메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 38, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 34-44

The role of leptin-melanocortin system and human weight regulation: Lessons from experiments of nature

Author keywords

Leptin; Melanocortin; Obesity

Indexed keywords

BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR; BRAIN DERIVED NEUROTROPHIC FACTOR RECEPTOR; LEPTIN; LEPTIN RECEPTOR; MELANOCORTIN; MELANOCORTIN 3 RECEPTOR; MELANOCORTIN 4 RECEPTOR; MELANOCORTIN RECEPTOR; MESSENGER RNA; PROOPIOMELANOCORTIN;

EID: 60049085382     PISSN: 03044602     EISSN: 29724066     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (34)

References (117)
  • 1
    • 0035010297 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental influences on eating and physical activity
    • French SA, Story M, Jeffery RW. Environmental influences on eating and physical activity. Annu Rev Public Health 2001;22:309-35.
    • (2001) Annu Rev Public Health , vol.22 , pp. 309-335
    • French, S.A.1    Story, M.2    Jeffery, R.W.3
  • 3
    • 0025740249 scopus 로고
    • Current understanding of the etiology of obesity: Genetic and nongenetic factors
    • Bouchard C. Current understanding of the etiology of obesity: genetic and nongenetic factors. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;53(Suppl):1561S-1565S.
    • (1991) Am J Clin Nutr , vol.53 , Issue.SUPPL.
    • Bouchard, C.1
  • 6
  • 7
    • 0030843960 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic and environmental factors in relative body weight and human adiposity
    • Maes HH, Neale MC, Eaves LJ. Genetic and environmental factors in relative body weight and human adiposity. Behav Genet 1997;27:325-51.
    • (1997) Behav Genet , vol.27 , pp. 325-351
    • Maes, H.H.1    Neale, M.C.2    Eaves, L.J.3
  • 9
    • 0026683993 scopus 로고
    • Genetic and environmental contributions to the variance of body height in a sample of first and second degree relatives
    • Tambs K, Moum T, Eaves LJ, Neale MC, Midthjell K, Lund-Larsen PG, et al. Genetic and environmental contributions to the variance of body height in a sample of first and second degree relatives. Am J Phys Anthropol 1992;88:285-4.
    • (1992) Am J Phys Anthropol , vol.88 , pp. 285-294
    • Tambs, K.1    Moum, T.2    Eaves, L.J.3    Neale, M.C.4    Midthjell, K.5    Lund-Larsen, P.G.6
  • 11
    • 0028857453 scopus 로고
    • Influences of genes and shared family environment on adult body mass index assessed in an adoption study by a comprehensive path model
    • Vogler GP, Sorensen TI, Stunkard AJ, Srinivasan MR, Rao DC. Influences of genes and shared family environment on adult body mass index assessed in an adoption study by a comprehensive path model. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1995;19:40-5.
    • (1995) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord , vol.19 , pp. 40-45
    • Vogler, G.P.1    Sorensen, T.I.2    Stunkard, A.J.3    Srinivasan, M.R.4    Rao, D.C.5
  • 13
    • 0242383401 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity - is it a genetic disorder?
    • Loos RJ, Bouchard C. Obesity - is it a genetic disorder? J Intern Med 2003;254:401-5.
    • (2003) J Intern Med , vol.254 , pp. 401-405
    • Loos, R.J.1    Bouchard, C.2
  • 14
    • 0037048669 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000
    • Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999-2000. JAMA 2002;288:1723-7.
    • (2002) JAMA , vol.288 , pp. 1723-1727
    • Flegal, K.M.1    Carroll, M.D.2    Ogden, C.L.3    Johnson, C.L.4
  • 15
    • 33645049056 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The molecular genetics of the melanocortin pathway and energy homeostasis
    • Leibel RL. The molecular genetics of the melanocortin pathway and energy homeostasis. Cell Metab 2006;3:79-81.
    • (2006) Cell Metab , vol.3 , pp. 79-81
    • Leibel, R.L.1
  • 16
    • 0037423247 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A war on obesity, not the obese
    • Friedman JM. A war on obesity, not the obese. Science 2003;299: 856-8.
    • (2003) Science , vol.299 , pp. 856-858
    • Friedman, J.M.1
  • 17
    • 2942675089 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Race/ethnic issues in obesity and obesity-related comorbidities
    • Cossrow N, Falkner B. Race/ethnic issues in obesity and obesity-related comorbidities. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:2590-4.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 2590-2594
    • Cossrow, N.1    Falkner, B.2
  • 18
    • 0035942777 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus
    • Cowley MA, Smart JL, Rubinstein M, Cerdan MG, Diano S, Horvath TL, et al. Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus. Nature 2001;411:480-4.
    • (2001) Nature , vol.411 , pp. 480-484
    • Cowley, M.A.1    Smart, J.L.2    Rubinstein, M.3    Cerdan, M.G.4    Diano, S.5    Horvath, T.L.6
  • 20
    • 0037057802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The need to feed: Homeostatic and hedonic control of eating
    • Saper CB, Chou TC, Elmquist JK. The need to feed: homeostatic and hedonic control of eating. Neuron 2002;36:199-211.
