Matrix biology and preterm birth

Preterm Birth: Mechanisms, Mediators, Prediction, Prevention & Interventions

Volumn , Issue , 2007, Pages 70-93

  Heaps, Brian R ^a   House, Michael ^b   Socrate, Simona ^c   Leppert, Phyllis ^d   Strauss, Jerome F ^e  

^a UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

^b TUFTS UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge   (United States)

^d DUKE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^e VIRGINIA COMMONWEALTH UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 59849104240     PISSN: None     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book    
DOI: 10.1201/b13792-14     Document Type: Chapter

References (175)

1. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J et al. In: Anon, ed. Molecular Biology of the Cell. New York: Garland Science, Taylor & Francis Group, 2002; 1065-127.
2. Kleissl HP, van der Rest M, Naftolin F, Glorieux FH, de Leon A. Collagen changes in the human uterine cervix at parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1978; 130(7): 748-53.
3. Kao KY, Leslie JG. Polymorphism in human uterine collagen. Connect Tissue Res 1977; 5(2): 127-9.
4. Leppert PC, Yu SY. Three-dimensional structures of uterine elastic fibers: scanning electron microscopic studies. Connect Tissue Res 1991; 27(1): 15-31.
5. Kokenyesi R, Armstrong LC, Agah A, Artal R, Bornstein P. Thrombospondin 2 deficiency in pregnant mice results in premature softening of the uterine cervix. Biol Reprod 2004; 70(2): 385-90.
6. Langevin HM, Cornbrooks CJ, Taatjes DJ. Fibroblasts form a body-wide cellular network. Histochem Cell Biol 2004; 122(1): 7-15.
7. Leppert PC. The biochemistry and physiology of the uterine cervix during gestation and parturition. Prenat Neonatal Med 1998; 3: 103-6.
8. Ricard-Blum S, Ruggiero F. The collagen superfamily: from the extracellular matrix to the cell membrane. Pathol Biol 2005; 53(7): 430-42.
9. Uldbjerg N, Forman A, Peterson LK et al. Biomechanical and biochemical changes of the uterus and cervix during pregnancy. In: Anon, ed. Medicine of the Fetus and Mother. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott Co, 1992; 849-69.
10. Yu SY, Leppert PC, Leppert PC, Woessner F. The collagenous tissue of the cervix during pregnancy. In: Anon, ed. The Extra - cellular Matrix of the Uterus, Cervix and Fetal Membranes. Ithaca: Perinatology Press, 1991; 68-76.
11. Petersen LK, Uldbjerg N. Cervical collagen in non-pregnant women with previous cervical incompetence. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1996; 67(1): 41-5.
12. Kokenyesi R, Tan L, Robbins JR, Goldring MB. Proteoglycan production by immortalized human chondrocyte cell lines cultured under conditions that promote expression of the differentiated phenotype. Arch Biochem Biophys 2000; 383(1): 79-90.
13. Camenisch TD, McDonald JA. Hyaluronan: is bigger better? Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2000; 23(4): 431-3.
14. Iozzo RV. The family of the small leucine-rich proteoglycans: key regulators of matrix assembly and cellular growth. Crit Revi Biochem Mol Biol 1997; 32(2): 141-74.
15. Kokenyesi R, Woessner Jr JF. Effects of hormonal perturbations on the small dermatan sulfate proteoglycan and mechanical properties of the uterine cervix of late pregnant rats. Connect Tissue Res 1991; (3): 199-205.
16. Kokenyesi R, Woessner Jr JF. Relationship between dilatation of the rat uterine cervix and a small dermatan sulfate proteoglycan. Biol Reprod 1990; 42(1): 87-97.
17. Leppert PC, Kokenyesi R, Klemenich CA, Fisher J. Further evidence of a decorin-collagen interaction in the disruption of cervical collagen fibers during rat gestation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182(4): 805-11; discussion 811-2.
18. Golichowski AM, King SR, Mascaro K. Pregnancy-related changes in rat cervical glycosaminoglycans. Biochem J 1980; 192(1): 1-8.
19. Straach KJ, Shelton JM, Richardson JA, Hascall VC, Mahendroo MS. Regulation of hyaluronan expression during cervical ripening. Glycobiology 2005; 15(1): 55-65.
