Legal challenges for transatlantic economic integration

Common Market Law Review

Volumn 45, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 1581-1609

  Herdegen, Matthias ^a,b  

^a Institute for Public Law   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF BONN   (Germany)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

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EID: 60349093381     PISSN: 01650750     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (184)

1. European Commission Memo/08/381.
2. The New Transatlantic Agenda, adopted at the EU/US Summit in Madrid, 3 Dec. 1995, www.eurunion.org/partner/agenda.htm.
3. Transatlantic Economic Partnership, adopted at the EU/US Summit in London, 18 May 1998, www.eurunion.org/partner/summit/Summit9805/econpart.htm.
4. The European Union and the United States Initiative to Enhance Transatlantic Economic Integration and Growth, adopted at the EU/US Summit in Washington, 20 June 2005, ec.europa. eu/comm/external-relations/us/sum06-05/ declarations/eco.pdf.
5. Framework for Advancing Transatlantic Economic Integration Between the European Union and the United States of America, adopted at the EU/US Summit in Washington, 30 April 2007. ec.europa.eu/external-relations/us/sum04-07/ framework-transatlanticeconomic-integration.pdf.
6. As to a list of Mutual Recognition Agreements see Review of the Framework for Relations between the European Union and the United States, Independent Study commissioned by the European Commission (2005), Annex 3 (p. 87).
7. See European Communities and Certain Member States - Measures Affecting Trade in Large Civil Aircraft - Request for Consultations by the United States, 12 Oct. 2004, WT/DS316/1, Request for Consultation by the United States, www.wto.org/english/tratop-e/dispu-e/cases-e/ds316-e.htm.
8. European Communities - Measures Concerning Meat and Meat Products (Hormones), Report of the Appellate Body, 16 Jan. 1998, WT/DS26/AB/R, WT/DS48/AB/R (1998), available at: www.wto.org/english/tratop-e/dispu-e/cases-e/ ds26-e.htm.
9. European Communities - Measures Affecting the Approval and Marketing of Biotech Products - Report of the Panel, 29 Sept. 2006, WT DS 291/292/293/R.
10. O.J. 1997, L 336/16.
11. O.J. 2004, L 48/1;
12. also see Case T-209/01, Honeywell v. Commission, [2005] ECR II-5527 and Case T-210/01, General Electric v. Commission, [2005] ECR II-5575.
13. Commission Decision C(2004) 900 final of 24 March 2004 relating to a proceeding under Article 82 EC (Case COMP/C-3/37.792 -Microsoft), available at: ec.europa.eu/comm/competition/antitrust/cases/; Case T-201/04, Microsoft v. Commission, judgment of 17 Sept. 2007, nyr; annotation by Andreangeli in 45 CML Rev. (2008), 863-894.
14. See U.S. Embassy Berlin, Fact Sheet U.S.-German Economic Relations (May 2006), available at: www.usembassy.de/germany/trade.html.
15. European Parliament, resolution on improving EU-US relations in the framework of a Transatlantic Partnership Agreement of 1 June 2006; see also European Parliament, resolution on EU-US transatlantic economic relations of 1 June 2006; both resolutions available at: www.europarl.europa.eu.
16. Vienna Summit Declaration, 21 June 2006, available at: www.eu2006.at/includes/Download-Dokumente/2106EUUSDeclaration.pdf; Washington Summit Declaration, 30 April 2007, available at: ec.europa.eu/external- relations/us/sum04-07/joint-message.pdf.
17. See supra note 4.
18. See supra note 5.
19. E. g. collaboration on cosmetic regulations, search for a final agreement between European Union and U.S. regulators on shifting resources away from implementation of the Medical Device Annex of the Mutual Recognition Agreement to a more productive bilateral collaboration on medical devices, promotion of administrative simplification in the application of regulation of medicinal products, the address of common concerns in the automotive sector in the area of road safety and fuel economy, expansion of cooperation on OECD activities and the initiation of an exchange on conformity assessment procedures for the safety of electrical equipment (Annex 1).
20. Pollack, "The political economy of transatlantic trade disputes", in Petersmann and Pollack (Eds.), Transatlantic Economic Disputes (2003), pp. 65-121 at 73.