    • (2002) Neuron , vol.36 , pp. 199-211
    • Saper, C.B.1    Chou, T.C.2    Elmquist, J.K.3
  • 21
    • 0043026937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proopiomelanocortin, a polypeptide precursor with multiple functions: From physiology to pathological conditions
    • Raffin-Sanson ML, de Keyzer Y, Bertagna X. Proopiomelanocortin, a polypeptide precursor with multiple functions: from physiology to pathological conditions. Eur J Endocrinol 2003;149:79-90.
    • (2003) Eur J Endocrinol , vol.149 , pp. 79-90
    • Raffin-Sanson, M.L.1    de Keyzer, Y.2    Bertagna, X.3
  • 25
    • 0343953074 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dominant and recessive inheritance of morbid obesity associated with melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency
    • Farooqi IS, Yeo GS, Keogh JM, Aminian S, Jebb SA, Butler G, et al. Dominant and recessive inheritance of morbid obesity associated with melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency. J Clin Invest 2000;106:271-9.
    • (2000) J Clin Invest , vol.106 , pp. 271-279
    • Farooqi, I.S.1    Yeo, G.S.2    Keogh, J.M.3    Aminian, S.4    Jebb, S.A.5    Butler, G.6
  • 26
    • 0033927916 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melanocortin-4 receptor mutations are a frequent and heterogeneous cause of morbid obesity
    • Vaisse C, Clement K, Durand E, Hercberg S, Guy-Grand B, Froguel P. Melanocortin-4 receptor mutations are a frequent and heterogeneous cause of morbid obesity. J Clin Invest 2000;106:253-62.
    • (2000) J Clin Invest , vol.106 , pp. 253-262
    • Vaisse, C.1    Clement, K.2    Durand, E.3    Hercberg, S.4    Guy-Grand, B.5    Froguel, P.6
  • 27
    • 0033818103 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inactivation ofthe mouse melanocortin-3 receptor results in increased fat mass and reduced lean body mass
    • Chen AS, Marsh DJ, Trumbauer ME, Frazier EG, Guan XM, Yu H, et al. Inactivation ofthe mouse melanocortin-3 receptor results in increased fat mass and reduced lean body mass. Nat Genet 2000;26:97-102.
    • (2000) Nat Genet , vol.26 , pp. 97-102
    • Chen, A.S.1    Marsh, D.J.2    Trumbauer, M.E.3    Frazier, E.G.4    Guan, X.M.5    Yu, H.6
  • 29
    • 24144443764 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Co-occurrence of two partially inactivating polymorphisms of MC3R is associated with pediatric-onset obesity
    • Feng N, Young SF, Aguilera G, Puricelli E, Adler-Wailes DC, Sebring NG, et al. Co-occurrence of two partially inactivating polymorphisms of MC3R is associated with pediatric-onset obesity. Diabetes 2005;54:2663-7.
    • (2005) Diabetes , vol.54 , pp. 2663-2667
    • Feng, N.1    Young, S.F.2    Aguilera, G.3    Puricelli, E.4    Adler-Wailes, D.C.5    Sebring, N.G.6
  • 30
    • 84991847410 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The role of melanocortin 3 receptor gene in childhood obesity
    • Lee YS, Poh LK, Kek BL, Loke KY. The role of melanocortin 3 receptor gene in childhood obesity. Diabetes 2007;56:2622-30.
    • (2007) Diabetes , vol.56 , pp. 2622-2630
    • Lee, Y.S.1    Poh, L.K.2    Kek, B.L.3    Loke, K.Y.4
  • 31
    • 0036963510 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A novel melanocortin 3 receptor gene (MC3R) mutation associated with severe obesity
    • Lee YS, Poh LK, Loke KY. A novel melanocortin 3 receptor gene (MC3R) mutation associated with severe obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:1423-6.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 1423-1426
    • Lee, Y.S.1    Poh, L.K.2    Loke, K.Y.3
  • 32
    • 0342804352 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melanocortin-3 receptor mRNA expression in pro-opiomelanocortin neurones of the rat arcuate nucleus
    • Jegou S, Boutelet I, Vaudry H. Melanocortin-3 receptor mRNA expression in pro-opiomelanocortin neurones of the rat arcuate nucleus. J Neuroendocrinol 2000;12:501-5.
    • (2000) J Neuroendocrinol , vol.12 , pp. 501-505
    • Jegou, S.1    Boutelet, I.2    Vaudry, H.3
  • 33
    • 0038392755 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates energy balance downstream of melanocortin-4 receptor
    • Xu B, Goulding EH, Zang K, Cepoi D, Cone RD, Jones KR, et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor regulates energy balance downstream of melanocortin-4 receptor. Nat Neurosci 2003;6:736-42.
    • (2003) Nat Neurosci , vol.6 , pp. 736-742
    • Xu, B.1    Goulding, E.H.2    Zang, K.3    Cepoi, D.4    Cone, R.D.5    Jones, K.R.6
  • 34
  • 35
    • 33749859790 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of nesfatin-1 as a satiety molecule in the hypothalamus
    • Oh IS, Shimizu H, Satoh T, Okada S, Adachi S, Inoue K, et al. Identification of nesfatin-1 as a satiety molecule in the hypothalamus. Nature 2006;443:709-12.
