and General Defence of India', United Service Journal, 7(1831): 3.
90. James Belich, 'The Victorian Interpretation of Racial Conflict and the New Zealand Wars: An Approach to the Problem of One-Sided Evidence', Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 15(1987): 123-47.
91. An example of this is the description of the siege and capture of Bhartpur in 1825. See [Veritas], 'Siege of Bhurtpore', Naval and Military Magazine, 3(1828): 396-408.
92. An Old Indian [G. R. Gleig], 'The Indian Army', Blackwood's Magazine, 27(1827): 563-73; National Library of Scotland, Gleig to Blackwood, 30 April 1828, MS 4021 (Blackwood Papers).
93. An Old Indian [G. R. Gleig], 'The Indian Army', Blackwood's Magazine, 27(1827): 563-73; National Library of Scotland, Gleig to Blackwood, 30 April 1828, MS 4021 (Blackwood Papers).
94. Peers, 'Habitual Nobility of Being'.
95. [Carnaticus], Four Letters of Carnaticus, Explanatory of his Views of the Indian Army . . . (London: np, 1821).
96. Anon, 'The Indian Army as it now is', Colburn's United Service Magazine, 1847(1): 508.
97. Anon, 'Memoir of the Emperor Jahangueir', Colburn's United Service Magazine, 2(1829): 203.
98. Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register, 20(1825): 223.
99. Examiner, 3 Jan. 1830, 11.
100. Christine Bolt, 'Race and the Victorians', British Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century (London: Macmillan, 1984), 126.
101. India Office Library and Records, memo by Lt. Col. Frederick, 1828, MSS Eur F765/3 (Frederick Papers).
102. Geoffrey Crossick, 'From Gentlemen to the Residuum: Languages of Social Description in Victorian Britain', Language, History and Class, Penelope J. Corfield, ed. (Oxford: Blackwell, 1990), 160.
103. Anon, 'The Indian Army, no. 3', United Service Journal, 20(1836).
104. [S. S.], 'An Apology for the Indian Army', United Service Journal, 8(1832): 32.
105. [J. W. Kaye], 'The Romance of Indian Warfare', 195.
106. Ibid., 194.
107. Ibid.
108. Anon, 'The Anglo-Indian Army', Foreign and Quarterly Review, 33(1844): 391.
109. [W. D. Arnold], 'Jack Sepoy', Fraser's Magazine, 54(1856): 359-60.
110. Mofussilite, 11 Feb. 1848, 91-2.
111. [J. W. Kaye], The Crisis in India', North British Review, 27(1857): 268.
112. Anon, 'Jack Sepoy', Bentley's Miscellany, 32(1852): 80.
113. Ibid.
114. [Augustus Andrews], 'The Indian Army', Fraser's Magazine, 56(1857): 169.
115. [H. R. Addison], 'The Native Sentinel', Bentley's Miscellany, 15(1844): 621.
116. John Jacob, The Views and Opinions of Brigadier General John Jacob, 2nd edn (London: Smith, Elder & Co., 1858), 415.
117. [J. W. Kaye], 'The Romance of Indian Warfare', 197. The gendering of identities under colonialism has recently produced several studies, see for example John Tosh, 'What should Historians do with Masculinity? Reflections on Nineteenth-century Britain', History Workshop Journal, 38(1994): 179-202; and Graham Dawson, Soldier Heroes; British Adventure, Empire and the Imagining of Masculinities (London: Routledge, 1994). This issue is also discussed in Barrell, Thomas De Quincey, 174-5.
118. [J. W. Kaye], 'The Romance of Indian Warfare', 197. The gendering of identities under colonialism has recently produced several studies, see for example John Tosh, 'What should Historians do with Masculinity? Reflections on Nineteenth-century Britain', History Workshop Journal, 38(1994): 179-202; and Graham Dawson, Soldier Heroes; British Adventure, Empire and the Imagining of Masculinities (London: Routledge, 1994). This issue is also discussed in Barrell, Thomas De Quincey, 174-5.
119. [J. W. Kaye], 'The Romance of Indian Warfare', 197. The gendering of identities under colonialism has recently produced several studies, see for example John Tosh, 'What should Historians do with Masculinity? Reflections on Nineteenth-century Britain', History Workshop Journal, 38(1994): 179-202; and Graham Dawson, Soldier Heroes; British Adventure, Empire and the Imagining of Masculinities (London: Routledge, 1994). This issue is also discussed in Barrell, Thomas De Quincey, 174-5.