21. See Bermann, Herdegen and Lindseth (Eds.), Transatlantic Regulatory Co-operation: Legal Problems and Political Prospects (OUP, 2001).
22. See e.g. Byers and Nolte (Eds.), United States Hegemony and the Foundations of International Law (Cambridge University Press, 2003).
23. President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, 8 Jan. 1918, available at: www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/wilson14.htm.
24. Franklin Roosevelt's Annual Address to Congress - The "Four Freedoms" (Text), 6 Jan. 1941, available at: www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/ decade/decade01.htm.
25. See Alford, "Misusing international sources to interpret the Constitution", 98 AJIL (2004), 57 et seq.; Rubenfeld, "The Two World Orders", in Nolte (ed.), European and United States Constitutionalism (Cambridge University Press, 2005), pp. 280 et seq.
26. th ed. (Beck, 2008), p. 402.
27. Herdegen, op. cit. supra note 25, at pp. 224 et seq.
28. Kyoto Protocol to the Framework Convention on Climate Change, 16 March 1998, 37 ILM (1998), 22.
29. George W. Bush, Letter to Members of the Senate on the Kyoto Protocol on Climate Change 13 March 2001, available at: www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/ 2001/03/20010314.html ("the Kyoto Protocol... would cause serious harm to the U.S. economy").
30. See Review of the Framework for Relations between the European Union and the United States, Independent Study commissioned by the European Commission (Tender O.J. 2004/ S 83-070340), pp. 33 et seq.
31. Convention on Biological Diversity, 31 ILM (1992), 818.
32. Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity, 39 ILM (2000) 1027. Accession to the Cartagena Protocol requires ratification of the Convention on Biological Diversity.
33. See e.g. S. Barrett, "Political Economy of the Kyoto Protocol", 14 Oxford Review of Economic Policy (1998), 20 et seq.
34. Agreement relating to the Implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 Dec. 1982, 28 July 1994, available at www.un.org/Depts/los/convention-agreements/convention-overview-part-xi.htm.
35. See e.g. Rubenfeld, op. cit. supra note 24, pp. 280 et seq.
36. Available at www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nss/2006/nss2006.pdf.
37. President's Statement on Advancing U.S. Interests in the World's Oceans from May 2007; available at: www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2007/05/20070515- 2.html.
38. FCCC/CP/2007/6/Add.1; available at: unfccc.int/resource/docs/2007/cop13/ eng/06a01.pdf#page=3.
39. G8 Hokkaido Toyako Summit Leaders Delaration, 8 July 2008; available at: www. g8 summit.go.jp/eng/doc/doc080714-en .html.
40. th ed. (Beck, 2008), pp. 412-414.
41. See European Commission, United States Barriers to Trade and Investment, Report for 2005 (March 2006), available at: trade.ec.europa.eu/doclib/docs/2006/ march/tradoc-127632. pdf), at pp. 90 et seq. On the repeal of the Byrd amendment see infra 3.3.
42. Council Decision of 22 Dec. 1994 concerning the conclusion on behalf of the European Community, as regards matters within its competence, of the agreements reached in the Uruguay Round multilateral negotiations (1986-1994), 94/800/EC, O.J. 1994, L 336/1 et seq.
43. Section 102 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act: "No provision of any of the Uruguay Round Agreements, nor the application of any such provision to any person or circumstance, that is inconsistent with any law of the United States shall have effect."
44. Case C-280/93, Federal Republic of Germany v. Council (Bananas), [1994] ECR I-4973;
45. Case C-377/02, NV Firma Leon van Parys v. Belgisch Interventie- en Restitutiebureau, [2005] ECR I-1465.
46. Available at unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0014/0014297e.pdf.
47. See Hahn, "A Clash of Cultures? The UNESCO Diversity Convention and International Trade Law", 9 JIEL (2006), 515 et seq.
48. See the contributions in Nolte, op. cit. supra note 24.
49. th ed. (West, 2004), pp. 1149 et seq.
50. Nowak and Rotunda, op. cit. supra note 47, pp. 1287 et seq.
51. See in particular Art. 20(2) International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights; Art. 4 lit. a. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination.