    • (2006) Nature , vol.443 , pp. 709-712
    • Oh, I.S.1    Shimizu, H.2    Satoh, T.3    Okada, S.4    Adachi, S.5    Inoue, K.6
  • 37
    • 0034500455 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Genetic models of obesity and energy balance in the mouse
    • Robinson SW, Dinulescu DM, Cone RD. Genetic models of obesity and energy balance in the mouse. Annu Rev Genet 2000;34:687-745.
    • (2000) Annu Rev Genet , vol.34 , pp. 687-745
    • Robinson, S.W.1    Dinulescu, D.M.2    Cone, R.D.3
  • 38
    • 2942733252 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptin receptor signaling in POMC neurons is required for normal body weight homeostasis
    • Balthasar N, Coppari R, McMinn J, Liu SM, Lee CE, Tang V, et al. Leptin receptor signaling in POMC neurons is required for normal body weight homeostasis. Neuron 2004;42:983-91.
    • (2004) Neuron , vol.42 , pp. 983-991
    • Balthasar, N.1    Coppari, R.2    McMinn, J.3    Liu, S.M.4    Lee, C.E.5    Tang, V.6
  • 40
  • 42
    • 0029095235 scopus 로고
    • Localization of the human OB gene (OBS) to chromosome 7q32 by fluorescence in situ hybridization
    • Geffroy S, De Vos P, Staels B, Duban B, Auwerx J, de Martinville B. Localization of the human OB gene (OBS) to chromosome 7q32 by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Genomics 1995;28:603-4.
    • (1995) Genomics , vol.28 , pp. 603-604
    • Geffroy, S.1    De Vos, P.2    Staels, B.3    Duban, B.4    Auwerx, J.5    de Martinville, B.6
  • 44
    • 0029939065 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased food intake does not completely account for adiposity reduction after ob protein infusion
    • Levin N, Nelson C, Gurney A, Vandlen R, de Sauvage F. Decreased food intake does not completely account for adiposity reduction after ob protein infusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996;93:1726-30.
    • (1996) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.93 , pp. 1726-1730
    • Levin, N.1    Nelson, C.2    Gurney, A.3    Vandlen, R.4    de Sauvage, F.5
  • 46
    • 0032747280 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults: A randomized, controlled, dose-escalation trial
    • Heymsfield SB, Greenberg AS, Fujioka K, Dixon RM, Kushner R, Hunt T, et al. Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults: a randomized, controlled, dose-escalation trial. JAMA 1999;282:1568-75.
    • (1999) JAMA , vol.282 , pp. 1568-1575
    • Heymsfield, S.B.1    Greenberg, A.S.2    Fujioka, K.3    Dixon, R.M.4    Kushner, R.5    Hunt, T.6
  • 47
    • 13344280346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Specificity of leptin action on elevated blood glucose levels and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in ob/ob mice
    • Schwartz MW, Baskin DG, Bukowski TR, Kuijper JL, Foster D, Lasser G, et al. Specificity of leptin action on elevated blood glucose levels and hypothalamic neuropeptide Y gene expression in ob/ob mice. Diabetes 1996;45:531-5.
    • (1996) Diabetes , vol.45 , pp. 531-535
    • Schwartz, M.W.1    Baskin, D.G.2    Bukowski, T.R.3    Kuijper, J.L.4    Foster, D.5    Lasser, G.6
  • 48
    • 0015083628 scopus 로고
    • Genetically transmitted obesity in rodents
    • Bray GA, York DA. Genetically transmitted obesity in rodents. Physiol Rev 1971;51:598-646.
    • (1971) Physiol Rev , vol.51 , pp. 598-646
    • Bray, G.A.1    York, D.A.2
  • 49
    • 0017364207 scopus 로고
    • Thermogenic defect in pre-obese ob/ob mice
    • Trayhurn P, Thurlby PL, James WP. Thermogenic defect in pre-obese ob/ob mice. Nature 1977;266:60-2.
    • (1977) Nature , vol.266 , pp. 60-62
    • Trayhurn, P.1    Thurlby, P.L.2    James, W.P.3
  • 50
    • 0017758504 scopus 로고
    • Studies on hypothermia and thyroid function in the obese (ob/ob) mouse
    • Ohtake M, Bray GA, Azukizawa M. Studies on hypothermia and thyroid function in the obese (ob/ob) mouse. Am J Physiol 1977;233:R110-15.
    • (1977) Am J Physiol , vol.233
    • Ohtake, M.1    Bray, G.A.2    Azukizawa, M.3
  • 51
    • 0017164596 scopus 로고
    • Reproductive hormonal function in the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse
    • Swerdloff RS, Batt RA, Bray GA. Reproductive hormonal function in the genetically obese (ob/ob) mouse. Endocrinology 1976;98:1359-64.
    • (1976) Endocrinology , vol.98 , pp. 1359-1364
    • Swerdloff, R.S.1    Batt, R.A.2    Bray, G.A.3
  • 53
    • 0029048408 scopus 로고
    • Recombinant mouse OB protein: Evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks
    • Campfield LA, Smith FJ, Guisez Y, Devos R, Burn P. Recombinant mouse OB protein: evidence for a peripheral signal linking adiposity and central neural networks. Science 1995;269:546-9.