20. Sandberg LB, Soskel NT, Leslie JG. Elastin structure, biosynthesis, and relation to disease states. N Engl J Med 1981; 304(10): 566-79.
21. Czirok A, Zach J, Kozel BA et al. Elastic fiber macro-assembly is a hierarchical, cell motion-mediated process. J Cell Physiol 2006; 207(1): 97-106.
22. Leppert PC, Cerreta J, Mandl I. The anatomical orientation of elastic fibers in the human uterine cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 155: 219-24.
23. Leppert PC, Yu SY, Keller S, Cerreta J, Mandl I. Decreased elastic fibers and desmosine content in incompetent cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 157(5): 1134-9.
24. Thomassin L, Werneck CC, Broekelman TJ et al. The proregions of lysyl oxidase-like 1 are required for deposition into elastic fibers. J Biol Chem 2005; 280: 42848-55.
25. Bornstein P. Thrombospondins as matricellular modulators of cell function. J Clin lnvest 2001; 107(8): 929-34.
26. Alford AI, Hankenson KD. Matricellular proteins: Extracellular modulators of bone development, remodeling, and regeneration. Bone 2006 (in press).
27. Nagase H, Visse R, Murphy G. Structure and function of matrix metalloproteinases and TIMPs. Cardiovasc Res 2006; 69(3): 562-73.
28. Sluijter JP, de Kleijn DP, Pasterkamp G. Vascular remodeling and protease inhibition - bench to bedside. Cardiovasc Res 2006; 69(3): 595-603.
29. Reuben PM, Cheung HS. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) gene expression by protein kinases. Front Biosci 2006; 11: 1199-215.
30. Yoshida M, Sagawa N, Itoh H et al. Prostaglandin F(2alpha), cytokines and cyclic mechanical stretch augment matrix metalloproteinase-1 secretion from cultured human uterine cervical fibroblast cells. Mol Hum Reprod 2002; 8(7): 681-7.
31. Watari M, Watari H, Fujimoto T et al. Lipopolysaccharide induces interleukin-8 production by human cervical smooth muscle cells. J Soc Gynecol Invest 2003; 10(2): 110-17.
32. Guo H, Zucker S, Gordon MK, Toole BP, Biswas C. Stimulation of matrix metalloproteinase production by recombinant extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer from transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells. J Biol Chem 1997; 272(1): 24-7.
33. Vincenti MP, Brinckerhoff CE. Transcriptional regulation of collagenase (MMP-1, MMP-13) genes in arthritis: integration of complex signaling pathways for the recruitment of gene-specific transcription factors. Arthritis Res 2002; 4(3): 157-64.
34. Suzuki K, Enghild JJ, Morodomi T, Salvesen G, Nagase H. Mechanisms of activation of tissue procollagenase by matrix metalloproteinase 3 (stromelysin). Biochemistry 1990; 29(44): 10261-70.
35. Chung L, Dinakarpandian D, Yoshida N et al. Collagenase unwinds triple-helical collagen prior to peptide bond hydrolysis. EMBO J 2004; 23(15): 3020-30.
36. Pham DN, Chu HW, Martin RJ, Kraft M. Increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 with elastolysis in nocturnal asthma. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003; 90(1): 72-8.
37. Jeyabalan A, Kerchner LJ, Fisher MC et al. Matrix metallo - proteinase-2 activity, protein, mRNA and tissue inhibitors in small arteries from pregnant and relaxin-treated nonpregnant rats. J Appl Physiol Respir Environ Exercise Physiol 2006; 100: 1955-63.
38. Curry Jr TE, Osteen KG. The matrix metalloproteinase system: changes, regulation, and impact throughout the ovarian and uterine reproductive cycle. Endocr Rev 2003; 24(4): 428-65.
39. Danforth DN. The distribution and functional activity of the cervical musculature. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1954; 68(5): 1261-71.
40. Leppert PC, Cerreta JM, Mandl I. Orientation of elastic fibers in the human cervix. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1986; 155(1): 219-24.
41. von Maillot K, Stuhlsatz HW, Mohanaradhakrishnan V, Greiling H. Changes in the glycosaminoglycans distribution pattern in the human uterine cervix during pregnancy and labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1979; 135(4): 503-6.
42. Leppert PC, Yu SY. Apoptosis in the cervix of pregnant rats in association with cervical softening. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1994; 37(3): 150-4.