52. See Rensmann, Wertordnung und Verfassung (Mohr Siebeck, 2007), at pp. 318-319.
53. LICRA v. Yahoo, Tribunal de Grande Instance de Paris, 20 Nov. 2000, available at: www.juriscom.net/txt/jurisfr/cti/tgiparis20001120. htm#texte.
54. Yahoo v. LICRA, 169 F. Supp. 2d 1181 (N.D. Cal. 2001).
55. Yahoo v. LICRA, 433 F.3d 1199 C.A.9 (Cal.), 2006, at 1252.
56. At the ECJ: Case C-101/01, Lindqvist [2003] ECR I-12971, 13022 et seq., paras. 79 et seq.; Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 Oct. 1995 on the protection of individuals with regard to the processing of personal data and on the free movement of such data, O.J. 1995, L 281/31.
57. On the different regulatory philosophies with regard to data protection and on the Safe Haven Agreement see Pollack, The Political Economy of the Transatlantic Partnership (Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies 2003), pp. 40-43.
58. See Shaffer, "Managing US-EU Trade Relations through Mutual Recognition and Safe Harbor Agreements", in Petersmann and Pollack, op. cit. supra note 19, pp. 297-327 at 311-321.
59. Lindqvist cited supra note 54, 13022 et seq., paras. 79 et seq.
60. O.J. 1995, L 281/31.
61. Shaffer, loe. cit. supra note 56.
62. In accordance with Art. 25 of Directive 95/46/EC the Commission adopted Decision 520/2000/EC ("Safe Harbour decision", O.J. 2000, L 215/1) recognizing the adequacy of data protection provided by the Safe Harbour Privacy Principles issued by the Department of Commerce of the United States. This decision allows the transfer of data from the EU to US organizations which have voluntarily notified their compliance with the Safe Harbour Privacy Principles.
63. Case C-317/04, Parliament v. Council [2006] ECR I-4721.
64. Ibid. at (4831).
65. O.J. 2007, L 204/16.
66. See Landesarbeitsgericht (Labour Court of Appeal) Düsseldorf, 14 Nov. 2005 -10 TaBV 46/05, available at: www.lag-duesseldorf.nrw.de/recht/ entscheidungen/tabv/0046-05.pdf.
67. Herdegen, "Biotechnology and regulatory risk assessment", in Bermann, Herdegen and Lindseth, op. cit. supra note 20, pp. 301-317.
68. Barriers to Trade, cited supra note 40, pp. 7-8; Review of the Framework, cited supra note 29, pp. 48-50.
69. Bundesverband der Deutschen Industrie, BDI Recommendations for Enhancing Transatlantic Economic Integration (2004), p. 10.
70. Barriers to Trade, cited supra note 40, pp. 29-30; BDI Recommendations, cited supra note 67, pp. 10-11.
71. See supra note 8.
72. See supra note 9.
73. See Herdegen, op. cit. supra note 65, pp. 303-308.
74. 39 ILM (2000), 1027 et seq.; Eggers and Mackenzie, "The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety", (2000) Journal of International Economic Law, 525 et seq.;
75. Hobbs, Hobbs and Kerr, "The Biosafety Protocol: Multilateral Agreement on Protecting the Environment or Protectionist Club", 39 Journal of World Trade (2005), 281 et seq.;
76. Phillips and Kerr, "Alternative Paradigms: The WTO Versus the Biosafety Protocol for Trade in Genetically Modified Organisms", 34 Journal of World Trade (2000), 63 et seq.
77. Herdegen, op. cit. supra note 65, pp. 310-317.
78. EU-US High-Level Regulatory Cooperation Forum, Report to the Transatlantic Economic Council, Fourth Meeting of the Forum, 25 April 2008.
79. Barriers to Trade, cited supra note 40, pp. 2, 31-32;
80. Bermann, "International regulatory cooperation and US federalism", in Bermann, Herdegen and Lindseth, op. cit. supra note 20, pp. 373-384.
81. Hayes, Economic Mobility in Canada: A Comparative Study (1982); Heinemann, Dezentrale Entscheidungsstrukturen und freier Warenverkehr: ein Vergleich zwischen der Europäischen Gemeinschaft und Australien (Lang, 2004).