    • (1995) Science , vol.269 , pp. 546-549
    • Campfield, L.A.1    Smith, F.J.2    Guisez, Y.3    Devos, R.4    Burn, P.5
  • 54
    • 0030878110 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans
    • Montague CT, Farooqi IS, Whitehead JP, Soos MA, Rau H, Wareham NJ, et al. Congenital leptin deficiency is associated with severe early-onset obesity in humans. Nature 1997;387:903-8.
    • (1997) Nature , vol.387 , pp. 903-908
    • Montague, C.T.1    Farooqi, I.S.2    Whitehead, J.P.3    Soos, M.A.4    Rau, H.5    Wareham, N.J.6
  • 55
    • 0036800760 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency
    • Farooqi IS, Matarese G, Lord GM, Keogh JM, Lawrence E, Agwu C, et al. Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency. J Clin Invest 2002;110:1093-103.
    • (2002) J Clin Invest , vol.110 , pp. 1093-1103
    • Farooqi, I.S.1    Matarese, G.2    Lord, G.M.3    Keogh, J.M.4    Lawrence, E.5    Agwu, C.6
  • 57
    • 6344221594 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Congenital leptin deficiency due to homozygosity for the Delta133G mutation: Report of another case and evaluation of response to four years of leptin therapy
    • Gibson WT, Farooqi IS, Moreau M, DePaoli AM, Lawrence E, O' Rahilly S, et al. Congenital leptin deficiency due to homozygosity for the Delta133G mutation: report of another case and evaluation of response to four years of leptin therapy. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004;89:4821-6.
    • (2004) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.89 , pp. 4821-4826
    • Gibson, W.T.1    Farooqi, I.S.2    Moreau, M.3    DePaoli, A.M.4    Lawrence, E.5    O' Rahilly, S.6
  • 58
    • 0033022224 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Truncated human leptin (delta133) associated with extreme obesity undergoes proteasomal degradation after defective intracellular transport
    • Rau H, Reaves BJ, O'Rahilly S, Whitehead JP. Truncated human leptin (delta133) associated with extreme obesity undergoes proteasomal degradation after defective intracellular transport. Endocrinology 1999;140:1718-23.
    • (1999) Endocrinology , vol.140 , pp. 1718-1723
    • Rau, H.1    Reaves, B.J.2    O'Rahilly, S.3    Whitehead, J.P.4
  • 59
    • 0032014836 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A leptin missense mutation associated with hypogonadism and morbid obesity
    • Strobel A, Issad T, Camoin L, Ozata M, Strosberg AD. A leptin missense mutation associated with hypogonadism and morbid obesity. Nat Genet 1998;18:213-5.
    • (1998) Nat Genet , vol.18 , pp. 213-215
    • Strobel, A.1    Issad, T.2    Camoin, L.3    Ozata, M.4    Strosberg, A.D.5
  • 60
    • 0033304576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Human leptin deficiency caused by a missense mutation: Multiple endocrine defects, decreased sympathetic tone, and immune system dysfunction indicate new targets for leptin action, greater central than peripheral resistance to the effects of leptin, and spontaneous correction of leptin-mediated defects
    • Ozata M, Ozdemir IC, Licinio J. Human leptin deficiency caused by a missense mutation: multiple endocrine defects, decreased sympathetic tone, and immune system dysfunction indicate new targets for leptin action, greater central than peripheral resistance to the effects of leptin, and spontaneous correction of leptin-mediated defects. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:3686-95.
    • (1999) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.84 , pp. 3686-3695
    • Ozata, M.1    Ozdemir, I.C.2    Licinio, J.3
  • 63
    • 0029885220 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The hypothalamic leptin receptor in humans: Identification of incidental sequence polymorphisms and absence of the db/db mouse and fa/fa rat mutations
    • Considine RV, Considine EL, Williams CJ, Hyde TM, Caro JF. The hypothalamic leptin receptor in humans: identification of incidental sequence polymorphisms and absence of the db/db mouse and fa/fa rat mutations. Diabetes 1996;45:992-4.
    • (1996) Diabetes , vol.45 , pp. 992-994
    • Considine, R.V.1    Considine, E.L.2    Williams, C.J.3    Hyde, T.M.4    Caro, J.F.5
  • 64
    • 0030927064 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Leptin receptor gene variation and obesity: Lack of association in a white British male population
    • Gotoda T, Manning BS, Goldstone AP, Imrie H, Evans AL, Strosberg AD, et al. Leptin receptor gene variation and obesity: lack of association in a white British male population. Hum Mol Genet 1997;6:869-76.
    • (1997) Hum Mol Genet , vol.6 , pp. 869-876
    • Gotoda, T.1    Manning, B.S.2    Goldstone, A.P.3    Imrie, H.4    Evans, A.L.5    Strosberg, A.D.6
  • 66
    • 0030028959 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypes of mouse diabetes and rat fatty due to mutations in the OB (leptin) receptor
    • Chua SC Jr., Chung WK, Wu-Peng XS, Zhang Y, Liu SM, Tartaglia L, et al. Phenotypes of mouse diabetes and rat fatty due to mutations in the OB (leptin) receptor. Science 1996;271:994-6.