43. Leppert PC. Proliferation and apoptosis of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells in rat uterine cervix throughout gestation and the effect of the antiprogesterone onapristone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 178(4): 713-25.
44. Allaire AD, D’Andrea N, Truong P, McMahon MJ, Lessey BA. Cervical stroma apoptosis in pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 2001; 97(3): 399-403.
45. Zhao S, Fields PA, Sherwood OD. Evidence that relaxin inhibits apoptosis in the cervix and the vagina during the second half of pregnancy in the rat. Endocrinology 2001; 142(6): 2221-9.
46. Danforth DN, Veis A, Breen M et al. The effect of pregnancy and labor on the human cervix: changes in collagen, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1974; 120(5): 641-51.
47. Danforth DN. The fibrous nature of the human cervix and its relation to the isthmic segment in gravid and nongravid uteri. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1947; 53: 541-57.
48. Yu SY, Tozzi CA, Babiarz J, Leppert PC. Collagen changes in rat cervix in pregnancy - polarized light microscopic and electron microscopic studies. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1995; 209(4): 360-8.
49. Yellon SM, Mackler AM, Kirby MA. The role of leukocyte traffic and activation in parturition. J Soc Gynecol Invest 2003; 10(6): 323-38.
50. Timmons BC, Mahendroo MS. Timing of neutrophil activation and expression of proinflammatory markers do not support a role for neutrophils in cervical ripening in the mouse. Biol Reprod 2006; 74(2): 236-45.
51. Ramos JG, Varayoud J, Bosquiazzo VL, Luque EH, Munoz-de-Toro M. Cellular turnover in the rat uterine cervix and its relationship to estrogen and progesterone receptor dynamics. Biol Reprod 2002; 67(3): 735-42.
52. Takamoto N, Leppert PC, Yu SY. Cell death and proliferation and its relation to collagen degradation in uterine involution of rat. Connect Tissue Res 1998; 37(3-4): 163-75.
53. Kerr JF, Wyllie AH, Currie AR. Apoptosis: a basic biological phenomenon with wide-ranging implications in tissue kinetics. Br J Cancer 1972; 26(4): 239-57.
54. Esko JD, Lindahl V. Molecular diversity of heparin sulfate. J Clin Invest 2001; 108: 169-73.
55. Vuoristo MM, Pihlajamaa T, Vandenberg P et al. Complete structure of the human COL11A2 gene: the exon sizes and other features indicate the gene has not evolved with genes for other fibriller collagens. Ann NY Acad Sci 1996; 785: 343-4.
56. Myles MF. In: Anon, ed. Textbook for Midwives. Edinburgh: Churchill Linvingstone, 1975; 67.
57. Cabrol D, Jannet D, Le Houezec R et al. Mechanical properties of the pregnant human uterine cervix use of an instrument to measure the index of cervical distensibility. Gynecol Obstet Invest 1990; 29(1): 32-6.
58. Leppert PC. Anatomy and physiology of cervical ripening. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1995; 38(2): 267-79.
59. Winkler M. Role of cytokines and other inflammatory mediators. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2003; 110 (Suppl 20): 118-23.
60. Stjernholm-Vladic Y, Stygar D, Mansson C et al. Factors involved in the inflammatory events of cervical ripening in humans. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2004; 2(1): 74.
61. Calkins LA. On predicting the length of labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1941; 42(802).
62. Cocks DP. Significance of initial condition of cervix uteri to subsequent course of labour. BMJ 1955; 4909: 327-8.
63. Dutton WA. The assessment of the cervix at surgical induction. Canadian Med Assoc J 1958; 79(6): 463-7.
64. Friedman EA. Primigravid labor; a graphicostatistical analysis. Obstet Gynecol 1955; 6(6): 567-89.
65. Leppert PC. Cervical softening, effacement and dilation: a complex biochemical cascade. J Matem Fetal Med 1992; 1: 213-23.
66. O’Brien WF. Cervical ripening and labor induction: progress and challenges. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1995; 38(2): 221-3.
67. Romero R, Espinoza J, Erez O, Hassan S. The role of cervical cerclage in obstetric practice: can the patient who could benefit from this procedure be identified? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 194(1): 1-9.