82. See supra note 6.
83. Schaefer, "Lessons from the Dispute over the Massachusetts Burma Act", in Petersmann and Pollack, op. cit. supra note 19, pp. 327-360.
84. Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act, 1997, § 570, 110 Stat. 3009-166
85. US Supreme Court, Crosby v. National Foreign Trade Council, 530 U.S. 363 (2000).
86. US Supreme Court, Medellin v. Texas, 552 U.S.-(2008); S.Ct. 1346 (2008).
87. On the repercussions on transatlantic economic integration see Macey, "US and EU structures of governance as barriers to transatlantic cooperation", in Bermann, Herdegen and Lindseth, op. cit. supra note 20, pp. 357, 364-367.
88. Pollack, op. cit. supra note 19, pp. 65-121 (101).
89. See Barriers to Trade, cited supra note 40), pp. 73, 83-85.
90. Available at: www.newyorkfed.org/newsevents/news/banking/2008/SSG-Risk- Mgtdoc-final.pdf.
91. Terms of reference for the cooperation and collaboration regarding market risks and regulatory projects, available at: www.cesr-eu.org/popup2.php?id= 2093.
92. Available at: www.sec.gov/news/press/2008/2008-9.htm; see also infra III.1.b).
93. International Accounting Standards Board, Press Release, 10 Jan. 2008. Available at: www.iasb.org/News/Press+Releases/ IASB+completes+the+second+phase+of+the+business+c ombinations+project.htm. See infra, 3.1.5).
94. BDI Recommendations, cited supra note 67, p. 7.
95. United States District Court (N.D. Ga., Atlanta Division), in re Application of Roz Trading Ltd., WL 3741078 (2006).
96. BVerfGE 108, 238.
97. BVerfG, (2007) EuGRZ, 234 et seq.= (2007) JZ, 1046.
98. Class Action Fairness Act of 2005, 28 U.S.C. Sections 1332(d), 1453, and 1711-1715.
99. US Supreme Court, BMW of North America, Inc. v. Gore, 517 US 559 (1995);
100. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. v. Campbell, 538 U.S. 408 (2003);
101. Philip Morris USA v. Williams, 540 U.S. 801 (2007);
102. Exxon Shipping co v. Baker, 554 U.S.-(2008); 128 S.Ct. 2605 (2008).
103. Cuban Democracy Act of 1992.
104. th ed. (Beck, 2007), p. 27.
105. 35 ILM 1273 (1996). See also Herdegen, op. cit. previous note, p. 29.
106. See para 50 of the European Parliament's resolution on improving EU-US relations in the framework of a Transatlantic Partnership Agreement, cited supra note 14).
107. See supra 2.6.
108. st century, COM(2005)196 final, p. 6.
109. See supra note 6.
110. Barriers to Trade, cited supra note 40, pp. 26-28.
111. On the mixed success of US-EU Mutual Recognition agreements see Devereaux, Lawrence and Watkins, Case Studies in US Trade Negotiation, Vol. I (2006), pp. 301-358.
112. Barriers to Trade, cited supra note 40, pp. 20-22.
113. Herdegen, op. cit. supra note 39, pp. 354-355.
114. See Herdegen, op. cit. supra note 96, pp. 175-176.
115. Directive 2006/48/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2006 relating to the taking up and pursuit of the business of credit institutions, O.J. 2006, L 177/1; Directive 2006/49/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 14 June 2006 on the capital adequacy of investment firms and credit institutions, O.J. 2006, L 177/ 201.
116. Cf. European Commission, White Paper on Financial Services Policy (2005), pp. 9-10, available at: ec.europa.eu/internal-market/finances/policy/ index-en.htm.
117. See Diekmann, "Post-FSAP agenda: Window of opportunity to complete financial market integration", EU-Monitor No. 24 (May 2005), pp. 1 et seq.;
118. Financial Services Round Table: On the lead supervisor model and the future of financial supervision in the EU, June 2005; Schoenmaker and Oosterloo, "A Lead Supervisor Model for Europe", 9 The Financial Regulator (2004), 34.
119. See Kern, "EU-US financial market integration - a work in progress", DB Research EU Monitor 56 (2008), pp. 7 et seq.
