Gonadal vein fmbolization: Treatment of varicocele and Pelvic Congestion syndrome

Seminars in Interventional Radiology

Volumn 25, Issue 3, 2008, Pages 261-270

  Bittles, Mark A ^a   Hoffer, Eric K ^b  

^a MONROE CARELL JR CHILDREN S HOSPITAL AT VANDERBILT   (United States)

^b DARTMOUTH HITCHCOCK MEDICAL CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Gonadal vein Embolization; Interventional radiology; Pelvic congestion syndrome; Varicocele

Indexed keywords

EID: 59749085169     PISSN: 07399529     EISSN: 10988963     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1055/s-0028-1085927     Document Type: Article

References (87)

1. Pierik FH, Dohle GR, van Muiswinkel JM, Vreeburg JT, Weber RF. Is routine scrotal ultrasound advantageous in infertile men? J Urol 1999;162(5):1618-1620
2. Golzarian J, Sun S, Sharafuddin MJ. Vascular Embolotherapy: A Comprehensive Approach. Berlin, New York: Springer; 2006
3. Pinto KJ, Kroovand RL, Jarow JP. Varicocele related testicular atrophy and its predictive effect upon fertility. J Urol 1994;152(2 Pt 2):788-790
4. Wishahi MM. Detailed anatomy of the internal spermatic vein and the ovarian vein. Human cadaver study and operative spermatic venography: clinical aspects. J Urol 1991; 145(4):780-784
5. Porst H, Bähren W, Lenz M, Altwein J. Percutaneous sclerotherapy of varicoceles-an alternative to conventional surgical methods. Br J Urol 1984;56(1):73-78
6. Shlansky-Goldberg RD, VanArsdalen KN, Rutter CM, et al. Percutaneous varicocele embolization versus surgical ligation for the treatment of infertility: changes in seminal parameters and pregnancy outcomes. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1997;8(5):759-767
7. Gat Y, Bachar G, Zukerman Z, Belenky A, Gornish M. Varicocele: a bilateral disease. Fertil Steril 2004;81(2): 424-429
8. Cooper A, Cooper BB. Observations on the Structure and Diseases of the Testis. 2nd ed. London: Churchill; 1841
9. Sakamoto H, Ogawa Y, Yoshida H. Relationship between testicular volume and varicocele in patients with infertility. Urology 2008;71(1):104-109
10. Mori M, Bertolla R, Fraietta R, Ortiz V, Cedenho A. Does varicocele grade determine extent of alteration to spermatogenesis in adolescents? Fertil Steril 2007; December 29(Epub ahead of print)
11. Chehval MJ, PurcellMH. Deterioration of semen parameters over time in men with untreated varicocele: evidence of progressive testicular damage. Fertil Steril 1992;57(1):174-177
12. Practice Committee of the American Society for ReproductiveMedicine. Report on varicocele and infertility. Fertil Steril 2006;86(5, Suppl):S93-S95
13. Skoog SJ, Roberts KP, Goldstein M, Pryor JL. The adolescent varicocele: what's new with an old problem in young patients? Pediatrics 1997;100(1):112-121
14. Cayan S, Woodhouse C. The treatment of adolescents presenting with a varicocele. BJU Int 2007;100(4):744-747
15. Dubin L, Amelar R. Varicocele size and results of varicocelectomy in selected subfertile men with varicocele. Fertil Steril 1970;21(8):606-609
16. Comparison among different methods for the diagnosis of varicocele. World Health Organization. Fertil Steril 1985; 43(4):575-582
17. Petros JA, Andriole GL, Middleton WD, Picus DA. Correlation of testicular color Doppler ultrasonography, physical examination and venography in the detection of left varicoceles in men with infertility. J Urol 1991;145(4):785-788
18. Trum JW, Gubler FM, Laan R, van der Veen F. The value of palpation, varicoscreen contact thermography and colour Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of varicocele. Hum Reprod 1996;11(6):1232-1235
19. Hamm B, Fobbe F, Sörensen R, Felsenberg D. Varicoceles: combined sonography and thermography in diagnosis and posttherapeutic evaluation. Radiology 1986;160(2):419-424
20. Cornud F, Belin X, Amar E, et al. Varicocele: strategies in diagnosis and treatment. Eur Radiol 1999;9(3):536-545
21. Sigmund G, Bähren W, Gall H, Lenz M, Thon W. Idiopathic varicoceles: feasibility of percutaneous sclerotherapy. Radiology 1987;164(1):161-168