68. Iams JD, Goldenberg RL, Meis PJ et al. The length of the cervix and the risk of spontaneous premature delivery. National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit Network. New Engl J Med 1996; 334(9): 567-72.
69. Hassan SS, Romero R, Maymon E et al. Does cervical cerclage prevent preterm delivery in patients with a short cervix? Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184(7): 1325-9; discussion 1329-31.
70. Havelock JC, Keller P, Muleba N et al. Human myometrial gene expression before and during parturition. Biol Reprod 2005; 72(3): 707-19.
71. Aspden RM. The theory of fibre-reinforced composite materials applied to changes in the mechanical properties of the cervix during pregnancy. J Theor Biol 1988; 130(2): 213-21.
72. Aspden RM. Collagen organisation in the cervix and its relation to mechanical function. Coll Rela Res 1988; 8(2): 103-12.
73. Fabvey S, Socrate S, House M. Biomechanical modeling of cervical tissue: a quantitiative investigation of cervical funneling. In: International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. Washington DC: 2003.
74. Petersen LK, Oxlund H, Uldbjerg N, Forman A. In vitro analysis of muscular contractile ability and passive biomechanical properties of uterine cervical samples from nonpregnant women. Obstet Gynecol 1991; 77(5): 772-6.
75. House M, Paskaleva A, Favey S, Myers K, Socrate S. The biomechanics of cervical funneling: the effect of stroma properties, anatomic geometry and pelvic forces on funnel formation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191(6): 36.
76. House M, O’Callaghan M, Bahrami S et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of the cervix during pregnancy: effect of gestational age and prior vaginal birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 193(4): 1554-60.
77. Drzewiecki G, Tozzi C, Yu SY, Leppert PC. A dual mechanism of biomechanical change in rat cervix in gestation and postpartum: applied vascular mechanics. Cardiovasc Eng 2005; 5: 187-93.
78. Kyriakides TR, Zhu YH, Smith LT et al. Mice that lack thrombospondin 2 display connective tissue abnormalities that are associated with disordered collagen fibrillogenesis, an increased vascular density, and a bleeding diathesis. J Cell Biol 1998; 140(2): 419-30.
79. Feltovich H, Ji H, Janowski JW et al. Effects of selective and nonselective PGE2 receptor agonists on cervical tensile strength and collagen organization and microstructure in the pregnant rat at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192(3): 753-60.
80. Buhimschi IA, Dussably L, Buhimschi CS, Ahmed A, Weiner CP. Physical and biomechanical characteristics of rat cervical ripening are not consistent with increased collagenase activity. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191(5): 1695-704.
81. Alfirevic Z. Cerclage: we all know how to do it but can’t agree when to do it. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 107(2 Pt 1): 219-20.
82. Rust OA, Atlas RO, Jones KJ, Benham BN, Balducci J. A randomized trial of cerclage versus no cerclage among patients with ultrasonographically detected second-trimester preterm dilatation of the internal os. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183(4): 830-5.
83. To MS, Alfirevic Z, Heath VC et al. Cervical cerclage for prevention of preterm delivery in women with short cervix: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2004; 363(9424): 1849-53.
84. Althuisius SM, Dekker GA, Hummel P, Bekedam DJ, van Geijn HP. Final results of the Cervical Incompetence Prevention Randomized Cerclage Trial (CIPRACT): therapeutic cerclage with bed rest versus bed rest alone. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 185(5): 1106-12.
85. Mazza E, Nava A, Bauer M et al. Mechanical properties of the human uterine cervix: an in vivo study. Med Image Anal 2006; 10(2): 125-36.
86. Garfield RE, Maul H, Maner W et al. Uterine electromyography and light-induced fluorescence in the management of term and preterm labor. J Soc Gynecol Investi 2002; 9(5): 265-75.
87. Fittkow CT, Maul H, Olson G et al. Light-induced fluorescence of the human cervix decreases after prostaglandin application for induction of labor at term. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 123(1): 62-6.
88. Ophir J, Garra B, Kallel F et al. Elastographic imaging. Ultrasound Med Biol 2000; 26 (Suppl 1): S23-9.
89. Greenleaf JF, Fatemi M, Insana M. Selected methods for imaging elastic properties of biological tissues. Annu Rev Biomed Eng 2003; 5: 57-78.
90. Hiltawsky KM, Kruger M, Starke C et al. Freehand ultrasound elastography of breast lesions: clinical results. Ultrasound Med Biol 2001; 27(11): 1461-9.