120. BDI Recommendations, cited supra note 67, pp. 5-6.
121. Available at: www.sec.gov/news/press/2008/2008-9.htm; see Kern, op. cit. supra note 109, pp. 10 et seq.
122. Available at: www.foa.co.uk/publications/eu-us%20report-%20mar08.pdf.
123. Barriers to Trade, cited supra note 40, pp. 73, 83-85.
124. See Krause, "Sarbanes-Oxley Act und deutsche Mitbestimmung", (2003) Wertpapiermitteilungen, 762-771.
125. See M. Herdegen, op. cit. supra note 99, pp. 191-192.
126. See Bundesgerichtshof (Federal Court of Justice), judgment of 21 Dec. 2005, (2006) NJW, 522-531.
127. Final Report of the High Level Group of Company Law Experts on a Modern Regulatory Framework for Company Law in Europe, 4 Nov. 2002, pp. 43-77 available at: ec.europa.eu/internal-market/company/docs/modern/report-en.pdf.
128. Council Regulation (EC) No 2157/2001 of 8 Oct. 2001 on the Statute for a European company (SE) O.J. 2001, L 294/1. See also Herdegen, op. cit. supra note 39, pp. 259-260.
129. O.J. 1991, L 95/47-52.
130. O.J. 1998, L 173/26.
131. Pollack, op. cit. supra note 19, pp. 65-121, at 95 et seq.
132. Völcker, in Immenga and Mestmäcker (Eds.), Wettbewerbsrecht EG Part I, 4th ed. (Beck, 2007), p. 108.
133. O.J. 1997, L 336/16.
134. O.J. 2004, L 48/1.
135. Völcker, op. cit. supra note 122, p. 117.
136. R.H. Pate (US Department of Justice), The EC's Decision in its Microsoft Investigation, 2004, available at: www.usdoj.gov/opa/pr/2004/ March/04-at-184.htm.
137. US Supreme Court, Verizon v. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398 (2004).
138. Ibid.
139. Review of the Framework, cited supra note 29, p. 25.
140. See supra note 12.
141. Case T-201/04, Microsoft Corp v. European Commission, annotated by Andreangeli in 45 CML Rev. (2008), 863-894.
142. T.O. Barnett (US Department of Justice), Issues Statement on European Microsoft Decision, 2007, available at: www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/press-releases/ 2007/226070.htm; R.H. Pate, op. cit. supra note 126; B. McDonald (US Department of Justice), Antitrust Division Update: Trinko and Microsoft, 2004, available at: www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/speeches/204227. htm; R.H. Pate (US Department of Justice), "Antitrust in a Transatlantic Context - From the Cicada's Perspective", 2004; available at: www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/ speeches/203973.htm.
143. McDonald, op. cit. previous note; Bartosch, "Das Urteil des Europäischen Gerichts erster Instanz in der Rechtssache Microsoft", (2007) RIW, 908 et seq.
144. However, the US Supreme Court neither declined to recognize the doctrine, nor rejected it, US Supreme Court, Verizon v. Trinko, LLP, 540 U.S. 398 (2004).
145. See European Commission Guidelines on vertical restraints, O.J. 2000, C 291/1-44; Guidelines on the application of Article 81(3) of the Treaty, O.J. 2004, C 101/97-118; Guidelines on the assessment of horizontal mergers under the Council Regulation on the control of concentrations between undertakings, O.J. 2004 C 31/5-18; DG Comp, Discussion Paper on the application of Article 82 of the Treaty exclusionary abuses, 2005.
146. Immenga and Mestmäcker, in Immenga and Mestmäcker op. cit. supra note 122, p. 59.
147. See Horizontal Merger Guidelines of the Federal Trade Commission and U.S. Department of Justice, available at www.ftc.gov/bc/docs/hmg080617.pdf.
148. st Century: Core Values and Convergence, 2002", available at: www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/speeches/11148.htm. The US Supreme Court ruled that even against the background of a long established per se rule of unlawfulness the rule of reason is the appropriate standard for vertical price restraints, US Supreme Court, Leegin v. PSKS, 551 U.S.-(2007), p. 19; 127 s.ct. 2705 (2007).
149. Roller, "Economic Analysis and Competition Policy Enforcement in Europe", in Van Bergeijk and Kloosterhuis (Eds.), Modeling European Mergers (Edward Elgar, 2005) p. 13 at 15.
