Mapping entrepreneurial activity and entrepreneurial attitudes in European regions

International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business

Volumn 7, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 191-213

  Bosma, Niels ^a   Schutjens, Veronique ^a  

^a UTRECHT UNIVERSITY   (Netherlands)

Author keywords

Entrepreneurial activity; Entrepreneurial attitudes; Entrepreneurship; European regions; Urbanisation

Indexed keywords

EID: 59549087200     PISSN: 14761297     EISSN: 17418054     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1504/IJESB.2009.022806     Document Type: Article

References (58)

1. Acs, Z.J., Audretsch, D.B., Braunerhjelm, P. and Carlsson, B. (2004) 'The missing link: The knowledge filter and entrepreneurship in endogenous growth', CEPR Discussion Papers, No. 4783.
2. Arenius, P. and Minniti, M. (2005) 'Perceptual variables and nascent entrepreneurship', Small Business Economics, Vol. 24, pp.233-247.
3. Armington, C. and Acs, Z. (2002) 'The determinants of regional variation in new firm variation', Regional Studies, Vol. 36, No. 1, pp.33-45.
4. Ashcroft, B., Love, J.H. and Malloy, E. (1991) 'New firm formation in the British counties with special reference to Scotland', Regional Studies, Vol. 25, pp.395-409.
5. Audretsch, D.B., Carree, M.A., van Stel, A.J. and Thurik, A.R. (2008) 'Does self-employment reduce unemployment?', Journal of Business Venturing, forthcoming.
6. Audretsch, D.B. and Fritsch, M. (1994) 'The geography of firm births in Germany', Regional Studies, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.359-365.
7. Audretsch, D.B. and Fritsch, M. (2002) 'Growth regimes over time and space', Regional Studies, Vol. 36, pp.113-124.
8. Audretsch, D.B., Keilbach, M.C. and Lehmann, E.E. (2006) Entrepreneurship and Economic Growth, Oxford Press.
9. Baptista, R., Escária, V. and Madruga, P. (2005) 'Entrepreneurship, regional development and job creation: The case of Portugal', Discussion Papers on Entrepreneurship, Growth and Public Policy #0605-2005, Max Planck Institute for Research into Economic Systems, Jena.
10. Baskerville, R.F. (2003) 'Hofstede never studied culture', Accounting, Organizations and Society, Vol. 28, pp.1-14.
11. Bergmann, H. and Sternberg, R. (2007) 'The changing face of entrepreneurship in Germany', Small Business Economics, Vol. 28, Nos. 2-3, pp.205-221.
12. Beugelsdijk, S. and Noorderhaven, N. (2004) 'Entrepreneurial attitude and economic growth: A cross-section of 54 regions', Annals of Regional Science, Vol. 41, No. 4, pp.346-365.
13. Beugelsdijk, S. and Noorderhaven, N. (2005) 'Personality characteristics of self-employed: An empirical study', Small Business Economics, Vol. 24, pp.159-167.
14. Beugelsdijk, S., van Schaik, T. and Arts, W. (2006) 'Towards a unified Europe? Explaining regional differences in value patterns by economic development, cultural heritage and historical shocks', Regional Studies, Vol. 40, No. 3, pp.317-327.
15. Birch, D. (1979) The Job Generation Process, Cambridge, MA: MIT.
16. Blanchflower, D.G., Oswald, A. and Stutzer, A. (2001) 'Latent entrepreneurship across nations', European Economic Review, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp.680-691.
17. Bosma, N.S., Jones, K., Autio, E. and Levie, J. (2008a) Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2007, Executive report, Babson College/ London Business School.
18. Bosma, N.S. and Schutjens, V.J.A.M. (2007) 'Outlook on Europe: Patterns of promising entrepreneurial activity in European regions', Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, Vol. 98, No. 5, pp.675-686.
19. Bosma, N.S., Van Stel, A.J. and Suddle, K. (2008b) 'The geography of new firm formation: Evidence from independent start-ups and new subsidiaries in the Netherlands', International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, Vol. 4, No. 2, forthcoming.
20. Bosma, N.S. and Wennekers, A.R.M. (2004) 'Entrepreneurial attitudes versus entrepreneurial activities', Global Entrepreneurship Monitor 2003, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands: EIM.
21. Carree, M., van Stel, A., Thurik, R. and Wennekers, S. (2002) 'Economic development and business ownership: An analysis using data of 23 OECD countries in the period 1976-1996', Small Business Economics, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp.271-290.
22. Clark, K. and Drinkwater, S. (1998) 'Ethnicity and self-employment in Britain', Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, Vol. 60, pp.383-407.
23. Davidsson, P. (1995) 'Culture, structure and regional levels of entrepreneurship', Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, Vol. 7, pp.41-62.
24. Davidsson, P. and Wiklund, J. (1997) 'Values, beliefs and regional variations in new firm formation rates', Journal of Economic Psychology, Vol. 18, pp.179-199.
25. Djankov, S., La Porta, R., Lopez-de-Silanes, F. and Shleifer, A. (2002) 'The regulation of entry', Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 117, No. 1, pp.1-37.
26. European Commission (2003) Green Paper: Entrepreneurship in Europe Brussels: Enterprise Directorate General.
27. Fotopoulos, G. and Spence, N. (1999) 'Spatial variations in new manufacturing plant openings: Some empirical evidence from Greece', Regional Studies, Vol. 33, pp.219-229.