120. [J. W. Kaye], 'The Romance of Indian Warfare', 197. The gendering of identities under colonialism has recently produced several studies, see for example John Tosh, 'What should Historians do with Masculinity? Reflections on Nineteenth-century Britain', History Workshop Journal, 38(1994): 179-202; and Graham Dawson, Soldier Heroes; British Adventure, Empire and the Imagining of Masculinities (London: Routledge, 1994). This issue is also discussed in Barrell, Thomas De Quincey, 174-5.
121. This is witnessed in, for example, James Mill, History of British India, Mountstuart Elphinstone, The History of India, and Robert Orme, History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan.
122. This is witnessed in, for example, James Mill, History of British India, Mountstuart Elphinstone, The History of India, and Robert Orme, History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan.
123. This is witnessed in, for example, James Mill, History of British India, Mountstuart Elphinstone, The History of India, and Robert Orme, History of the Military Transactions of the British Nation in Indostan.
124. Illustrated London News, 21 Sept. 1844, 180.
125. [N.C.O. of the 13th Light Dragoons], 'Campaigning in India', Colburn's United Service Magazine, 1844(1): 94.
126. Anon, 'Jack Sepoy', Bentley's Miscellany, 32(1852): 77.
127. Civis [Henry Ellis], Times, 4 Sept. 1847.
128. The Times, 2 Sept. 1837.
129. Difficulties in the Burmese War had also led to a similar scapegoating of the Indian sepoys. See Peers, 'Habitual Nobility of Being'.
130. Anon, 'A Glance at Indian Affairs, Retrospective and Prospective', Colburn's United Service Magazine, 1844(1): 182; anon, 'Jack Sepoy', Bentley's Miscellany, 32(1857): 77.
131. Anon, 'A Glance at Indian Affairs, Retrospective and Prospective', Colburn's United Service Magazine, 1844(1): 182; anon, 'Jack Sepoy', Bentley's Miscellany, 32(1857): 77.
132. Peers, 'The Habitual Nobility of Being'.
133. The Times, 1 March 1839; 5 April 1842; 5 April, 6 May, 7 May, 8 May, 5 June, 11 Sept., 3 Oct., 1 Nov. 1844; 12 Dec. 1845; 26 Feb. 1846; 3 Feb. 1848; 22 March, 2 April, 18 April, 2 Sept. 1850.
134. Anon, 'The Peasants of British India', Household Words, 4 (1852): 388. See also anon, 'The Mofussil', Household Words, 13(1856): 556-9 for another account of the corruption associated with the employment of Indians in official positions.
135. Anon, 'The Peasants of British India', Household Words, 4 (1852): 388. See also anon, 'The Mofussil', Household Words, 13(1856): 556-9 for another account of the corruption associated with the employment of Indians in official positions.
136. J. H. Stocqueler, 'Justice for "Natives" ', Household Words, 7(1853): 397-402.
137. Taylor, Story of My Life, 354-6; Taylor, 'Correspondence from India', Times, 8 Oct. 1842.
138. Taylor, Story of My Life, 354-6; Taylor, 'Correspondence from India', Times, 8 Oct. 1842.
139. [Edwin Chadwick], Our Army in India', North British Review, 29(1858): 211.
140. The Times, 2 Sept. 1837.
141. OIOC, L/Mil/3/42, Military Letter from Bengal, 4 May 1842. Some of the earlier reports include P. Breton, Medico-Topography of the Ceded Provinces; South West Frontier (Calcutta: Asiatic Library Press, 1826); D. S. Young, 'Medical Topography of Aurangabad', Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta, 2(1825): 325-33; Thomas Jackson, 'A Sketch of the General and Medical Topography of Meerut', Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta, 1(1825): 292-8. The parameters intended to guide such studies are considered at length in the editor's preface, Madras Quarterly Medical Journal, 1(1839): i-ix.
