메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 364, Issue 1517, 2009, Pages 583-593

Stochastic properties of processive cytidine DNA deaminases AID and APOBEC3G

Author keywords

Activation induced (cytidine) deaminase phosphorylation; Class switch recombination; Deamination spectrum; Processivity; Somatic hypermutation; Transcription

Indexed keywords

ANTIBODY; DNA; ENZYME ACTIVITY; STOCHASTICITY;

EID: 60049097628     PISSN: 09628436     EISSN: 14712970     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0195     Document Type: Conference Paper
Times cited : (40)

References (52)
  • 1
    • 28544438261 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The AID antibody diversification enzyme is regulated by protein kinase A phosphorylation
    • doi:10.1038/nature04255
    • Basu, U., Chaudhuri, J., Alpert, C., Dutt, S., Ranganath, S., Li, G., Schrum, J. P., Manis, J. P. & Alt, F. W. 2005 The AID antibody diversification enzyme is regulated by protein kinase A phosphorylation. Nature 438, 508-511. (doi:10.1038/nature04255)
    • (2005) Nature , vol.438 , pp. 508-511
    • Basu, U.1    Chaudhuri, J.2    Alpert, C.3    Dutt, S.4    Ranganath, S.5    Li, G.6    Schrum, J.P.7    Manis, J.P.8    Alt, F.W.9
  • 2
    • 84934438743 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Regulation of activation induced deaminase via phosphorylation
    • doi:10.1007/0-387-46530-8-11
    • Basu, U., Chaudhuri, J., Phan, R. T., Datta, A. & Alt, F. W. 2007 Regulation of activation induced deaminase via phosphorylation. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 596, 129-137. (doi:10.1007/0-387-46530-8-11)
    • (2007) Adv. Exp. Med. Biol , vol.596 , pp. 129-137
    • Basu, U.1    Chaudhuri, J.2    Phan, R.T.3    Datta, A.4    Alt, F.W.5
  • 3
    • 1542328859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of the differential context-dependence of DNA deamination by APOBEC enzymes: Correlation with mutation spectra in vivo
    • doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.01.046
    • Beale, R. C., Petersen-Mahrt, S. K., Watt, I. N., Harris, R. S., Rada, C. & Neuberger, M. S. 2004 Comparison of the differential context-dependence of DNA deamination by APOBEC enzymes: correlation with mutation spectra in vivo. J. Mol. Biol. 337, 585-596. (doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2004.01.046)
    • (2004) J. Mol. Biol , vol.337 , pp. 585-596
    • Beale, R.C.1    Petersen-Mahrt, S.K.2    Watt, I.N.3    Harris, R.S.4    Rada, C.5    Neuberger, M.S.6
  • 4
    • 0029079249 scopus 로고
    • Processivity of Escherichia coli and rat liver mitochondrial uracil-DNA glycosylase is affected by NaCl concentration
    • doi:10.1021/bi00018a014
    • Bennett, S. E., Sanderson, R. J. & Mosbaugh, D. W. 1995 Processivity of Escherichia coli and rat liver mitochondrial uracil-DNA glycosylase is affected by NaCl concentration. Biochemistry 34, 6109-6119. (doi:10.1021/bi00018a014)
    • (1995) Biochemistry , vol.34 , pp. 6109-6119
    • Bennett, S.E.1    Sanderson, R.J.2    Mosbaugh, D.W.3
  • 5
    • 0019887628 scopus 로고
    • Diffusion-driven mechanisms of protein translocation on nucleic acids. 1. Models and theory
    • doi:10.1021/bi00527a028
    • Berg, O. G., Winter, R. B. & von Hippel, P. H. 1981 Diffusion-driven mechanisms of protein translocation on nucleic acids. 1. Models and theory. Biochemistry 20, 6929-6948. (doi:10.1021/bi00527a028)
    • (1981) Biochemistry , vol.20 , pp. 6929-6948
    • Berg, O.G.1    Winter, R.B.2    von Hippel, P.H.3