28. Fritsch, M. (1992) 'Regional differences in new firm formation: Evidence from West Germany', Regional Studies, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp.233-241.
29. Fritsch, M. and Mueller, P. (2006) 'The evolution of regional entrepreneurship and growth regimes', in M. Fritsch and J. Schmude (Eds.) Entrepreneurship in the Region, International Studies in Entrepreneurship, New York: Springer Science, Vol. 14.
30. Grilo, I. and Irigoyen, J-M. (2006) 'Entrepreneurship in the EU: To wish and not to be', Small Business Economics, Vol. 27, pp.305-318.
31. Grilo, I. and Thurik, A.R. (2005) 'Entrepreneurial engagement levels in the European Union', International Journal of Entrepreneurship Education, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp.143-168.
32. Grilo, I. and Thurik, R. (2006) Latent and Actual Entrepreneurship in Europe and the US: Some Recent Developments, Zoetermeer: EIM Scales Paper.
33. Hall, P.A. and Soskice, D. (2001) Varieties of Capitalism. The Institutional Foundations of Comparative Advantage, Oxford: University Press.
34. Henrekson, M. (2006) 'Entrepreneurship and the welfare state: A reply', Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp.579-593.
35. Hofstede, G. (2001) Culture's Consequences: Comparing Values, Behaviors, Institutions and Organizations Across Nations, 2nd ed., Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
36. Inglehart, R. and Baker, W.E. (2000) 'Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values', American Sociological Review, Vol. 65, No. 1, pp.19-51.
37. Lasch, F., Le Roy, F. and Yami, S. (2007) 'Critical growth factors of ICT start-ups', Management Decision, Vol. 45, No. 1, pp.62-75.
38. Lee, S.Y., Florida, R. and Acs, Z.J. (2004) 'Creativity and entrepreneurship: A regional analysis of new firm formation', Regional Studies, Vol. 38, No. 8, pp.879-891.
39. Levie, J. (2007) 'Immigration, in-migration, ethnicity and entrepreneurship in the United Kingdom', Small Business Economics, Vol. 28, No. 2, pp.143-169.
40. Nyström, K. (2005) 'Determinants of regional entry and exit in industrial sectors', CESIS Electronic Working Paper Series, Vol. 33.
41. Parker, S.C. (2005) 'Explaining regional variations in entrepreneurship as multiple equilibria', Journal of Regional Science, Vol. 45, pp.829-850.
42. Reynolds, P., Storey, D.J. and Westhead, P. (1994) 'Cross-national comparisons of the variation in new firm formation rates', Regional Studies, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp.443-456.
43. Reynolds, P.D., Bosma, N., Autio, E., Hunt, S., de Bono, N., Servais, I., Lopez-Garcia, P. and Chin, N. (2005) 'Global entrepreneurship monitor: Data collection design and implementation 1998-2003', Small Business Economics, Vol. 24, No. 3, pp.205-231.
44. Reynolds, P.D., Bygrave, W.D., Autio, E., Cox, L.W. and Hay, M. (2002) Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 2002 Executive Report, Babson College, London Business School and Kauffman Foundation.
45. Reynolds, P.D., Carter, N.M., Gartner, W.B. and Greene, P.G. (2004) 'The prevalence of nascent entrepreneurs in the United States: Evidence from the panel study of entrepreneurial dynamics', Small Business Economics, Vol. 23, pp.263-284.
46. Reynolds, P.D., Miller, B. and Maki, W.R. (1995) 'Explaining regional variation in business births and deaths: U.S. 1976-88", Small Business Economics, Vol. 7, pp.389-407.
47. Siegfried, J.J. and Evans, L.B. (1994) "Empirical studies of entry and exit: A survey of the evidence', Review of Industrial Organisation Vol. 9, pp.121-155.
48. Sternberg, R. (2000) 'Gründungsforschung - Relevanz des Raumes und Aufgaben der Wirtschaftsgeographie', Geographische Zeitschrift, Vol. 88, pp.199-219.
49. Sternberg, R. (2005) 'Entrepreneurship in German regions and the policy dimension', in D.B. Audretsch, H. Grimm and C.W. Wessner (Eds.) Local Heroes in the Global Village, Globalization and New Entrepreneurship Policies, New York: Springer, pp.113-144.
50. Storey, D.J. (1991) 'The birth of new firms - does unemployment matter? A review of evidence', Small Business Economics, Vol. 3, pp.167-178.
51. Sutaria, V. and Hicks, D. (2004) 'New firm formation: Dynamics and determinants', The Annals of Regional Science, Vol. 38, pp.241-262.
52. Tamásy, C. (2006) 'Determinants of regional entrepreneurship dynamics in contemporary Germany: A conceptual and empirical analysis', Regional Studies, Vol. 40, No. 4, pp.365-384.
53. Van Stel, A.J., Storey, D.J. and Thurik, A.R. (2006) 'The effect of business regulations on nascent and young business entrepreneurship', EIM Research Report H200609, Zoetermeer: EIM.
54. Verheul, I., Wennekers, S., Audretsch, D. and Thurik, R. (2001) 'An eclectic theory of entrepreneurship: Policies, institutions and culture', Research Report 0012/E, Zoetermeer: EIM.
55. Wennekers, A.R.M. (2006) 'Entrepreneurship at country level: Economic and non-economic determinants', ERIM PhD Series Research in Management, Erasmus University, Rotterdam.
56. Wennekers, A.R.M., Thurik, A.R., van Stel, A.J. and Noorderhaven, N. (2006) 'Uncertainty avoidance and the rate of business ownership across 21 OECD countries', ERIM Report Series ERS-2006-065-ORG.
57. Wennekers, S. and Thurik, R. (1999) 'Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth', Small Business Economics, Vol. 13, pp.27-55.
58. World Bank (2005) Doing Business in 2005: Removing Obstacles to Growth, Washington, DC: World Bank.