150. Immenga and Mestmäcker, op. cit. supra note 136, p. 60.
151. O.J. 2002, L 243/1.
152. Federal Register Vol. 73 No. 3 (4 Jan. 2008), p. 986 et seq.
153. See supra note 88.
154. See Graham and Marchick, US National Security and Foreign Direct Investment (2006) and supra 23.
155. See supra note 54.
156. Barriers to Trade, cited supra note 40, pp. 4-5, 64-65, 75. The reform of the Exon Florio Amendment by the recent Foreign and National Security Act of 2007 to some degree responds to these concerns.
157. These concerns provide the backdrop for the paragraph on investment in the Vienna Summit Declaration, cited supra note 15: "We pledge to keep our investment regimes open and to build on existing investment flows to boost growth and create jobs in the transatlantic economy. We will address obstacles to transatlantic investment with a view to promoting closer economic integration."
158. Kern, "Sovereign wealth funds - state investments on the rise, (2007) DB Research Current Issues, pp. 18-19.
159. See: www.bmwi.de/BMWi/Navigation/Aussenwirtschaft/aussenwirtschaftsrecht, did= 237526.html.
160. See Kern, op. cit. supra note 148, pp.18-19.
161. BDI Recommendations, cited supra note 67, p. 8.
162. See supra 3.1.1.
163. See Palmeter, "Safeguard, Anti-dumping, and Countervailing Duty Disputes in the Transatlantic Partnership: How to Control 'Contingency' More Effectively", in Petersmann and Pollack, op. cit. supra note 19, pp. 142-173.
164. See Pollack, op. cit. supra note 19, pp. 65-121 at 68;
165. Barriers to Trade, cited supra note 40, pp. 19-63.
166. BDI Recommendations, cited supra note 67, p. 9.
167. BDI Recommendations, cited supra note 67, p. 8;
168. Barriers to Trade, cited supra note 40, pp. 53-55.
169. Barriers to Trade, cited supra note 40, pp. 53-54.
170. European Communities - Export Subsidies on Sugar, Report of the Appellate Body, WT/DS265/AB/R, WT/DS266/AB/R, WT/DS283/AB/R, 28 April 2005, available at www.wto.org/english/tratop-e/dispu-e/cases-e/ds283-e.htm.
171. See supra note 7.
172. See Barriers to Trade, cited supra note 40, p. 88.
173. See Barriers to Trade, cited supra note 40, pp. 4, 62-63.
174. See Balfour, "EC External Aviation Relations: The Community's increasing Role, and the EC/US Agreement", 45 CML Rev. (2008), 443 et seq.
175. O.J. 2007, L 134/1.
176. Cases C-466-469, 471, 472, 475, 476/98, Commission v. United Kingdom, Denmark Sweden, Finland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Austria and Germany, [2002] ECR I-9247 et seq.
177. Balfour, op. cit. supra note 161, at 457.
178. Balfour, op. cit. supra note 161, at 456.
179. See Joint EU-US Statement Following the Annual Summit of April 30, 2007, available at: ec.europa.eu/external-relations/us/sum04-07/joint-message.pdf.
180. Available at: www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/print.php?pid=8756.
181. See Opening Address by Angela Merkel, Chancellor of the Federal Republic of Germany, at the World Economic Forum, 24 Jan. 2007, available at: www.bundeskanzlerin.de/nn-5296/Content/DE/Rede/2007/01/2007-01-24-rede-bkin- davos.html.
182. Speech by Commissioner Peter Mandelson at the European Parliament, 31 May 2006, available at: ec.europa.eu/commission-barroso/mandelson/speeches- articles/sppm103-en.htm.
183. Europe competing in the world, speech by Peter Mandelson: Churchill Lecture, Federal Foreign Office, Berlin, 18 Sept. 2006, available at ec.europa.eu/commission-barroso/mandelson/speeches-articles/sppm114-en.htm.
184. See the speech of Senator J. McCain in favour of a transatlantic free trade agreement before the World Affairs Council in March 2008, reported at: www.reuters.com/article/politics-News/idUKN2630619220080326?virtualBrandChannel= 10112.