  • 6
    • 33646862623 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The transcription elongation complex directs activation-induced cytidine deaminase-mediated DNA deamination
    • doi:10.1128/MCB. 02375-05
    • Besmer, E., Market, E. & Papavasiliou, F. N. 2006 The transcription elongation complex directs activation-induced cytidine deaminase-mediated DNA deamination. Mol. Cell. Biol. 26, 4378-4385. (doi:10.1128/MCB. 02375-05)
    • (2006) Mol. Cell. Biol , vol.26 , pp. 4378-4385
    • Besmer, E.1    Market, E.2    Papavasiliou, F.N.3
  • 7
    • 4143092717 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytidine deamination of retroviral DNA by diverse APOBEC proteins
    • doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.06. 057
    • Bishop, K. N., Holmes, R. K., Sheehy, A. M., Davidson, N. O., Cho, S. J. & Malim, M. H. 2004 Cytidine deamination of retroviral DNA by diverse APOBEC proteins. Curr. Biol. 14, 1392-1396. (doi:10.1016/j.cub.2004.06. 057)
    • (2004) Curr. Biol , vol.14 , pp. 1392-1396
    • Bishop, K.N.1    Holmes, R.K.2    Sheehy, A.M.3    Davidson, N.O.4    Cho, S.J.5    Malim, M.H.6
  • 8
    • 10944223445 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Biochemical analysis of hypermutational targeting by wild type and mutant activation-induced cytidine deaminase
    • doi:10.1074/jbc.M408135200
    • Bransteitter, R., Pham, P., Calabrese, P. & Goodman, M. F. 2004 Biochemical analysis of hypermutational targeting by wild type and mutant activation-induced cytidine deaminase. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 51 612-51 621. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M408135200)
    • (2004) J. Biol. Chem , vol.279
    • Bransteitter, R.1    Pham, P.2    Calabrese, P.3    Goodman, M.F.4
  • 9
    • 0033554862 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease is processive
    • doi:10.1021/bi9907429
    • Carey, D. C. & Strauss, P. R. 1999 Human apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease is processive. Biochemistry 38, 16 553-16 560. (doi:10.1021/bi9907429)
    • (1999) Biochemistry , vol.38
    • Carey, D.C.1    Strauss, P.R.2
  • 10
    • 4344700569 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Replication protein A interacts with AID to promote deamination of somatic hypermutation targets
    • doi:10.1038/nature02821
    • Chaudhuri, J., Khuong, C. & Alt, F. W. 2004 Replication protein A interacts with AID to promote deamination of somatic hypermutation targets. Nature 430, 992-998. (doi:10.1038/nature02821)
    • (2004) Nature , vol.430 , pp. 992-998
    • Chaudhuri, J.1    Khuong, C.2    Alt, F.W.3
  • 11
    • 34249794280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evolution of the immunoglobulin heavy chain class switch recombination mechanism
    • doi:10.1016/s0065-2776(06)94006-1
    • Chaudhuri, J. et al. 2007 Evolution of the immunoglobulin heavy chain class switch recombination mechanism. Adv. Immunol. 94, 157-214. (doi:10.1016/s0065-2776(06)94006-1)
    • (2007) Adv. Immunol , vol.94 , pp. 157-214
    • Chaudhuri, J.1
  • 12
    • 33745067722 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • APOBEC3G DNA deaminase acts processively 3′ → 5′ on single-stranded DNA
    • doi:10.1038/nsmb1086
    • Chelico, L., Pham, P., Calabrese, P. & Goodman, M. F. 2006 APOBEC3G DNA deaminase acts processively 3′ → 5′ on single-stranded DNA. Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol. 13, 392-399. (doi:10.1038/nsmb1086)