91. Krouskop TA, Younes PS, Srinivasan S, Wheeler T, Ophir J. Differences in the compressive stress-strain response of infiltrating ductal carcinomas with and without lobular features - implications for mammography and elastography. Ultrason Imaging 2003; 25(3): 162-70.
92. de Korte CL, van der Steen AF. Intravascular ultrasound elastography: an overview. Ultrasonics 2002; 40(1-8): 859-65.
93. Souchon R, Rouviere O, Gelet A et al. Visualisation of HIFU lesions using elastography of the human prostate in vivo: preliminary results. Ultrasound Med Biol 2003; 29(7): 1007-15.
94. Takeda T, Kassab G, Liu J et al. A novel ultrasound technique to study the biomechanics of the human esophagus in vivo. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002; 282(5): G785-93.
95. McFarlin B, O’Brien WD, Oelze ML, Zachary JF, White-Traut R. Quantitative ultrasound predicts cervical ripeining in the rat. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 196(6): s153-534.
96. Mackler AM, Iezza G, Akin MR, McMillan P, Yellon SM. Macrophage trafficking in the uterus and cervix precedes parturition in the mouse. Biol Reprod 1999; 61(4): 879-83.
97. Bokstrom H, Brannstrom M, Alexandersson M, Norstrom A. Leukocyte subpopulations in the human uterine cervical stroma at early and term pregnancy. Hum Reprod 1997; 12(3): 586-90.
98. Osmers R, Rath W, Adelmann-Grill BC et al. Origin of cervical collagenase during parturition. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1992; 166(5): 1455-60.
99. Chwalisz K, Garfeild RE. New molecular challenges in the induction of cervical ripening. Hum Reprod 1998; 13: 245-52.
100. Chwalisz K, Garfield RE. Role of nitric oxide in the uterus and cervix: implications for the management of labor. J Perinat Med 1998; 26(6): 448-57.
101. Buhimschi I, Ali M, Jain V, Chwalisz K, Garfield RE. Differential regulation of nitric oxide in the rat uterus and cervix during pregnancy and labour. Hum Reprod 1996; 11(8): 1755-66.
102. Stygar D, Wang H, Vladic et al. Increased level of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 in the ripening process of the human cervix. Biol Reprod 2002; 67(3): 889-94.
103. Anderson J, Brown N, Mahendroo MS, Reese J. Utilization of different aquaporin water channels in the mouse cervix during pregnancy and parturition and in models of preterm and delayed cervical ripening. Endocrinology 2006; 147(1): 130-40.
104. Fujimoto T, Savani RC, Watari M, Day AJ, Strauss 3rd JF. Induction of the hyaluronic acid-binding protein, tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6, in cervical smooth muscle cells by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and prostaglandin E(2). Am J Pathol 2002; 160(4): 1495-502.
105. Takemura M, Itoh H, Sagawa N et al. Cyclic mechanical stretch augments hyaluronan production in cultured human uterine cervical fibroblast cells. Mol Hum Reprod 2005; 11(9): 659-65.
106. Esplin MS, Fausett MB, Peltier MR et al. The use of cDNA microarray to identify differentially expressed labor-associated genes within the human myometrium during labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 193(2): 404-13.
107. Huber A, Hudelist G, Czerwenka K et al. Gene expression profiling of cervical tissue during physiological cervical effacement. Obstet Gynecol 2005; 105(1): 91-8.
108. Mercer BM. Preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Obstet Gynecol 2003; 101(1): 178-93.
109. Polzin WJ, Brady K. The etiology of premature rupture of the membranes. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1998; 41(4): 810-16.
110. El Khwad M, Stetzer B, Moore RM et al. Term human fetal membranes have a weak zone overlying the lower uterine pole and cervix before onset of labor. Biol Reprod 2005; 72(3): 720-6.
111. Moore RM, Mansour JM, Redline RW, Mercer BM, Moore JJ. The physiology of fetal membrane rupture: insight gained from the determination of physical properties. Placenta 2006 (in press).
112. McLaren J, Taylor DJ, Bell SC. Increased incidence of apoptosis in non-labour-affected cytotrophoblast cells in term fetal membranes overlying the cervix. Hum Reprod 1999; 14(11): 2895-900.