    • (1996) Science , vol.271 , pp. 994-996
    • Chua Jr., S.C.1    Chung, W.K.2    Wu-Peng, X.S.3    Zhang, Y.4    Liu, S.M.5    Tartaglia, L.6
  • 67
    • 0344450708 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction
    • Clement K, Vaisse C, Lahlou N, Cabrol S, Pelloux V, Cassuto D, et al. A mutation in the human leptin receptor gene causes obesity and pituitary dysfunction. Nature 1998;392:398-401.
    • (1998) Nature , vol.392 , pp. 398-401
    • Clement, K.1    Vaisse, C.2    Lahlou, N.3    Cabrol, S.4    Pelloux, V.5    Cassuto, D.6
  • 71
    • 0028845877 scopus 로고
    • Leptin levels in human and rodent: Measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects
    • Maffei M, Halaas J, Ravussin E, Pratley RE, Lee GH, Zhang Y, et al. Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects. Nat Med 1995;1:1155-61.
    • (1995) Nat Med , vol.1 , pp. 1155-1161
    • Maffei, M.1    Halaas, J.2    Ravussin, E.3    Pratley, R.E.4    Lee, G.H.5    Zhang, Y.6
  • 73
    • 0030594830 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Decreased cerebrospinal-fluid/serum leptin ratio in obesity: A possible mechanism for leptin resistance
    • Caro JF, Kolaczynski JW, Nyce MR, Ohannesian JP, Opentanova I, Goldman WH, et al. Decreased cerebrospinal-fluid/serum leptin ratio in obesity: a possible mechanism for leptin resistance. Lancet 1996;348:159-61.
    • (1996) Lancet , vol.348 , pp. 159-161
    • Caro, J.F.1    Kolaczynski, J.W.2    Nyce, M.R.3    Ohannesian, J.P.4    Opentanova, I.5    Goldman, W.H.6
  • 74
    • 0029881125 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Cerebrospinal fluid leptin levels: Relationship to plasma levels and to adiposity in humans
    • Schwartz MW, Peskind E, Raskind M, Boyko EJ, Porte D, Jr. Cerebrospinal fluid leptin levels: relationship to plasma levels and to adiposity in humans. Nat Med 1996;2:589-93.
    • (1996) Nat Med , vol.2 , pp. 589-593
    • Schwartz, M.W.1    Peskind, E.2    Raskind, M.3    Boyko, E.J.4    Porte Jr., D.5
  • 76
    • 0036125112 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pro-opiomelanocortin processing in the hypothalamus: Impact on melanocortin signalling and obesity
    • Pritchard LE, Turnbull AV, White A. Pro-opiomelanocortin processing in the hypothalamus: impact on melanocortin signalling and obesity. J Endocrinol 2002;172:411-21.
    • (2002) J Endocrinol , vol.172 , pp. 411-421
    • Pritchard, L.E.1    Turnbull, A.V.2    White, A.3
  • 77
    • 0033452452 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Proprotein and prohormone convertases: A family of subtilases generating diverse bioactive polypeptides
    • Seidah NG, Chretien M. Proprotein and prohormone convertases: a family of subtilases generating diverse bioactive polypeptides. Brain Res 1999;848:45-62.
    • (1999) Brain Res , vol.848 , pp. 45-62
    • Seidah, N.G.1    Chretien, M.2
  • 79
    • 17844401704 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system
    • Cone RD. Anatomy and regulation of the central melanocortin system. Nat Neurosci 2005;8:571-8
    • (2005) Nat Neurosci , vol.8 , pp. 571-578
    • Cone, R.D.1
  • 81
    • 0032863468 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity in the mouse model of pro-opiomelanocortin deficiency responds to peripheral melanocortin
    • Yaswen L, Diehl N, Brennan MB, Hochgeschwender U. Obesity in the mouse model of pro-opiomelanocortin deficiency responds to peripheral melanocortin. Nat Med 1999;5:1066-70.
    • (1999) Nat Med , vol.5 , pp. 1066-1070
    • Yaswen, L.1    Diehl, N.2    Brennan, M.B.3    Hochgeschwender, U.4
  • 82
    • 12144291698 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mice lacking pro-opiomelanocortin are sensitive to high-fat feeding but respond normally to the acute anorectic effects of peptide-YY(3-36)
    • Challis BG, Coll AP, Yeo GS, Pinnock SB, Dickson SL, Thresher RR, et al. Mice lacking pro-opiomelanocortin are sensitive to high-fat feeding but respond normally to the acute anorectic effects of peptide-YY(3-36). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004;101:4695-700.
    • (2004) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.101 , pp. 4695-4700
    • Challis, B.G.1    Coll, A.P.2    Yeo, G.S.3    Pinnock, S.B.4    Dickson, S.L.5    Thresher, R.R.6
  • 83
    • 0031838353 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Severe early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by POMC mutations in humans
    • Krude H, Biebermann H, Luck W, Horn R, Brabant G, Gruters A. Severe early-onset obesity, adrenal insufficiency and red hair pigmentation caused by POMC mutations in humans. Nat Genet 1998;19:155-7.
