Critical care management of subarachnoid hemorrhage

Current Treatment Options in Neurology

Volumn 11, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 126-136

  Levine, Joshua M ^a  

^a HOSPITAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AMINOCAPROIC ACID; ANTICONVULSIVE AGENT; ANTIFIBRINOLYTIC AGENT; BETA ADRENERGIC RECEPTOR BLOCKING AGENT; CONIVAPTAN; DIURETIC AGENT; ESMOLOL; FLUDROCORTISONE; HYPERTENSIVE FACTOR; INOTROPIC AGENT; LABETALOL; MAGNESIUM; MILRINONE; NICARDIPINE; NIMODIPINE; PAPAVERINE; PHENYLEPHRINE; PLACEBO; PRAVASTATIN; SIMVASTATIN; SODIUM CHLORIDE; TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR; TRANEXAMIC ACID; VASODILATOR AGENT; VERAPAMIL;

ANASTOMOSIS; ANEURYSMAL REBLEEDING; BED REST; BRAIN ANGIOGRAPHY; BRAIN HEMORRHAGE; BRAIN VASOSPASM; CARDIOGENIC SHOCK; CLINICAL TRIAL; CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE; CONTINUOUS INFUSION; COUNTERPULSATION; DELAYED ISCHEMIC NEUROLOGIC DEFICIT; DOPPLER ECHOGRAPHY; ELECTROENCEPHALOGRAPHY; ELECTROLYTE DISTURBANCE; EMERGENCY CARE; ENDOTRACHEAL INTUBATION; HEART ARRHYTHMIA; HUMAN; HYDROCEPHALUS; HYPONATREMIA; INTENSIVE CARE; INTENSIVE CARE UNIT; NEUROLOGIC DISEASE; NEUROSURGERY; PERCUTANEOUS TRANSLUMINAL ANGIOPLASTY; REVIEW; SEIZURE; SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTER TOMOGRAPHY; STUNNED HEART MUSCLE; SUBARACHNOID HEMORRHAGE;

EID: 60349131532     PISSN: 10928480     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s11940-009-0016-6     Document Type: Review

References (84)