113. McLaren J, Taylor DJ, Bell SC. Increased concentration of promatrix metalloproteinase 9 in term fetal membranes overlying the cervix before labor: implications for membrane remodeling and rupture. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 182(2): 409-16.
114. Osman I, Young A, Jordan F, Greer IA, Norman JE. Leukocyte density and proinflammatory mediator expression in regional human fetal membranes and decidua before and during labor at term. J Soc Gynecol Invest 2006; 13(2): 97-103.
115. Arikat S, Novince RW, Mercer BM et al. Separation of amnion from choriodecidua is an integral event to the rupture of normal term fetal membranes and constitutes a significant component of the work required. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 194(1): 211-17.
116. Kumar D, Fung W, Moore RM, Pandey V, Fox J, Stetzer B, et al. Proinflammatory cytokines found in amniotic fluid induce collagen remodeling, apoptosis, and biophysical weakening of cultured human fetal membranes. Biol Reprod 2006; 74(1): 29-34.
117. Hein S, Yamamoto SY, Okazaki K et al. Lysyl oxidases: expression in the fetal membranes and placenta. Placenta 2001; 22(1): 49-57.
118. Alexander JM, Cox SM. Clinical course of premature rupture of the membranes. Semin Perinatol 1996; 20(5): 369-74.
119. Ni CY, Jia WX, Yi WM, Feng LH, Yu LZ. Practicability of using vaginal fluid markers in detecting premature rupture of membranes. Ann Clin Biochem 2003; 40(Pt 5): 542-5.
120. Alexander JM, Mercer BM, Miodovnik M et al. The impact of digital cervical examination on expectantly managed preterm rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2000; 183(4): 1003-7.
121. Parry S, Strauss 3rd JF Premature rupture of the fetal membranes. New Engl J Med 1998; 338(10): 663-70.
122. Schmidt W. The amniotic fluid compartment: the fetal habitat. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol 1992; 127: 1-100.
123. Casey ML, MacDonald PC. Interstitial collagen synthesis and processing in human amnion: a property of the mesenchymal cells. Biol Reprod 1996; 55(6): 1253-60.
124. Aagaard-Tillery KM, Nuthalapaty FS, Ramsey PS, Ramin KD. Preterm premature rupture of membranes: perspectives surrounding controversies in management. Am J Perinatol 2005; 22(6): 287-97.
125. Malak TM, Bell SC. Differential expression of the integrin subunits in human fetal membranes. J Reprod Fertil 1994; 102(2): 269-76.
126. McLaren J, Malak TM, Bell SC. Structural characteristics of term human fetal membranes prior to labour: identification of an area of altered morphology overlying the cervix. Hum Reprod 1999; 14(1): 237-41.
127. McParland PC, Taylor DJ, Bell SC. Myofibroblast differentiation in the connective tissues of the amnion and chorion of term human fetal membranes - implications for fetal membrane rupture and labour. Placenta 2000; 21(1): 44-53.
128. Lee T, Carpenter MW, Heber WW, Silver HM. Preterm premature rupture of membranes: risks of recurrent complications in the next pregnancy among a population-based sample of gravid women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188(1): 209-13.
129. Regan JA, Chao S, James LS. Premature rupture of membranes, preterm delivery, and group B streptococcal colonization of mothers. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1981; 141(2): 184-6.
130. Romero R, Mazor M. Infection and preterm labor. Clin Obstet Gynecol 1988; 31(3): 553-84.
131. Ekwo EE, Gosselink CA, Woolson R, Moawad A. Risks for premature rupture of amniotic membranes. Int J Epidemiol 1993; 22(3): 495-503.
132. Goldenberg RL, Hauth JC, Andrews WW. Intrauterine infection and preterm delivery. New Engl J Med 2000; 342(20): 1500-7.
133. Gomez R, Romero R, Ghezzi F et al. The fetal inflammatory response syndrome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179(1): 194-202.
134. Alger LS, Lovchik JC, Hebel JR, Blackmon LR, Crenshaw MC. The association of Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, and group B streptococci with preterm rupture of the membranes and pregnancy outcome. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1988; 159(2): 397-404.
135. McGregor JA, French JI, Parker R et al. Prevention of premature birth by screening and treatment for common genital tract infections: results of a prospective controlled evaluation. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1995; 173(1): 157-67.