    • (2006) Nat. Struct. Mol. Biol , vol.13 , pp. 392-399
    • Chelico, L.1    Pham, P.2    Calabrese, P.3    Goodman, M.F.4
  • 13
    • 46649114007 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • model for oligomeric regulation of APOBEC3G cytosine deaminase-dependent restriction of HIV
    • doi:10.1074/jbc. M801004200
    • Chelico, L., Sacho, E. J., Erie, D. A.& Goodman, M. F. 2008A model for oligomeric regulation of APOBEC3G cytosine deaminase-dependent restriction of HIV. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 13 780-13 791. (doi:10.1074/jbc. M801004200)
    • (2008) J. Biol. Chem , vol.283
    • Chelico, L.1    Sacho, E.J.2    Erie, D.A.3    Goodman, M.F.4
  • 14
    • 42649120310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases: An innate defensive network opposing exogenous retroviruses and endogenous retroelements
    • doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090350
    • Chiu, Y. L. & Greene, W. C. 2008 The APOBEC3 cytidine deaminases: an innate defensive network opposing exogenous retroviruses and endogenous retroelements. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 26, 317-353. (doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090350)
    • (2008) Annu. Rev. Immunol , vol.26 , pp. 317-353
    • Chiu, Y.L.1    Greene, W.C.2
  • 15
    • 0028834955 scopus 로고
    • Gel fidelity assay measuring nucleotide misinsertion, exonucleolytic proofreading, and lesion bypass efficiencies
    • doi:10.1016/0076-6879(95)62021-4
    • Creighton, S., Bloom, L. B. & Goodman, M. F. 1995 Gel fidelity assay measuring nucleotide misinsertion, exonucleolytic proofreading, and lesion bypass efficiencies. Methods Enzymol. 262, 232-256. (doi:10.1016/0076-6879(95)62021-4)
    • (1995) Methods Enzymol , vol.262 , pp. 232-256
    • Creighton, S.1    Bloom, L.B.2    Goodman, M.F.3
  • 16
    • 34249790004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular mechanisms of antibody somatic hypermutation
    • doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.76.061705.090740
    • Di Noia, J. M. & Neuberger, M. S. 2007 Molecular mechanisms of antibody somatic hypermutation. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 76, 1-22. (doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.76.061705.090740)
    • (2007) Annu. Rev. Biochem , vol.76 , pp. 1-22
    • Di Noia, J.M.1    Neuberger, M.S.2
  • 17
    • 0025257431 scopus 로고
    • Biological significance of facilitated diffusion in protein-DNA interactions. Applications to T4 endonuclease V-initiated DNA repair
    • Dowd, D. R. & Lloyd, R. S. 1990 Biological significance of facilitated diffusion in protein-DNA interactions. Applications to T4 endonuclease V-initiated DNA repair. J. Biol. Chem. 265, 3424-3431.
    • (1990) J. Biol. Chem , vol.265 , pp. 3424-3431
    • Dowd, D.R.1    Lloyd, R.S.2
  • 18
    • 34249814325 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pathophysiology of B-cell intrinsic immunoglobulin class switch recombination deficiencies
    • doi:10.1016/s0065- 2776(06)94009-7
    • Durandy, A., Taubenheim, N., Peron, S. & Fischer, A. 2007 Pathophysiology of B-cell intrinsic immunoglobulin class switch recombination deficiencies. Adv. Immunol. 94, 275-306. (doi:10.1016/s0065- 2776(06)94009-7)
    • (2007) Adv. Immunol , vol.94 , pp. 275-306
    • Durandy, A.1    Taubenheim, N.2    Peron, S.3    Fischer, A.4
  • 19
    • 3042579602 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • How do site-specific DNA-binding proteins find their targets?