1. King JT Jr: Epidemiology of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 1997, 7:659-668.
2. Johnston SC, Selvin S, Gress DR: The burden, trends, and demographics of mortality from subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 1998, 50:1413-1418.
3. Berman MF, Solomon RA, Mayer SA, et al.: Impact of hospital-related factors on outcome after treatment of cerebral aneurysms. Stroke 2003, 34:2200-2207.
4. Winn HR, Richardson AE, Jane JA: The long-term prognosis in untreated cerebral aneurysms: I. The incidence of late hemorrhage in cerebral aneurysm: A 10-year evaluation of 364 patients. Ann Neurol 1977, 1:358-370.
5. Sundt TM Jr, Whisnant JP: Subarachnoid hemorrhage from intracranial aneurysms. Surgical management and natural history of disease. N Engl J Med 1978, 299:116-122.
6. Ohkuma H, Tsurutani H, Suzuki S: Incidence and significance of early aneurysmal rebleeding before neurosurgical or neurological management. Stroke 2001, 32:1176-1180.
7. Stornelli SA, French J: Subarachnoid hemorrhage - factors in prognosis and management. J Neurosurg 1964, 21:769-780.
8. Pare L, Delfino R, Leblanc R: The relationship of ventricular drainage to aneurysmal rebleeding. J Neurosurg 1992, 76:422-427.
9. Tsementzis SA, Hitchcock ER, Meyer CH: Benefits and risks of antifibrinolytic therapy in the management of ruptured intracranial aneurysms. A double-blind placebo-controlled study. Acta Neurochir 1990, 102:1-10.
10. Kassell NF, Torner JC, Adams HP Jr: Antifibrinolytic therapy in the acute period following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Preliminary observations from the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. J Neurosurg 1984, 61:225-230.
11. Torner JC, Kassell NF, Wallace RB, Adams HP Jr: Preoperative prognostic factors for rebleeding and survival in aneurysm patients receiving antifibrinolytic therapy: Report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Neurosurgery 1981, 9:506-513.
12. Adams HP Jr, Nibbelink DW, Torner JC, Sahs AL: Antifibrinolytic therapy in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. Arch Neurol 1981, 38:25-29.
13. Hillman J, Fridriksson S, Nilsson O, et al.: Immediate administration of tranexamic acid and reduced incidence of early rebleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A prospective randomized study. J Neurosurg 2002, 97:771-778.
14. Sheehan JP, Polin RS, Sheehan JM, et al.: Factors associated with hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 1999, 45:1120-1127; discussion 1127-1128.
15. Lin CL, Kwan AL, Howng SL: Acute hydrocephalus and chronic hydrocephalus with the need of postoperative shunting after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 1999, 15:137-145.
16. Suarez-Rivera O: Acute hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Surg Neurol 1998, 49:563-565.
17. Mehta V, Holness RO, Connolly K, et al.: Acute hydrocephalus following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Can J Neurol Sci 1996, 23:40-45.
18. Rajshekhar V, Harbaugh RE: Results of routine ventriculostomy with external ventricular drainage for acute hydrocephalus following subarachnoid haemorrhage. Acta Neurochir 1992, 115:8-14.
19. Hasan D, Vermeulen M, Wijdicks EF, et al.: Management problems in acute hydrocephalus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 1989, 20:747-753.
20. Milhorat TH: Acute hydrocephalus after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 1987, 20:15-20.
21. Rhoney DH, Tipps LB, Murry K R, et al.: Anticonvulsant prophylaxis and timing of seizures after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 2000, 55:258-265.
22. Dennis LJ, Claassen J, Hirsch LJ, et al.: Nonconvulsive status epilepticus after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2002, 51:1136-1143; discussion 1144.
23. Rose FC, Sarner M: Epilepsy after ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Br Med J 1965, 1(5426):18-21.
24. Ukkola V, Heikkinen ER: Epilepsy after operative treatment of ruptured cerebral aneurysms. Acta Neurochir 1990, 106:115-118.
25. Cabral RJ, King TT, Scott DF: Epilepsy after two different neurosurgical approaches to the treatment of ruptured intracranial aneurysm. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1976, 39:1052-1056.
26. Kvam DA, Loftus CM, Copeland B, Quest DO: Seizures during the immediate postoperative period. Neurosurgery 1983, 12:14-17.
27. Kotila M, Waltimo O: Epilepsy after stroke. Epilepsia 1992, 33:495-498.
28. Ohman J: Hypertension as a risk factor for epilepsy after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage and surgery. Neurosurgery 1990, 27:578-581.
29. Naidech AM, Kreiter KT, Janjua N, et al.: Phenytoin exposure is associated with functional and cognitive disability after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2005, 36:583-587.
30. Haley EC Jr, Kassell NF, Torner JC: The International Cooperative Study on the Timing of Aneurysm Surgery. The North American experience. Stroke 1992, 23:205-214.
31. Haley EC Jr, Kassell NF, Apperson-Hansen C, et al.: A randomized, double-blind, vehicle-controlled trial of tirilazad mesylate in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A cooperative study in North America. J Neurosurg 1997, 86:467-474.