22. Marsman JW. The aberrantly fed varicocele: frequency, venographic appearance, and results of transcatheter embolization. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995;164(3):649-657
23. Sigmund G, Gall H, Bähren W. Stop-type and shunt-type varicoceles: venographic findings. Radiology 1987;163(1): 105-110
24. Li maSS, Castro MP, Costa OF. A new method for the treatment of varicocele. Andrologia 1978;10(2):103-106
25. White RI, Kaufman SL, Barth KH, et al. Occlusion of varicoceles with detachable balloons. Radiology 1981;139(2): 327-334
26. Smith TP, Hunter DW, Cragg AH, et al. Spermatic vein embolization with hot contrast material: fertility results. Radiology 1988;168(1):137-139
27. Gazzera C, Rampado O, Savio L, et al. Radiological treatment of male varicocele: technical, clinical, seminal and dosimetric aspects. Radiol Med (Torino) 2006;111(3):449-458
28. Lopez C, Serres-Cousine O, Averous M. Varicocele in adolescents. Treatment by sclerotherapy and percutaneous embolization: reflections on the method. Apropos of 23 cases. Prog Urol 1998;8(3):382-38
29. Pollak JS, White RI. The use of cyanoacrylate adhesives in peripheral embolization. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001;12(8): 907-913
30. Barrett J, Wells I, Riordan R, Roobottom C. Endovascular embolization of varicoceles: resorption of tungsten coils in the spermatic vein. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2000;23(6): 457-459
31. Kampmann C, Brzezinska R, Abidini M, et al. Biodegradation of tungsten embolisation coils used in children. Pediatr Radiol 2002;32(12):839-843
32. Wells IP. Biodegradation of tungsten embolisation coils used in children. Pediatr Radiol 2003;33(4):288
33. Gandini R, Konda D, Reale C, et al. Male varicocele: transcatheter foam sclerotherapy with sodium tetradecyl sulfate-outcome in 244 patients. Radiology 2008;246(2):612-618
34. Wunsch R, Efinger K. The interventional therapy of varicoceles amongst children, adolescents and young men. Eur J Radiol 2005;53(1):46-56
35. Trombetta C, Liguori G, Bucci S, Ciciliato S, Belgrano E. Percutaneous treatment of varicocele. Urol Int 2003;70(2): 113-118
36. Kim HS, Malhotra AD, Rowe PC, Lee JM, Venbrux AC. Embolotherapy for pelvic congestion syndrome: long-term results. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2006;17(2 Pt 1):289-297
37. Fobbe F, Hamm B, Sörensen R, Felsenberg D. Percutaneous transluminal treatment of varicoceles: where to occlude the internal spermatic vein. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1987;149(5):983-987
38. Abdulmaaboud MR, Shokeir AA, Farage Y, Abd El- Rahman A, El-Rakhawy MM, Mutabagani H. Treatment of varicocele: a comparative study of conventional open surgery, percutaneous retrograde sclerotherapy, and laparoscopy. Urology 1998;52(2):294-300
39. Beutner S, May M, Hoschke B, et al. Treatment of varicocele with reference to age: a retrospective comparison of three minimally invasive procedures. Surg Endosc 2007;21(1): 61-65
40. Lord DJ, Burrows PE. Pediatric varicocele embolization. Tech Vasc Interv Radiol 2003;6(4):169-175
41. Hargreave TB. Varicocele-a clinical enigma. Br J Urol 1993; 72(4):401-408
42. Drooz AT, Lewis CA, Allen TE, et al. Quality improvement guidelines for percutaneous transcatheter embolization. SCVIR Standards of Practice Committee. Society of Cardiovascular & Interventional Radiology. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1997;8(5):889-895
43. Nieschlag E, Behre H, Schlingheider A, et al. Surgical ligation vs. angiographic embolization of the vena spermatica: a prospective randomized study for the treatment of varicocele-related infertility. Andrologia 1993;25(5):233-237
44. Barbalias GA, Liatsikos EN, Nikiforidis G, Siablis D. Treatment of varicocele for male infertility: a comparative study evaluating currently used approaches. Eur Urol 1998;34(5):393-398
45. Parsch EM, Schill WB, Erlinger C, Tauber R, Pfeifer KJ. Semen parameters and conception rates after surgical treatment and sclerotherapy of varicocele. Andrologia 1990; 22(3):275-278