    • doi:10.1093/nar/gkh624
    • Halford, S. E. & Marko, J. F. 2004 How do site-specific DNA-binding proteins find their targets? Nucleic Acids Res. 32, 3040-3052. (doi:10.1093/nar/gkh624)
    • (2004) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.32 , pp. 3040-3052
    • Halford, S.E.1    Marko, J.F.2
  • 20
    • 8544241736 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Retroviral restriction by APOBEC proteins
    • doi:10.1038/nri1489
    • Harris, R. S. & Liddament, M. T. 2004 Retroviral restriction by APOBEC proteins. Nat. Rev. Immunol. 4, 868-877. (doi:10.1038/nri1489)
    • (2004) Nat. Rev. Immunol , vol.4 , pp. 868-877
    • Harris, R.S.1    Liddament, M.T.2
  • 21
    • 0027300148 scopus 로고
    • Processivity of uracil DNA glycosylase
    • Higley, M. & Lloyd, R. S. 1993 Processivity of uracil DNA glycosylase. Mutat. Res. 294, 109-116.
    • (1993) Mutat. Res , vol.294 , pp. 109-116
    • Higley, M.1    Lloyd, R.S.2
  • 22
    • 0020160863 scopus 로고
    • Involvement of outside DNA sequences in the major kinetic path by which EcoRI endonuclease locates and leaves its recognition sequence
    • doi:10.1073/pnas.79.13.4010
    • Jack, W. E., Terry, B. J. & Modrich, P. 1982 Involvement of outside DNA sequences in the major kinetic path by which EcoRI endonuclease locates and leaves its recognition sequence. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 79, 4010-4014. (doi:10.1073/pnas.79.13.4010)
    • (1982) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.79 , pp. 4010-4014
    • Jack, W.E.1    Terry, B.J.2    Modrich, P.3
  • 23
    • 0028818503 scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation: How many mechanisms diversify V region sequences?
    • doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90227- 9
    • Maizels, N. 1995 Somatic hypermutation: how many mechanisms diversify V region sequences? Cell 83, 9-12. (doi:10.1016/0092-8674(95)90227- 9)
    • (1995) Cell , vol.83 , pp. 9-12
    • Maizels, N.1
  • 25
    • 0023431206 scopus 로고
    • Diversity and the genesis of high affinity antibodies
    • Milstein, C. 1987 Diversity and the genesis of high affinity antibodies. Biochem. Soc. Trans. 15, 779-787.
    • (1987) Biochem. Soc. Trans , vol.15 , pp. 779-787
    • Milstein, C.1
  • 26
    • 44449093971 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cytidine deamination induced HIV-1 drug resistance
    • doi:10.1073/pnas.0710190105
    • Mulder, L. C., Harari, A. & Simon, V. 2008 Cytidine deamination induced HIV-1 drug resistance. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 105, 5501-5506. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0710190105)
    • (2008) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.105 , pp. 5501-5506
    • Mulder, L.C.1    Harari, A.2    Simon, V.3
  • 27
    • 0034268780 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme
    • doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00078-7
    • Muramatsu, M., Kinoshita, K., Fagarasan, S., Yamada, S., Shinkai, Y. & Honjo, T. 2000 Class switch recombination and hypermutation require activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), a potential RNA editing enzyme. Cell 102, 553-563. (doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(00)00078-7)
    • (2000) Cell , vol.102 , pp. 553-563
    • Muramatsu, M.1    Kinoshita, K.2    Fagarasan, S.3    Yamada, S.4    Shinkai, Y.5    Honjo, T.6
  • 28
    • 31044435055 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • PKA-mediated phosphorylation regulates the function of activation-induced deaminase (AID) in B cells
    • doi:10.1073/pnas.0509969103
