Running the gauntlet: An examination of initiation/hazing and sexual abuse in sport

Journal of Sexual Aggression

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 2002, Pages 49-68

  Kirby, Sandra L ^a   Wintrup, Glen ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

Bullying; Harassment; Hazing; Initiation; Physical abuse; Sexual abuse; Sport

Indexed keywords

EID: 60249101164     PISSN: 13552600     EISSN: 17426545     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/13552600208413339     Document Type: Article

References (70)

1. Archard, D., 1998. Sexual Consent., Boulder, Colorado:Westview Press.
2. Aronson, E., and Mills, J., 1959. The effect of severity of initiation on liking for a group. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology., 49:157–158.
3. Attius, B., Sexuality, Consent, and the Law in the United States:Towards a Rhetorical Genealogy. (n.d.), Http://www.csun.edu/∼hfspc002/SMLaw.html.
4. Berrill, K. T., Anti-gay violence and victimization in the United States - An overview. Hate Crimes:Confronting Violence Against Lesbians and Cay Men. Edited by:Herek, G. M., and Berrill, K. T., Newbury Park:Sage.
5. Blum, D. E., 1995. Unsportsmanlike conduct?. The Chronicle of Higher Education. Washington, 41 (28):A41–45.
6. Brackenridge, C. H., 2001. Spoilsports:understanding and preventing sexual exploitation in sport., London:Routledge.
7. Brackenridge, C. H., 1997a. “ Researching sexual abuse in sport ”. In Researching Women in Sport., Edited by:Clarke, G., and Humberstone, B., London:Macmillan.
8. Brackenridge, C. H., 1997b. ‘He owned me basically…’:Women's experiences of sexual abuse in sport. International Review for the Sociology of Sport., 32 (2):115–130.
9. Brackenridge, C. H., and Fasting, K., The problems women and children face in sport with regard to sexual harassment. Paper prepared for the 9th Council of Europe Conference of Ministers Responsible for Sport - ‘A Clean and Healthy Sport for the 3rd Millennium’ (Part 3). May. pp. 30–31st. Bratislava:Slovakia.
10. Brackenridge, C. H., and Kirby, S. L., 1999. “ Protecting athletes from sexual abuse in sport:how theory can improve practice ”. In Sport Psychology:Linking Theory and Practice. Edited by:Lidor, R., and Bar-Eli, M., 261–279.
11. Branswell, B., McClelland, S., and Smart, D., 2001. Rink rage. Macleans. Mar 26th:20–24.
12. Brenner, E., Aug 20th 2000. “ Students sentenced for hazing. ”. In New York Times, (Late Edition, East Coast) Aug 20th, 2New York
13. Bryshun, J., 1997. Hazing in Sport:An Exploratory Study of Veteran/Rookie Relations., Unpublished Master's Thesis University of Calgary.
14. Buckley, B., Hazed and confused. The American Enterprise. May/June. pp. 1–3. Washington
15. Butler, E. R., Initiations revisited:Improving student's adjustment and persistence with sanctioned rites of passage rituals. Paper presented at the North Central Association for Counselor Education and Supervisors, Indianapolis, Oct 11–14th. In the shadows. Edited by:Conn, J.H., and Tompkins, R.N., Vol. 5, 3, May. pp. 1994Athletic Management. http.//www.momentummedia.com/articles/am/am0603/shadows.htm.
16. 1995a. Calgary Herald. C4 Feb 14th Mar 18th, 1995b, A4 and C1; 1996 and 1997 Calgary Sun, Feb 1st 1997, 8; Mar 16th, 1996, D3
17. Cavanaugh, J., Feb 17th 2000. “ Six wrestlers in Connecticut are charged in hazing case. ”. In New York limes., (late edition -East Coast) Feb 17th, D2New York