46. Gat Y, Bachar G, Everaert K, Levinger U, Gornish M. Induction of spermatogenesis in azoospermic men after internal spermatic vein embolization for the treatment of varicocele. Hum Reprod 2005;20(4):1013-1017
47. Donkol RH, Salem T. Paternity after varicocelectomy: preoperative sonographic parameters of success. J Ultrasound Med 2007;26(5):593-599
48. Schiff JD, Li PS, Goldstein M. Correlation of ultrasoundmeasured venous size and reversal of flow with Valsalva with improvement in semen-analysis parameters after varicocelectomy. Fertil Steril 2006;86(1):250-252
49. Jarow JP, Ogle SR, Eskew LA. Seminal improvement following repair of ultrasound detected subclinical varicoceles. J Urol 1996;155(4):1287-1290
50. Kim ED, Leibman BB, Grinblat D, Lipshultz L. Varicocele repair improves semen parameters in azoospermic men with spermatogenic failure. J Urol 1999;162(3 Pt 1):737-740
51. Pasqualotto FF, Sobreiro BP, Hallak J, Pasqualotto EB, Lucon AM. Induction of spermatogenesis in azoospermic men after varicocelectomy repair: an update. Fertil Steril 2006;85(3):635-639
52. Esteves SC, Glina S. Recovery of spermatogenesis after microsurgical subinguinal varicocele repair in azoospermic men based on testicular histology. Int Braz J Urol 2005; 31(6):541-548
53. Zuckerman AM, Mitchell SE, Venbrux AC, et al. Percutaneous varicocele occlusion: long-term follow-up. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1994;5(2):315-319
54. Madgar I, Weissenberg R, Lunenfeld B, Karasik A, Goldwasser B. Controlled trial of high spermatic vein ligation for varicocele in infertile men. Fertil Steril 1995;63(1):120-124
55. Schlegel PN. Is assisted reproduction the optimal treatment for varicocele-associated male infertility? A cost-effectiveness analysis. Urology 1997;49(1):83-90
56. Marmar JL, Agarwal A, Prabakaran S, et al. Reassessing the value of varicocelectomy as a treatment for male subfertility with a new meta-analysis. Fertil Steril 2007;88(3):639-648
57. Nieschlag E, Hertle L, Fischedick A, Behre HM. Treatment of varicocele: counselling as effective as occlusion of the vena spermatica. Hum Reprod 1995;10(2):347-353
58. Ficarra V, Cerruto M, Liguori G, et al. Treatment of varicocele in subfertile men: The Cochrane Review-a contrary opinion. Eur Urol 2006;49(2):258-263
59. Dubin L, Amelar RD. Varicocelectomy: twenty-five years of experience. Int J Fertil 1988;33(4):226-228, 231-235
60. Watanabe M, Nagai A, Kusumi N, Tsuboi H, Nasu Y, Kumon H. Minimal invasiveness and effectivity of subinguinal microscopic varicocelectomy: a comparative study with retroperitoneal high and laparoscopic approaches. Int J Urol 2005;12(10):892-898
61. Schiff J, Kelly C, Goldstein M, et al. Managing varicoceles in children: results with microsurgical varicocelectomy. BJU Int 2005;95(3):399-402
62. Samraj GP, Kuritzky L, Curry RW. Chronic pelvic pain in women: evaluation and management in primary care. Compr Ther 2005;31(1):28-39
63. Mathias SD, Kuppermann M, Liberman RF, Lipschutz RC, Steege JF. Chronic pelvic pain: prevalence, health-related quality of life, and economic correlates. Obstet Gynecol 1996;87(3):321-327
64. Beard RW, Highman JH, Pearce S, Reginald PW. Diagnosis of pelvic varicosities in women with chronic pelvic pain. Lancet 1984;2(8409):946- 949Soysal ME, Soysal S, Vicdan K, Ozer S. A randomized controlled trial of goserelin and medroxyprogesterone acetate in the treatment of pelvic congestion. Hum Reprod 2001; 16(5):931-939
65. Taylor HJ. Vascular congestion and hyperemia; their effect on function and structure in the female reproductive organs; etiology and therapy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1949;57(4):654- 668
66. Beard RW, Reginald PW, Wadsworth J. Clinical features of women with chronic lower abdominal pain and pelvic congestion. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1988;95(2):153-161