    • (1998) Nat Genet , vol.19 , pp. 155-157
    • Krude, H.1    Biebermann, H.2    Luck, W.3    Horn, R.4    Brabant, G.5    Gruters, A.6
  • 84
    • 0242320429 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity due to proopiomelanocortin deficiency: Three new cases and treatment trials with thyroid hormone and ACTH4-10
    • Krude H, Biebermann H, Schnabel D, Tansek MZ, Theunissen P, Mullis PE, et al. Obesity due to proopiomelanocortin deficiency: three new cases and treatment trials with thyroid hormone and ACTH4-10. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:4633-40.
    • (2003) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.88 , pp. 4633-4640
    • Krude, H.1    Biebermann, H.2    Schnabel, D.3    Tansek, M.Z.4    Theunissen, P.5    Mullis, P.E.6
  • 86
    • 0037713246 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of proopiomelanocortin peptides results in obesity and defective adrenal function but normal melanocyte pigmentation in the murine C57BL/6 genetic background
    • Smart JL, Low MJ. Lack of proopiomelanocortin peptides results in obesity and defective adrenal function but normal melanocyte pigmentation in the murine C57BL/6 genetic background. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2003;994:202-10.
    • (2003) Ann N Y Acad Sci , vol.994 , pp. 202-210
    • Smart, J.L.1    Low, M.J.2
  • 87
    • 0037101841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A missense mutation disrupting a dibasic prohormone processing site in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) increases susceptibility to early-onset obesity through a novel molecular mechanism
    • Challis BG, Pritchard LE, Creemers JW, Delplanque J, Keogh JM, Luan J, et al. A missense mutation disrupting a dibasic prohormone processing site in pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) increases susceptibility to early-onset obesity through a novel molecular mechanism. Hum Mol Genet 2002;11:1997-2004.
    • (2002) Hum Mol Genet , vol.11 , pp. 1997-2004
    • Challis, B.G.1    Pritchard, L.E.2    Creemers, J.W.3    Delplanque, J.4    Keogh, J.M.5    Luan, J.6
  • 88
    • 17344371519 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A genome-wide scan for human obesity genes reveals a major susceptibility locus on chromosome 10
    • Hager J, Dina C, Francke S, Dubois S, Houari M, Vatin V, et al. A genome-wide scan for human obesity genes reveals a major susceptibility locus on chromosome 10. Nat Genet 1998;20:304-8.
    • (1998) Nat Genet , vol.20 , pp. 304-308
    • Hager, J.1    Dina, C.2    Francke, S.3    Dubois, S.4    Houari, M.5    Vatin, V.6
  • 89
    • 0031017322 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A major quantitative trait locus determining serum leptin levels and fat mass is located on human chromosome 2
    • Comuzzie AG, Hixson JE, Almasy L, Mitchell BD, Mahaney MC, Dyer TD, et al. A major quantitative trait locus determining serum leptin levels and fat mass is located on human chromosome 2. Nat Genet 1997;15:273-6.
    • (1997) Nat Genet , vol.15 , pp. 273-276
    • Comuzzie, A.G.1    Hixson, J.E.2    Almasy, L.3    Mitchell, B.D.4    Mahaney, M.C.5    Dyer, T.D.6
  • 90
    • 0033305324 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Normal variation in leptin levels in associated with polymorphisms in the proopiomelanocortin gene, POMC
    • Hixson JE, Almasy L, Cole S, Birnbaum S, Mitchell BD, Mahaney MC, et al. Normal variation in leptin levels in associated with polymorphisms in the proopiomelanocortin gene, POMC. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999;84:3187-91.
    • (1999) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.84 , pp. 3187-3191
    • Hixson, J.E.1    Almasy, L.2    Cole, S.3    Birnbaum, S.4    Mitchell, B.D.5    Mahaney, M.C.6
  • 91
    • 0030972558 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Obesity, diabetes and functions for proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides
    • Mountjoy KG, Wong J. Obesity, diabetes and functions for proopiomelanocortin-derived peptides. Mol Cell Endocrinol 1997;128:171-7.
    • (1997) Mol Cell Endocrinol , vol.128 , pp. 171-177
    • Mountjoy, K.G.1    Wong, J.2
  • 92
    • 33645048441 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A POMC variant implicates beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the control of human energy balance
    • Lee YS, Challis BG, Thompson DA, Yeo GS, Keogh JM, Madonna ME, et al. A POMC variant implicates beta-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in the control of human energy balance. Cell Metab 2006;3:135-40.
    • (2006) Cell Metab , vol.3 , pp. 135-140
    • Lee, Y.S.1    Challis, B.G.2    Thompson, D.A.3    Yeo, G.S.4    Keogh, J.M.5    Madonna, M.E.6
  • 94
    • 0031687052 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Assignment of the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene to human chromosome band 18q22 by in situ hybridisation and radiation hybrid mapping
    • Sundaramurthy D, Campbell DA, Leek JP, Markham AF, Pieri LF. Assignment of the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R) gene to human chromosome band 18q22 by in situ hybridisation and radiation hybrid mapping. Cytogenet Cell Genet 1998;82:97-8.
    • (1998) Cytogenet Cell Genet , vol.82 , pp. 97-98
    • Sundaramurthy, D.1    Campbell, D.A.2    Leek, J.P.3    Markham, A.F.4    Pieri, L.F.5
  • 95
    • 0027227288 scopus 로고
    • Molecular cloning, expression, and gene localization of a fourth melanocortin receptor
    • Gantz I, Miwa H, Konda Y, Shimoto Y, Tashiro T, Watson SJ, et al. Molecular cloning, expression, and gene localization of a fourth melanocortin receptor. J Biol Chem 1993;268:15174-9.