18. Chiu, J., 2000. Banning hazing rituals ineffective:Barred rites of passage will go underground. sociologist warns., Sep 1st Http://www.varsity.utoronto.ca/archives/119/mar29/sports/ban.html
19. Conn, J. H., and Tompkins, R. N., May 1994. In the shadows., Vol. 5, May, 3Athletic Management. Http://www.momentummedia.com/articles/am/am0603/shadows.htm.
20. Donnelly, P., and Young, K., 1988. The construction and confirmation of identity in sport subcultures. Sociology of Sport Journal,:223–240.
21. Faludi, S., 1994. The Naked Citadel. The New Yorker., September
22. Fasting, K., Background studies on the problem of sexual harassment in sport, especially with regard to women and children. 9th Council of Europe Conference of Ministers responsible for Sport -‘A Clean and Healthy Sport for the 3rd Millennium’. Edited by:Brackenridge, C.H., and Fasting, K., May. pp. 30–31st. Bratislava, Slovakia Unpublished data
23. Foster, M., 1998. Danish sues Saints for damages after hazing incident. Nando Media, Oct 21st
24. Franke, V. C., Winter 2000. Duty, honor, country:The social identity of West Point cadets. Armed Forces and Society. Winter, 1–17. New Brunswick
25. Gretzky, W., and Reilly, R., 1990. Gretzky:An Autobiography., Toronto:Harper Collins.
26. Hendricks, C., Are You Coming Out Tonight?, Queen's University. (n.d.), Http://www.queensu.ca/security/news/alcohol.html
27. Herlihy, M., and Lipston, B., Apr 24th 2000. “ Should sports teams haze? ”. In New York Times Upfront. Apr 24th, 26New York
28. Holman, M., July 14th 1995. Female and Male Athletes' Accounts and Meaning of Sexual Harassment in Canadian University Athletics., Ph.D. Dissertation July 14th, Michigan State University.
29. Hofler, R., 1999. Praising Hazing. Sports Illustrated Special Report - Who's Coaching Your Kid, Sep 13th:31
30. Hong, L., 2000. Toward a transformed approach to prevention:Breaking the link between masculinity and violence. Journal of American College Health., 48 (6) May:269–290.
31. Hoover, N. C., 1999. National survey:Initiation rites and athletics for NCAA sports teams. Aug 30th Http://www.a//red.edu/news/html/hazing
32. Hoover, N. C., and Pollard, N. J., Aug 2000. Initiation rites in American High Schools:A National Survey Final Report., Aug, New York:Alfred University, Alfred University.
33. Hoover, J., Nov 27th 2000. Angry words, angry minds:Bullying, teasing and harassment at school., Nov 27th, Presentation at the University of Winnipeg.
34. Hornbuckle, B. D., 1988. “ Death by hazing. ”. In Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity Newsletter., Atlanta:Sigma Alpha Epsilon Fraternity.
35. Jacobs, A., March 5th 2000. “ Violent cast of school hazing mirrors society, experts say. ”. In New York Times, Late edition - East Coast March 5th, 1New York
36. Janis, I., 1971. Group think. Psychology Today., 5 (6):43–46.
37. Katz, J., 1995. Reconstructing masculinity in the locker room:The mentors in violence prevention project. Harvard Educational Review. Cambridge, 65 (2):163–174.
38. Kirby, S. L., Greaves, L., and Hankivsky, O., 2000. The Dome of Silence:Sexual Harassment and Abuse in Sport., Halifax:Fernwood.
39. Klein, U., Oct 8th 1999. “ The contribution of the military and military discourse to the construction of masculinity in society. ”. In Seminar:Men and Violence Against Women, Oct 8th, 1–8. Austria:Strasbourg.
40. Lang, R., Team building on the beach:San Jose Sea-Hawks Rugby Football Club. (n.d.)., Http://www.sjrugby.org/outing.5/html
41. Maclean's. 1995a. 14 Jan 30th Feb 20th 1995b, F7; Oct 16th, 1995c, 31