67. Cordts PR, Eclavea A, Buckley PJ, et al. Pelvic congestion syndrome: early clinical results after transcatheter ovarian vein embolization. J Vasc Surg 1998;28(5):862-868
68. Ahlberg NE, Bartley O, Chidekel N. Right and left gonadal veins. An anatomical and statistical study. Acta Radiol Diagn (Stockh) 1966;4(6):593-601
69. Giacchetto C, Catizone F, Cotroneo G, et al. Radiologic anatomy of the genital venous system in female patients with varicocele. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1989;169(5):403-407
70. Reginald PW, Adams J, Franks S, Wadsworth J, Beard RW. Medroxyprogesterone acetate in the treatment of pelvic pain due to venous congestion. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989;96(10):1148-1152
71. Scultetus AH, Villavicencio JL, Gillespie DL. The nutcracker syndrome: its role in the pelvic venous disorders. J Vasc Surg 2001;34(5):812-819
72. d'Archambeau O, Maes M, De Schepper A. The pelvic congestion syndrome: role of the "nutcracker phenomenon" and results of endovascular treatment. JBR-BTR 2004; 87(1):1-8
73. Belenky A, Bartal G, Atar E, Cohen M, Bachar G. Ovarian varices in healthy female kidney donors: incidence, morbidity, and clinical outcome. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2002;179(3): 625-627
74. Park SJ, Lim JW, Ko YT, et al. Diagnosis of pelvic congestion syndrome using transabdominal and transvaginal sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004;182(3):683-688
75. Pagani JJ, Thomas JL, Bernardino ME. Computed tomographic manifestations of abdominal and pelvic venous collaterals. Radiology 1982;142(2):415-419
76. Coakley FV, Varghese SL, Hricak H. CT and MRI of pelvic varices in women. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1999;23(3):429-434
77. Kennedy A, Hemingway A. Radiology of ovarian varices. Br J Hosp Med 1990;44(1):38-43
78. Kwon SH, Oh JH, Ko KR, Park HC, Huh JY. Transcathete ovarian vein embolization using coils for the treatment of pelvic congestion syndrome. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2007;30(4):655-661
79. Edwards RD, Robertson IR, MacLean AB, Hemingway AP. Case report: pelvic pain syndrome-successful treatment of a case by ovarian vein embolization. Clin Radiol 1993;47(6): 429-431
80. Ganeshan A, Upponi S, Hon L, et al. Chronic pelvic pain due to pelvic congestion syndrome: the role of diagnostic and interventional radiology. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2007;30(6):1105-1111
81. Venbrux AC, Chang AH, Kim HS, et al. Pelvic congestion syndrome (pelvic venous incompetence): impact of ovarian and internal iliac vein embolotherapy on menstrual cycle and chronic pelvic pain. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2002;13(2 Pt 1):171-178
82. Maleux G, Stockx L, Wilms G, Marchal G. Ovarian vein embolization for the treatment of pelvic congestion syndrome: long-term technical and clinical results. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2000;11(7):859-864
83. Basile A, Marletta G, Tsetis D, Patti M. The Amplatzer Vascular Plug Also for Ovarian Vein Embolization. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2007;31(2):446-447
84. Cordts PR, Eclavea A, Buckley PJ, et al. Pelvic congestion syndrome: early clinical results after transcatheter ovarian vein embolization. J Vasc Surg 1998;28(5):862-868
85. Gargiulo T, Mais V, Brokaj L, Cossu E, Melis G. Bilateral laparoscopic transperitoneal ligation of ovarian veins for treatment of pelvic congestion syndrome. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2003;10(4):501-504
86. Beard RW, Kennedy RG, Gangar KF, et al. Bilateral oophorectomy and hysterectomy in the treatment of intractable pelvic pain associated with pelvic congestion. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1991;98(10):988-992
87. Farquhar CM, Rogers V, Franks S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of medroxyprogesterone acetate and psychotherapy for the treatment of pelvic congestion. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989;96(10):1153-1162