    • Pasqualucci, L., Kitaura, Y., Gu, H. & Dalla-Favera, R. 2006 PKA-mediated phosphorylation regulates the function of activation-induced deaminase (AID) in B cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 103, 395-400. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0509969103)
    • (2006) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.103 , pp. 395-400
    • Pasqualucci, L.1    Kitaura, Y.2    Gu, H.3    Dalla-Favera, R.4
  • 30
    • 0030063726 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes is linked to transcription initiation
    • doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80298-8
    • Peters, A. & Storb, U. 1996 Somatic hypermutation of immunoglobulin genes is linked to transcription initiation. Immunity 4, 57-65. (doi:10.1016/S1074-7613(00)80298-8)
    • (1996) Immunity , vol.4 , pp. 57-65
    • Peters, A.1    Storb, U.2
  • 31
    • 0037926476 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Processive AID-catalysed cytosine deamination on single-stranded DNA simulates somatic hypermutation
    • doi:10.1038/ nature01760
    • Pham, P., Bransteitter, R., Petruska, J. & Goodman, M. F. 2003 Processive AID-catalysed cytosine deamination on single-stranded DNA simulates somatic hypermutation. Nature 424, 103-107. (doi:10.1038/ nature01760)
    • (2003) Nature , vol.424 , pp. 103-107
    • Pham, P.1    Bransteitter, R.2    Petruska, J.3    Goodman, M.F.4
  • 32
    • 14344260225 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Reward versus risk: DNA cytidine deaminases triggering immunity and disease
    • doi:10.1021/bi047481
    • Pham, P., Bransteitter, R. & Goodman, M. F. 2005 Reward versus risk: DNA cytidine deaminases triggering immunity and disease. Biochemistry 44, 2703-2715. (doi:10.1021/bi047481+)
    • (2005) Biochemistry , vol.44 , pp. 2703-2715
    • Pham, P.1    Bransteitter, R.2    Goodman, M.F.3
  • 33
    • 34247595465 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • DNA deaminases AID and APOBEC3G act processively on single-stranded DNA
    • doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.01.001
    • Pham, P., Chelico, L. & Goodman, M. F. 2007 DNA deaminases AID and APOBEC3G act processively on single-stranded DNA. DNA Repair (Amst.) 6, 689-692. (doi:10.1016/j.dnarep.2007.01.001)
    • (2007) DNA Repair (Amst.) , vol.6 , pp. 689-692
    • Pham, P.1    Chelico, L.2    Goodman, M.F.3
  • 34
    • 47749085064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Impact of phosphorylation and phosphorylation-null mutants on the activity and deamination specificity of activation-induced cytidine deaminase
    • doi:10.1074/jbc.M802121200
    • Pham, P., Smolka, M. B., Calabrese, P., Landolph, A., Zhang, K., Zhou, H. & Goodman, M. F. 2008 Impact of phosphorylation and phosphorylation-null mutants on the activity and deamination specificity of activation-induced cytidine deaminase. J. Biol. Chem. 283, 17 428-17 439. (doi:10.1074/jbc.M802121200)
    • (2008) J. Biol. Chem , vol.283
    • Pham, P.1    Smolka, M.B.2    Calabrese, P.3    Landolph, A.4    Zhang, K.5    Zhou, H.6    Goodman, M.F.7
  • 35
    • 42449152863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Turning up the volume on mutational pressure: Is more of a good thing always better? (A case study of HIV-1 Vif and APOBEC3)
    • doi:10.1186/1742-4690-5-26
    • Pillai, S. K., Wong, J. K. & Barbour, J. D. 2008 Turning up the volume on mutational pressure: is more of a good thing always better? (A case study of HIV-1 Vif and APOBEC3). Retrovirology 5, 26. (doi:10.1186/1742-4690-5-26)
    • (2008) Retrovirology , vol.5 , pp. 26