142. OIOC, L/Mil/3/42, Military Letter from Bengal, 4 May 1842. Some of the earlier reports include P. Breton, Medico-Topography of the Ceded Provinces; South West Frontier (Calcutta: Asiatic Library Press, 1826); D. S. Young, 'Medical Topography of Aurangabad', Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta, 2(1825): 325-33; Thomas Jackson, 'A Sketch of the General and Medical Topography of Meerut', Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta, 1(1825): 292-8. The parameters intended to guide such studies are considered at length in the editor's preface, Madras Quarterly Medical Journal, 1(1839): i-ix.
143. OIOC, L/Mil/3/42, Military Letter from Bengal, 4 May 1842. Some of the earlier reports include P. Breton, Medico-Topography of the Ceded Provinces; South West Frontier (Calcutta: Asiatic Library Press, 1826); D. S. Young, 'Medical Topography of Aurangabad', Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta, 2(1825): 325-33; Thomas Jackson, 'A Sketch of the General and Medical Topography of Meerut', Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta, 1(1825): 292-8. The parameters intended to guide such studies are considered at length in the editor's preface, Madras Quarterly Medical Journal, 1(1839): i-ix.
144. OIOC, L/Mil/3/42, Military Letter from Bengal, 4 May 1842. Some of the earlier reports include P. Breton, Medico-Topography of the Ceded Provinces; South West Frontier (Calcutta: Asiatic Library Press, 1826); D. S. Young, 'Medical Topography of Aurangabad', Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta, 2(1825): 325-33; Thomas Jackson, 'A Sketch of the General and Medical Topography of Meerut', Transactions of the Medical and Physical Society of Calcutta, 1(1825): 292-8. The parameters intended to guide such studies are considered at length in the editor's preface, Madras Quarterly Medical Journal, 1(1839): i-ix.
145. The Times, 9 June, 20 Nov. 1832.
146. Philip Meadows Taylor, 'The Great Cat and Dog Question', Household Words, 1(1850): 172-5.
147. The Times, 2 April 1846.
148. The Times, 27 March, 4 April 1846.
149. The Times, 26 June, 19 Dec. 1848; 22 Jan. 1849.
150. The Times, 26 June, 19 Dec. 1848; 22 Jan. 1849.
151. John Lang, The Wetherbys - Father and Son', Fraser's Magazine, 47(1853); 531.
152. Tosh, 'What Should Historians do with Masculinity?', 180.
153. Lohrli (comp.), Household Words, 4.
154. In a letter written to Miss Coutts during the Indian Rebellion, Dickens complained that recent events demonstrated the necessity of opening up the army's officer corps to the middle classes. William Oddie, 'Dickens and the Indian Mutiny', Dickensian, 68(1972): 10. Like Kaye, Dickens also tended to idealize the Punjab School. John Lawrence, in particular, was written up as a paragon of middle class virtues in a May 1859 article in All the Year Round. Ibid., 11-12.
155. In a letter written to Miss Coutts during the Indian Rebellion, Dickens complained that recent events demonstrated the necessity of opening up the army's officer corps to the middle classes. William Oddie, 'Dickens and the Indian Mutiny', Dickensian, 68(1972): 10. Like Kaye, Dickens also tended to idealize the Punjab School. John Lawrence, in particular, was written up as a paragon of middle class virtues in a May 1859 article in All the Year Round. Ibid., 11-12.
156. The Times, 3 May 1842; 'Remarks on Silladar Cavalry', Colburn's United Service Magazine, 2(1847): 583-6.
157. The Times, 3 May 1842; 'Remarks on Silladar Cavalry', Colburn's United Service Magazine, 2(1847): 583-6.
158. John Lang, 'The Wetherbys - Father and Son', Fraser's Magazine, 47(1853); 530-1.
159. [Malcolm Meason], 'Regulars and Irregulars', Household Words, 12(1856): 58-60.
160. [E. Townsend], 'Indian Irregulars', Household Words, 16(1857): 245.
161. J. W. Kaye, Lives of Indian Officers, i, preface.
162. Catherine Hall, ' "From Greenland's Icy Mountains . . . to Afric's Golden and : Ethnicity, Race and Nation in Mid-Nineteenth-Century England', Gender and History, 5(1993): 219-21.
163. Mofussilite, 30 May, 25 Aug., 1848.
164. Robert H. MacDonald, 'A Poetics of War: Militarist Discourse in the British Empire, 1880-1918', Mosaic, 1990 23(3): 18.