    • (1993) J Biol Chem , vol.268 , pp. 15174-15179
    • Gantz, I.1    Miwa, H.2    Konda, Y.3    Shimoto, Y.4    Tashiro, T.5    Watson, S.J.6
  • 96
    • 0028134706 scopus 로고
    • Localization ofthe melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in neuroendocrine and autonomic control circuits in the brain
    • Mountjoy KG, Mortrud MT, Low MJ, Simerly RB, Cone RD. Localization ofthe melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4-R) in neuroendocrine and autonomic control circuits in the brain. Mol Endocrinol 1994;8: 1298-308.
    • (1994) Mol Endocrinol , vol.8 , pp. 1298-1308
    • Mountjoy, K.G.1    Mortrud, M.T.2    Low, M.J.3    Simerly, R.B.4    Cone, R.D.5
  • 97
    • 0032524392 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melanocortin-4 receptor mRNA expression in the developing autonomic and central nervous systems
    • Mountjoy KG, Wild JM. Melanocortin-4 receptor mRNA expression in the developing autonomic and central nervous systems. Brain Res Dev Brain Res 1998;107:309-14.
    • (1998) Brain Res Dev Brain Res , vol.107 , pp. 309-314
    • Mountjoy, K.G.1    Wild, J.M.2
  • 98
    • 0036257961 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Low frequency of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) mutations in a Mediterranean population with early-onset obesity
    • Miraglia Del, Giudice E, Cirillo G, Nigro V, Santoro N, D'Urso L, et al. Low frequency of melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R) mutations in a Mediterranean population with early-onset obesity. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2002;26:647-51.
    • (2002) Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord , vol.26 , pp. 647-651
    • Del, M.1    Giudice, E.2    Cirillo, G.3    Nigro, V.4    Santoro, N.5    D'Urso, L.6
  • 99
    • 18644363563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melanocortin 4 receptor sequence variations are seldom a cause of human obesity: The Swedish Obese Subjects, the HERITAGE Family Study, and a Memphis cohort
    • Jacobson P, Ukkola O, Rankinen T, Snyder EE, Leon AS, Rao DC, et al. Melanocortin 4 receptor sequence variations are seldom a cause of human obesity: the Swedish Obese Subjects, the HERITAGE Family Study, and a Memphis cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2002;87:4442-6.
    • (2002) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.87 , pp. 4442-4446
    • Jacobson, P.1    Ukkola, O.2    Rankinen, T.3    Snyder, E.E.4    Leon, A.S.5    Rao, D.C.6
  • 100
    • 0141564582 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Melanocortin-4 receptor gene: Case-control study and transmission disequilibrium test confirm that functionally relevant mutations are compatible with a major gene effect for extreme obesity
    • Hinney A, Hohmann S, Geller F, Vogel C, Hess C, Wermter AK, et al Melanocortin-4 receptor gene: case-control study and transmission disequilibrium test confirm that functionally relevant mutations are compatible with a major gene effect for extreme obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;88:4258-67.
    • (2003) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.88 , pp. 4258-4267
    • Hinney, A.1    Hohmann, S.2    Geller, F.3    Vogel, C.4    Hess, C.5    Wermter, A.K.6
  • 101
    • 0033495921 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Molecular scanning for mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor gene in obese/diabetic Japanese
    • Ohshiro Y, Sanke T, Ueda K, Shimajiri Y, Nakagawa T, Tsunoda K, et al. Molecular scanning for mutations in the melanocortin-4 receptor gene in obese/diabetic Japanese. Ann Hum Genet 1999;63:483-7.
    • (1999) Ann Hum Genet , vol.63 , pp. 483-487
    • Ohshiro, Y.1    Sanke, T.2    Ueda, K.3    Shimajiri, Y.4    Nakagawa, T.5    Tsunoda, K.6
  • 102
    • 12244281827 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of mutations and functional analyses of melanocortin 4 receptor variants identified among 750 men withjuvenile-onset obesity
    • Larsen LH, Echwald SM, Sorensen TI, Andersen T, Wulff BS, Pedersen O. Prevalence of mutations and functional analyses of melanocortin 4 receptor variants identified among 750 men withjuvenile-onset obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005;90:219-24.
    • (2005) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.90 , pp. 219-224
    • Larsen, L.H.1    Echwald, S.M.2    Sorensen, T.I.3    Andersen, T.4    Wulff, B.S.5    Pedersen, O.6
  • 104
    • 33746040561 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification and functional characterization of three novel human melanocortin-4 receptor gene variants in an obese Chinese population
    • Rong R, Tao YX, Cheung BM, Xu A, Cheung GC, Lam KS. Identification and functional characterization of three novel human melanocortin-4 receptor gene variants in an obese Chinese population. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2006;65:198-205.
    • (2006) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) , vol.65 , pp. 198-205
    • Rong, R.1    Tao, Y.X.2    Cheung, B.M.3    Xu, A.4    Cheung, G.C.5    Lam, K.S.6
  • 105
    • 33846489214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Several mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor gene are associated with obesity in Chinese children and adolescents
    • Wang CL, Liang L, Wang HJ, Fu JF, Hebebrand J, Hinney A. Several mutations in the melanocortin 4 receptor gene are associated with obesity in Chinese children and adolescents. J Endocrinol Invest 2006;29:894-8.