    • Pillai, S.K.1    Wong, J.K.2    Barbour, J.D.3
  • 36
    • 33846555779 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The APOBEC-2 crystal structure and functional implications for the deaminase AID
    • doi:10.1038/nature05492
    • Prochnow, C., Bransteitter, R., Klein, M. G., Goodman, M. F. & Chen, X. S. 2007 The APOBEC-2 crystal structure and functional implications for the deaminase AID. Nature 445, 447-451. (doi:10.1038/nature05492)
    • (2007) Nature , vol.445 , pp. 447-451
    • Prochnow, C.1    Bransteitter, R.2    Klein, M.G.3    Goodman, M.F.4    Chen, X.S.5
  • 37
    • 6344256944 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mismatch recognition and uracil excision provide complementary paths to both Ig switching and the A/T-focused phase of somatic mutation
    • doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.10.011
    • Rada, C., Di Noia, J. M. & Neuberger, M. S. 2004 Mismatch recognition and uracil excision provide complementary paths to both Ig switching and the A/T-focused phase of somatic mutation. Mol. Cell. 16, 163-171. (doi:10.1016/j.molcel.2004.10.011)
    • (2004) Mol. Cell , vol.16 , pp. 163-171
    • Rada, C.1    Di Noia, J.M.2    Neuberger, M.S.3
  • 38
    • 0023510298 scopus 로고
    • Evolutionary and somatic selection of the antibody repertoire in the mouse
    • doi:10.1126/science.3317826
    • Rajewsky, K., Forster, I. & Cumano, A. 1987 Evolutionary and somatic selection of the antibody repertoire in the mouse. Science 238, 1088-1094. (doi:10.1126/science.3317826)
    • (1987) Science , vol.238 , pp. 1088-1094
    • Rajewsky, K.1    Forster, I.2    Cumano, A.3
  • 39
    • 25444527785 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • APOBEC4, a new member of the AID/APOBEC family of polynucleotide (deoxy)cytidine deaminases predicted by computational analysis
    • Rogozin, I. B., Basu, M. K., Jordan, I. K., Pavlov, Y. I. & Koonin, E. V. 2005 APOBEC4, a new member of the AID/APOBEC family of polynucleotide (deoxy)cytidine deaminases predicted by computational analysis. Cell Cycle 4, 1281-1285.
    • (2005) Cell Cycle , vol.4 , pp. 1281-1285
    • Rogozin, I.B.1    Basu, M.K.2    Jordan, I.K.3    Pavlov, Y.I.4    Koonin, E.V.5
  • 40
    • 0037043699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif protein
    • doi:10.1038/nature00939
    • Sheehy, A. M., Gaddis, N. C., Choi, J. D. & Malim, M. H. 2002 Isolation of a human gene that inhibits HIV-1 infection and is suppressed by the viral Vif protein. Nature 418, 646-650. (doi:10.1038/nature00939)
    • (2002) Nature , vol.418 , pp. 646-650
    • Sheehy, A.M.1    Gaddis, N.C.2    Choi, J.D.3    Malim, M.H.4
  • 41
    • 4444239054 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) can target both DNA strands when the DNA is supercoiled
    • doi:10.1073/pnas.0404974101
    • Shen, H. M. & Storb, U. 2004 Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) can target both DNA strands when the DNA is supercoiled. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 101, 12 997-13 002. (doi:10.1073/pnas.0404974101)
    • (2004) Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA , vol.101
    • Shen, H.M.1    Storb, U.2
  • 43
    • 0037901850 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human activation-induced cytidine deaminase causes transcription- dependent, strand-biased C to U deaminations
    • doi:10.1093/nar/gkg464
    • Sohail, A., Klapacz, J., Samaranayake, M., Ullah, A. & Bhagwhat, A. S. 2003 Human activation-induced cytidine deaminase causes transcription- dependent, strand-biased C to U deaminations. Nucl. Acids Res. 31, 2990-2994. (doi:10.1093/nar/gkg464)