32. Kassell NF, Boarini DJ, Adams HP Jr, et al.: Overall management of ruptured aneurysm: Comparison of early and late operation. Neurosurgery 1981, 9:120-128.
33. Fisher CM, Roberson GH, Ojemann RG: Cerebral vasospasm with ruptured saccular aneurysm-the clinical manifestations. Neurosurgery 1977, 1:245-248.
34. Heros RC, Zervas NT, Varsos V: Cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: An update. Ann Neurol 1983, 14:599-608.
35. Fisher CM, Kistler JP, Davis JM: Relation of cerebral vasospasm to subarachnoid hemorrhage visualized by computerized tomographic scanning. Neurosurgery 1980, 6:1-9.
36. Stein SC, Levine JM, Nagpal S, LeRoux PD: Vasospasm as the sole cause of cerebral ischemia: How strong is the evidence? Neurosurg Focus 2006, 21:E2.
37. van den Bergh WM, Algra A, van Kooten F, et al.: Magnesium sulfate in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A randomized controlled trial. Stroke 2005, 36:1011-1015.
38. Allen GS, Ahn HS, Preziosi TJ, et al.: Cerebral arterial spasm-a controlled trial of nimodipine in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. N Engl J Med 1983, 308:619-624.
39. Mayberg MR, Batjer HH, Dacey R, et al.: Guidelines for the management of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A statement for healthcare professionals from a special writing group of the Stroke Council, American Heart Association. Stroke 1994, 25:2315-2328.
40. Haley EC Jr, Kassell NF, Torner JC, et al.: A randomized trial of two doses of nicardipine in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A report of the Cooperative Aneurysm Study. J Neurosurg 1994, 80:788-796.
41. Tseng MY, Czosnyka M, Richards H, et al.: Effects of acute treatment with pravastatin on cerebral vasospasm, autoregulation, and delayed ischemic deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A phase II randomized placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 2005, 36:1627-1632.
42. Tseng MY, Hutchinson PJ, Czosnyka M, et al.: Effects of acute pravastatin treatment on intensity of rescue therapy, length of inpatient stay, and 6-month outcome in patients after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2007, 38:1545-1550.
43. Zabramski JM, Spetzler RF, Lee KS, et al.: Phase I trial of tissue plasminogen activator for the prevention of vasospasm in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1991, 75:189-196.
44. Claassen J, Hirsch LJ, Kreiter KT, et al.: Quantitative continuous EEG for detecting delayed cerebral ischemia in patients with poor-grade subarachnoid hemorrhage. Clin Neurophysiol 2004, 115:2699-2710.
45. Cloft HJ, Joseph GJ, Dion JE: Risk of cerebral angiography in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, cerebral aneurysm, and arteriovenous malformation: A meta-analysis. Stroke 1999, 30:317-320.
46. Tamatani S, Sasaki O, Takeuchi S, et al.: Detection of delayed cerebral vasospasm, after rupture of intracranial aneurysms, by magnetic resonance angiography. Neurosurgery 1997, 40: 748-753; discussion 753-754.
47. Otawara Y, Ogasawara K, Ogawa A, et al.: Evaluation of vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage by use of multislice computed tomographic angiography. Neurosurgery 2002, 51:939-942; discussion 942-943.
48. Anderson GB, Ashforth R, Steinke DE, Findlay JM: CT angiography for the detection of cerebral vasospasm in patients with acute subarachnoid hemorrhage. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000, 21:1011-1015.
49. Wintermark M, Ko NU, Smith WS, et al.: Vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage: Utility of perfusion CT and CT angiography on diagnosis and management. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2006, 27:26-34.
50. Sloan MA, Haley EC Jr, Kassell NF, et al.: Sensitivity and specificity of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography in the diagnosis of vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurology 1989, 39:1514-1518.
51. Assessment: Transcranial Doppler. Report of the American Academy of Neurology, Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee. Neurology 1990, 40:680-681.
52. Manno EM, Gress DR, Schwamm LH, et al.: Effects of induced hypertension on transcranial Doppler ultrasound velocities in patients after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 1998, 29:422-428.
53. Lindegaard KF, Nornes H, Bakke SJ, et al.: Cerebral vasospasm diagnosis by means of angiography and blood velocity measurements. Acta Neurochir 1989, 100:12-24.
54. Ekelund A, Saveland H, Romner B, Brandt L: Is transcranial Doppler sonography useful in detecting late cerebral ischaemia after aneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage? Br J Neurosurg 1996, 10:19-25.
55. Mizuno M, Nakajima S, Sampei T, et al.: Serial transcranial Doppler flow velocity and cerebral blood flow measurements for evaluation of cerebral vasospasm after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 1994, 34:164-171.
56. Vespa PM, Nuwer MR, Juhasz C, et al.: Early detection of vasospasm after acute subarachnoid hemorrhage using continuous EEG ICU monitoring. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol 1997, 103:607-615.
57. Polin RS, Coenen VA, Hansen CA, et al.: Efficacy of transluminal angioplasty for the management of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2000, 92:284-290.
58. Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Cahan LD, et al.: Transluminal angioplasty for treatment of intracranial arterial vasospasm. J Neurosurg 1989, 71:648-653.
59. Higashida RT, Halback VV, Dormandy B, et al.: Endovascular treatment of intracranial aneurysms with a new silicone microballoon device: technical considerations and indications for therapy. Radiology 1990, 174:687-691.
60. Higashida RT, Halbach VV, Dowd CF, et al.: Intravascu lar balloon dilatation therapy for intracranial arterial vasospasm: Patient selection, technique, and clinical results. Neurosurg Rev 1992, 15:89-95.
61. Kassell NF, Helm G, Simmons N, et al.: Treatment of cerebral vasospasm with intra-arterial papaverine. J Neurosurg 1992, 77:848-852.
62. Feng L, Fitzsimmons BF, Young WL, et al.: Intraarterially administered verapamil as adjunct therapy for cerebral vasospasm: Safety and 2-year experience. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2002, 23:1284-1290.
63. Badjatia N, Topcuoglu MA, Pryor JC, et al.: Preliminary experience with intra-arterial nicardipine as a treatment for cerebral vasospasm. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004, 25:819-826.
64. Biondi A, Ricciardi GK, Puybasset L, et al.: Intra-arterial nimodipine for the treatment of symptomatic cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Preliminary results. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2004, 25:1067-1076.
65. Fraticelli AT, Cholley BP, Losser MR, et al.: Milrinone for the treatment of cerebral vasospasm after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2008, 39:893-898.
66. McAuliffe W, Townsend M, Eskridge JM, et al.: Intracranial pressure changes induced during papaverine infusion for treatment of vasospasm. J Neurosurg 1995, 83:430-434.
67. Hasan D, Wijdicks EF, Vermeulen M: Hyponatremia is associated with cerebral ischemia in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Ann Neurol 1990, 27:106-108.
68. Qureshi AI, Suri MF, Sung GY, et al.: Prognostic significance of hypernatremia and hyponatremia among patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurosurgery 2002, 50:749-755; discussion 755-756.
69. Sayama T, Inamura T, Matsushima T, et al.: High incidence of hyponatremia in patients with ruptured anterior communicating artery aneurysms. Neurol Res 2000, 22:151-155.
70. Singh S, Bohn D, Tarlotti AP, et al.: Cerebral salt wasting: truths, fallacies, theories, and challenges. Crit Care Med 2002, 30:2575-2579.
71. Wijdicks EF, Vermeulen M, ten Haaf JA, et al.: Volume depletion and natriuresis in patients with a ruptured intracranial aneurysm. Ann Neurol 1985, 18:211-216.
72. Chung HM, Kluge R, Schrier RW, Anderson RJ: Clinical assessment of extracellular fluid volume in hyponatremia. Am J Med 1987, 83:905-908.
73. Suarez JI, Qureshi AI, Parekh PD, et al.: Administration of hypertonic (3%) sodium chloride/acetate in hyponatremic patients with symptomatic vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 1999, 11:178-184.
74. Hasan D, Lindsay KW, Wijdicks EF, et al.: Effect of fludrocortisone acetate in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 1989, 20:1156-1161.
75. Mori T, Katayama Y, Kawamata T, Hirayama T: Improved efficiency of hypervolemic therapy with inhibition of natriuresis by fludrocortisone in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 1999, 91:947-952.
76. Ghali JK, Koren, MJ, Taylor JR, et al.: Efficacy and safety of oral conivaptan: A V1A/V2 vasopressin receptor antagonist, assessed in a randomized, placebo-controlled trial in patients with euvolemic or hypervolemic hyponatremia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006, 91:2145-2152.
77. Wijdicks EF, Vermeulen M, Hijdra A, et al.: Hyponatremia and cerebral infarction in patients with ruptured intracranial aneurysms: Is fluid restriction harmful? Ann Neurol 1985, 17:137-140.
78. Kopelnik A, Zaroff JG: Neurocardiogenic injury in neurovascular disorders. Crit Care Clin 2006, 22:733-752; abstract ix-x.
79. Andreoli A, di Pasquale G, Pinelli G, et al.: Subarachnoid hemorrhage: frequency and severity of cardiac arrhythmias. A survey of 70 cases studied in the acute phase. Stroke 1987, 18:558-564.
80. Di Pasquale G, Pinelli G, Andreoli A, et al.: Holter detection of cardiac arrhythmias in intracranial subarachnoid hemorrhage. Am J Cardiol 1987, 59:596-600.
81. Solenski NJ, Haley EC Jr, Kassell NF, et al.: Medical complications of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: A report of the multicenter, cooperative aneurysm study. Crit Care Med 1995, 23:1007-1017.
82. Kothavale A, Banki NM, Kopelnik A, et al.: Predictors of left ventricular regional wall motion abnormalities after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Neurocrit Care 2006, 4:199-205.
83. Banki N, Kopelnik A, Tung P, et al.: Prospective analysis of prevalence, distribution, and rate of recovery of left ventricular systolic dysfunction in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage. J Neurosurg 2006, 105:15-20.
84. Tung P, Kopelnik A, Banki N, et al.: Predictors of neurocardiogenic injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage. Stroke 2004, 35:548-551.