136. Witt A, Berger A, Gruber CJ et al. Increased intrauterine frequency of Ureaplasma urealyticum in women with preterm labor and preterm premature rupture of the membranes and subsequent cesarean delivery. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 193(5): 1663-9.
137. Mercer BM, Arheart KL. Antimicrobial therapy in expectant management of preterm premature rupture of the membranes. Lancet 1995; 346(8985): 1271-9.
138. Joste NE, Kundsin RB, Genest DR. Histology and ureaplasma urealyticum culture in 63 cases of first trimester abortion. Am J Clin Pathol 1994; 102(6): 729-32.
139. Bowen JM, Chamley L, Keelan JA, Mitchell MD. Cytokines of the placenta and extra-placental membranes: roles and regulation during human pregnancy and parturition. Placenta 2002; 23(4): 257-73.
140. Bowen JM, Chamley L, Mitchell MD, Keelan JA. Cytokines of the placenta and extra-placental membranes: biosynthesis, secretion and roles in establishment of pregnancy in women. Placenta 2002; 23(4): 239-56.
141. El-Shazly S, Makhseed M, Azizieh F, Raghupathy R. Increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in placentas of women undergoing spontaneous preterm delivery or premature rupture of membranes. Am J Reprod Immunol 2004; 52(1): 45-52.
142. So T, Ito A, Sato T, Mori Y, Hirakawa S. Tumor necrosis factoralpha stimulates the biosynthesis of matrix metalloproteinases and plasminogen activator in cultured human chorionic cells. Biol Reprod 1992; 46(5): 772-8.
143. McParland PC, Taylor DJ, Bell SC. Mapping of zones of altered morphology and chorionic connective tissue cellular phenotype in human fetal membranes (amniochorion and decidua) over - lying the lower uterine pole and cervix before labor at term. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 189(5): 1481-88.
144. Fuks A, Parton LA, Polavarapu S et al. Polymorphism of Fas and Fas ligand in preterm premature rupture of membranes in singleton pregnancies. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 193(3 Pt 2): 1132-36.
145. Fortunato SJ, Menon R. Distinct molecular events suggest different pathways for preterm labor and premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184(7): 1399-405; discussion 1405-6.
146. Menon R, Lombardi SJ, Fortunato SJ. TNF-alpha promotes caspase activation and apoptosis in human fetal membranes. J Assist Reprod Genet 2002; 19(4): 201-4.
147. Arias F, Gonzalez-Ruiz AR, Jacobson RL. Recent advances in the pathophysiology and management of preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 1999; 11(2): 141-7.
148. Lockwood CJ, Toti P, Arcuri F et al. Mechanisms of abruptioninduced premature rupture of the fetal membranes: thrombinenhanced interleukin-8 expression in term decidua. Am J Pathol 2005; 167(5): 1443-9.
149. Edwards DR, Beaudry PP, Laing TD et al. The roles of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in tissue remodelling and cell growth. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1996; 20 (Suppl 3): S9-15.
150. Marvin KW, Keelan JA, Eykholt RL, Sato TA, Mitchell MD. Use of cDNA arrays to generate differential expression profiles for inflammatory genes in human gestational membranes delivered at term and preterm. Mol Hum Reprod 2002; 8(4): 399-408.
151. Tromp G, Kuivaniemi H, Romero R et al. Genome-wide express - ion profiling of fetal membranes reveals a deficient expression of proteinase inhibitor 3 in premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191(4): 1331-8.
152. Biggio Jr JR, Ramsey PS, Cliver SP et al. Midtrimester amniotic fluid matrix metalloproteinase-8 (MMP-8) levels above the 90th percentile are a marker for subsequent preterm premature rupture of membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 192(1): 109-13.
153. Hampson V, Liu D, Billett E, Kirk S. Amniotic membrane collagen content and type distribution in women with preterm premature rupture of the membranes in pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104(9): 1087-91.
154. Hermanns-Le T, Pierard G, Quatresooz P. Ehlers-Danlos-like dermal abnormalities in women with recurrent preterm premature rupture of fetal membranes. Am J Dermatopathol 2005; 27(5): 407-10.
155. Wang H, Parry S, Macones G, et al. A functional SNP in the promoter of the SERPINH1 gene increases risk of preterm premature rupture of membranes in African Americans. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103(36): 13463-7.