    • (2003) Nucl. Acids Res , vol.31 , pp. 2990-2994
    • Sohail, A.1    Klapacz, J.2    Samaranayake, M.3    Ullah, A.4    Bhagwhat, A.S.5
  • 44
    • 0034387984 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • One- and three-dimensional pathways for proteins to reach specific DNA sites
    • doi:10.1093/emboj/19.23.6546
    • Stanford, N. P., Szczelkun, M. D., Marko, J. F. & Halford, S. E. 2000 One- and three-dimensional pathways for proteins to reach specific DNA sites. EMBO J. 19, 6546-6557. (doi:10.1093/emboj/19.23.6546)
    • (2000) EMBO J , vol.19 , pp. 6546-6557
    • Stanford, N.P.1    Szczelkun, M.D.2    Marko, J.F.3    Halford, S.E.4
  • 45
    • 42649123314 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mechanism and regulation of class switch recombination
    • doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090248
    • Stavnezer, J., Guikema, J. E. & Schrader, C. E. 2008 Mechanism and regulation of class switch recombination. Annu. Rev. Immunol. 26, 261-292. (doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.26.021607.090248)
    • (2008) Annu. Rev. Immunol , vol.26 , pp. 261-292
    • Stavnezer, J.1    Guikema, J.E.2    Schrader, C.E.3
  • 47
    • 33750210516 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Twin gradients in APOBEC3 edited HIV-1 DNA reflect the dynamics of lentiviral replication
    • doi:10.1093/nar/gkl555
    • Suspene, R., Rusniok, C., Vartanian, J. P. & Wain-Hobson, S. 2006 Twin gradients in APOBEC3 edited HIV-1 DNA reflect the dynamics of lentiviral replication. Nucleic Acids Res. 34, 4677-4684. (doi:10.1093/nar/gkl555)
    • (2006) Nucleic Acids Res , vol.34 , pp. 4677-4684
    • Suspene, R.1    Rusniok, C.2    Vartanian, J.P.3    Wain-Hobson, S.4
  • 48
    • 0022381905 scopus 로고
    • Facilitated diffusion during catalysis by EcoRI endonuclease. Nonspecific interactions in EcoRI catalysis
    • Terry, B. J., Jack, W. E. & Modrich, P. 1985 Facilitated diffusion during catalysis by EcoRI endonuclease. Nonspecific interactions in EcoRI catalysis. J. Biol. Chem. 260, 13 130-13 137.
    • (1985) J. Biol. Chem , vol.260
    • Terry, B.J.1    Jack, W.E.2    Modrich, P.3
  • 49
    • 42049096136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for editing of human papillomavirus DNA by APOBEC3 in benign and precancerous lesions
    • doi:10.1126/science. 1153201
    • Vartanian, J. P., Guetard, D., Henry, M. & Wain-Hobson, S. 2008 Evidence for editing of human papillomavirus DNA by APOBEC3 in benign and precancerous lesions. Science 320, 230-233. (doi:10.1126/science. 1153201)
    • (2008) Science , vol.320 , pp. 230-233
    • Vartanian, J.P.1    Guetard, D.2    Henry, M.3    Wain-Hobson, S.4
  • 50
    • 0024531901 scopus 로고
    • Facilitated target location in biological systems
    • von Hippel, P. H. & Berg, O. G. 1989 Facilitated target location in biological systems. J. Biol. Chem. 264, 675-678.
    • (1989) J. Biol. Chem , vol.264 , pp. 675-678
    • von Hippel, P.H.1    Berg, O.G.2
  • 52
    • 0037872240 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Type two hyper-IgM syndrome caused by mutation in activation-induced cytidine deaminase
    • Zhu, Y., Nonoyama, S., Morio, T., Muramatsu, M., Honjo, T. & Mizutani, S. 2003 Type two hyper-IgM syndrome caused by mutation in activation-induced cytidine deaminase. J. Med. Dent. Sci. 50, 41-46.
    • (2003) J. Med. Dent. Sci , vol.50 , pp. 41-46
    • Zhu, Y.1    Nonoyama, S.2    Morio, T.3    Muramatsu, M.4    Honjo, T.5    Mizutani, S.6


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.