42. Montero, J., Mar 29th 1999. Final report of the nude Olympics for the Dean of Student Life., Mar 29th, Princeton University.
43. Murrell, A. J., 1996. “ Sexual harassment and women of color:Issues, challenges and future directions ”. In Sexual Harassment in the Workplace:Perspectives, Frontiers and Response Strategies., Edited by:Stockdale, M. S., Thousand Oaks:Sage.
44. Nodelman, P., Feb 28th 2001. Making boys disappear:Exploring masculinity in children's fiction., Feb 28th, Presentation at the University of Winnipeg.
45. Nuwer, H., 2000. High School Hazing:When Rites Become Wrongs., New York:Grolier Publishing.
46. Nuwer, H., 1999. Wrongs of Passage:Fraternities, Sororities, Hazing and Binge Drinking., Bloomington:Indiana University Press.
47. Nuwer, H., 1990. Broken Pledges:The Deadly Ritual of Hazing., Marietta, GA:Longstreet Press.
48. O'Hara, J., 2000. The hell of hazing. Maclean's, Mar 6th:50–52.
49. Oklahoma State University., Rookie week is a type of initiation, no hazing but probably some hassles. 1 (n.d.)., Http://www.fireprograms.OKstate.edu/fps/rookie/hazing.html
50. Ortiz, S. M., Control games, The dynamics of marital power in sport families. Presentation at the annual general meeting of the American Sociological Association. August. Toronto
51. Lenti, People v., 1964. Sep 24th Http://www.csen.edu/∼hfspc002/SMLaw.html
52. Rayfield, W. P., Mar/Apr 1999. “ Honor, courage, commitment Transformation to a Marine. ”. In Field Artillery, Fort Sill, Mar/Apr, U.S. Army Field Artillery Association.
53. Robidoux, M. A., 2001. Men at Play:A Working Understanding of Professional Hockey., Montreal:McGill, Queen's University Press.
54. Robinson, L., 2001. May 11th Personal communication
55. Robinson, L., 1998. Crossing the Line:Violence and Sexual Abuse in Canada's National Sport., Toronto:McLelland and Stewart.
56. Rosellini, L., Sep 11th 2000. “ The sordid side of college sports:Many young athletes are subjected to hazing. ”. In U.S. News and World Report. Vol. 129, Sep 11th, 10102–103. Washington
57. Sabo, D., 1987. Sport, patriarchy and the male identity. New questions about men and sport. Arena, 9 (3):1–30.
58. Sabo, D., and Penepinto, J., 1990. “ Football ritual and the social reproduction of masculinity. ”. In Sport, Men and the Gender Order:Critical Feminist Perspectives., Edited by:Messner, M., and Sabo, D., 115–127. Champaign, Ill.:Human Kinetics.
59. Sanday and Reeves, P., 1990. Fraternity Gang Rape:Sex, Brotherhood and Privilege on Campus., New York:University Press.
60. 1998. Sport and the Law. CAHPERD Journal, 64 Summer:2
61. Sport, B. C., 1999. Template harassment policy for sport organizations. Http://www.sport.bc.ca/03programs.frame.html.
62. Stebbins, R., 1988. Deviance:Tolerable Differences., Toronto:McGraw Hill Ryerson.
63. Oct 29th 1997. The Fifth Estate, Oct 29th, Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
64. 1997. The Star Phoenix. Jan 20th:A4
65. 1995. The Toronto Sun. Feb 25th:5
66. 1987. University of Calgary Gauntlet. Sep 10th:36
67. Vilbig, P., Apr 24th 2000. “ What to do if you are hazed. ”. In New York Times Upfront. Apr 24th, 13New York
68. Ward, D., 1997. The buck stops here. The Princeton Spectator., Http//www.princeton.edu/∼spectator/vol3/9dec97/bucks.html.
69. Weinstein, M. D., Smith, M. D., and Wiesenthal, D. L., 1995. Masculinity and hockey violence. Sex Roles., 3 (11/1):831–847.
70. Winslow, D., 1999. Rites of passage and group bonding in the Canadian Airborne. Armed Forces and Society., 25 (3):429–457.