156. Monsen ER. Dietary reference intakes for the antioxidant nutrients: vitamin C, vitamin E, selenium, and carotenoids. J Am Diet Assoc 2000; 100(6): 637-40.
157. Casanueva E, Ripoll C, Tolentino M et al. Vitamin C supplementation to prevent premature rupture of the chorioamniotic membranes: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81(4): 859-63.
158. Artal R, Burgeson R, Fernandez FJ, Hobel CJ. Fetal and maternal copper levels in patients at term with and without premature rupture of membranes. Obstet Gynecol 1979; 53(5): 608-10.
159. Romero R, Chaiworapongsa T, Espinoza J. Micronutrients and intrauterine infection, preterm birth and the fetal inflammatory response syndrome. J Nutr 2003; 133(5 Suppl 2): 1668S-1673S.
160. Kumar D, Lundgren DW, Moore RM, Silver RJ, Moore JJ. Hydrogen peroxide induced apoptosis in amnion-derived WISH cells is not inhibited by vitamin C. Placenta 2004; 25(4): 266-72.
161. Fujimoto T, Parry S, Urbanek M et al. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) promoter influences amnion cell MMP-1 expression and risk for preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes. J Biol Chem 2002; 277(8): 6296-302.
162. Ferrand PE, Parry S, Sammel M et al. A polymorphism in the matrix metalloproteinase-9 promoter is associated with increased risk of preterm premature rupture of membranes in African Americans. Mol Hum Reprod 2002; 8(5): 494-501.
163. Crider KS, Whitehead N, Buus RM. Genetic variation associated with preterm birth: a HuGE review. Genet Med 2005; 7(9): 593-604.
164. Hedberg CL, Adcock K, Martin J et al. Tumor necrosis factor alpha - 308 polymorphism associated with increased sepsis mortality in ventilated very low birth weight infants. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2004; 23(5): 424-8.
165. McGuire W, Hill AV, Allsopp CE, Greenwood BM, Kwiatkowski D. Variation in the TNF-alpha promoter region associated with susceptibility to cerebral malaria. Nature 1994; 371(6497): 508-10.
166. Cabrera M, Shaw MA, Sharples C et al. Polymorphism in tumor necrosis factor genes associated with mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. J Exp Med 1995; 182(5): 1259-64.
167. Kirkpatrick A, Bidwell J, van den Brule AJ et al. TNF alpha polymorphism frequencies in HPV-associated cervical dysplasia. Gynecol Oncol 2004; 92(2): 675-9.
168. Moore S, Ide M, Randhawa M et al. An investigation into the association among preterm birth, cytokine gene polymorphisms and periodontal disease. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 2004; 111(2): 125-32.
169. Roberts AK, Monzon-Bordonaba F, Van Deerlin PG et al. Association of polymorphism within the promoter of the tumor necrosis factor alpha gene with increased risk of preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 180(5): 1297-302.
170. Bryant-Greenwood GD, Millar LK. Human fetal membranes: their preterm premature rupture. Biol Reprod 2000; 63(6): 1575-9.
171. Qin X, Chua PK, Ohira RH, Bryant-Greenwood GD. An autocrine/paracrine role of human decidual relaxin. II. Stromelysin-1 (MMP-3) and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1). Biol Reprod 1997; 56(4): 812-20.
172. Qin X, Garibay-Tupas J, Chua PK, Cachola L, Bryant-Greenwood GD. An autocrine/paracrine role of human decidual relaxin. I. Interstitial collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-1) and tissue plasminogen activator. Biol Reprod 1997; 56(4): 800-11.
173. Millar LK, Boesche MH, Yamamoto SY et al. A relaxin-mediated pathway to preterm premature rupture of the fetal membranes that is independent of infection. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179(1): 126-34.
174. Mackenzie AP, Schatz F, Krikun G et al. Mechanisms of abruptioninduced premature rupture of the fetal membranes: thrombin enhanced decidual matrix metalloproteinase-3 (stromelysin-1) expression. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191(6): 1996-2001.
175. Macones GA, Parry S, Elkousy M et al. A polymorphism in the promoter region of TNF and bacterial vaginosis: preliminary evidence of gene-environment interaction in the etiology of spontaneous preterm birth. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190(6): 1504-8; discussion 3A.