    • (2006) J Endocrinol Invest , vol.29 , pp. 894-898
    • Wang, C.L.1    Liang, L.2    Wang, H.J.3    Fu, J.F.4    Hebebrand, J.5    Hinney, A.6
  • 106
    • 40749107004 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Novel melanocortin 4 receptor gene mutations in severely obese children
    • Lee YS, Poh LK, Kek BL, Loke KY. Novel melanocortin 4 receptor gene mutations in severely obese children. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2008;68:529-35.
    • (2008) Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) , vol.68 , pp. 529-535
    • Lee, Y.S.1    Poh, L.K.2    Kek, B.L.3    Loke, K.Y.4
  • 108
    • 0027436690 scopus 로고
    • Identification of a receptor for gamma melanotropin and other proopiomelanocortin peptides in the hypothalamus and limbic system
    • Roselli-Rehfuss L, Mountjoy KG, Robbins LS, Mortrud MT, Low MJ, Tatro JB, et al. Identification of a receptor for gamma melanotropin and other proopiomelanocortin peptides in the hypothalamus and limbic system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1993;90:8856-60.
    • (1993) Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , vol.90 , pp. 8856-8860
    • Roselli-Rehfuss, L.1    Mountjoy, K.G.2    Robbins, L.S.3    Mortrud, M.T.4    Low, M.J.5    Tatro, J.B.6
  • 111
    • 0035380668 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Naturally occurring mutations in the melanocortin receptor 3 gene are not associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in French Caucasians
    • Hani EH, Dupont S, Durand E, Dina C, Gallina S, Gantz I, et al. Naturally occurring mutations in the melanocortin receptor 3 gene are not associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus in French Caucasians. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2001;86:2895-8.
    • (2001) J Clin Endocrinol Metab , vol.86 , pp. 2895-2898
    • Hani, E.H.1    Dupont, S.2    Durand, E.3    Dina, C.4    Gallina, S.5    Gantz, I.6
  • 112
    • 10244226787 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Val81 missense mutation of the melanocortin 3 receptor gene, but not the 1908c/T nucleotide polymorphism in lamin A/C gene, is associated with hyperleptinemia and hyperinsulinemia in obese Greek caucasians
    • Yiannakouris N, Melistas L, Kontogianni M, Heist K, Mantzoros CS. The Val81 missense mutation of the melanocortin 3 receptor gene, but not the 1908c/T nucleotide polymorphism in lamin A/C gene, is associated with hyperleptinemia and hyperinsulinemia in obese Greek caucasians. J Endocrinol Invest 2004;27:714-20.
    • (2004) J Endocrinol Invest , vol.27 , pp. 714-720
    • Yiannakouris, N.1    Melistas, L.2    Kontogianni, M.3    Heist, K.4    Mantzoros, C.S.5
  • 114
    • 1842292786 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Identification of an obesity quantitative trait locus on mouse chromosome 2 and evidence of linkage to body fat and insulin on the human homologous region 20q
    • Lembertas AV, Perusse L, Chagnon YC, Fisler JS, Warden CH, Purcell-Huynh DA, et al. Identification of an obesity quantitative trait locus on mouse chromosome 2 and evidence of linkage to body fat and insulin on the human homologous region 20q. J Clin Invest 1997;100:1240-7.
    • (1997) J Clin Invest , vol.100 , pp. 1240-1247
    • Lembertas, A.V.1    Perusse, L.2    Chagnon, Y.C.3    Fisler, J.S.4    Warden, C.H.5    Purcell-Huynh, D.A.6
  • 115
    • 0034792085 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Conditional deletion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the postnatal brain leads to obesity and hyperactivity
    • Rios M, Fan G, Fekete C, Kelly J, Bates B, Kuehn R, et al. Conditional deletion of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the postnatal brain leads to obesity and hyperactivity. Mol Endocrinol 2001;15:1748-57.
    • (2001) Mol Endocrinol , vol.15 , pp. 1748-1757
    • Rios, M.1    Fan, G.2    Fekete, C.3    Kelly, J.4    Bates, B.5    Kuehn, R.6
  • 116
    • 33845530762 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hyperphagia, severe obesity, impaired cognitive function, and hyperactivity associated with functional loss of one copy of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene
    • Gray J, Yeo GS, Cox JJ, Morton J, Adlam AL, Keogh JM, et al. Hyperphagia, severe obesity, impaired cognitive function, and hyperactivity associated with functional loss of one copy of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) gene. Diabetes 2006;55:3366-71
    • (2006) Diabetes , vol.55 , pp. 3366-3371
    • Gray, J.1    Yeo, G.S.2    Cox, J.J.3    Morton, J.4    Adlam, A.L.5    Keogh, J.M.6
  • 117
    • 33750712047 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Keeping the fat off with nesfatin
    • Myers MG, Jr. Keeping the fat off with nesfatin. Nat Med 2006;12:1248-9.
    • (2006) Nat Med , vol.12 , pp. 1248-1249
    • Myers Jr., M.G.1


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.