Buildings and Place: Farmsteads and the Mapping of Change

Vernacular Architecture

Volumn 37, Issue 1, 2006, Pages 33-49

  Lake, Jeremy ^a   Edwards, Bob ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 59449100333     PISSN: 03055477     EISSN: 17496292     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1179/174962906X158237     Document Type: Article

References (69)

1. S. R., Jones, English Village Homes (London: Batsford, 1936), 1.
2. M., Jones and K., Daugstad, ‘Usages of the “Cultural Landscape” concept in Norwegian and Nordic landscape administration’, Landscape Research 22.3 (1997), 267–82.
3. The best-known of these tools in England is the array of 159 Joint Character Areas — Countryside Character volumes (Cheltenham: Countryside Commission and Countryside Agency, 1998–9); www.countryside.gov.uk/lar/landscape.
4. N., Burton (ed.), Georgian Vernacular (Tonbridge: Georgian Group, 1996). For the vernacular in chapel architecture, see J. Lake, J. Cox and E. Berry, Diversity and Vitality. The Methodist and Nonconformist Chapels of Cornwall (Truro: Cornwall Archaeological Unit, 2001).
5. J., Moir, 'Vernacular Architecture: Open Air Museums and the Ecological Framework', VA 28 (1997), 20–4; O. Rackham, 'Grundle House: on the quantities of timber in certain East Anglian buildings in relation to local supplies', VA3 (1972), 3–8; J. C. Kirk, 'Butts Cottage, Kirdford: The conversion of trees to timber in the rural Sussex Weald', VA35 (2004), 12–20.
6. For example in Jones, English Village Homes; J. and J. Penoyre, Houses in the Landscape (London: Faber and Faber, 1978).
7. R., Newman, 'Farmers and fields: developing a research agenda for post-medieval agrarian society and landscape', Post-Medieval Archaeol. 39.2 (2005), 205.
8. P., Gaskell and S., Owen, Historic Farm Buildings: Constructing the Evidence Base (Cheltenham: University of Gloucestershire, 2005), 37–8, 85–9.
9. B., Edwards, 'Buildings archaeology in England: Are the foundations in place?', in G., Malm (ed.), Archaeology and Buildings, BAR International Series 930 (2001), 19–24; S. Orr, 'West Berkshire historic farm buildings: An assessment of the resource and guidelines for management', Hist Farm Build. Grp Rev. 4 (Spring 2006), 4–8; S. Gould, 'Analysis and recording of historic buildings within the English planning frame-work: an assessment of current practice', Archaeologist55 (2005), 12–13.
10. Staddle barns, for example, are targeted in the New Forest, theonly problem being that there are none in this area. They begin to occur just to the north, in Cranborne Chase. Between 2000 and 2004,40% of the £90 million spent on the historic environment in these schemes was spent on vernacular buildings (Heritage Counts: The State of England's Historic Environment (Swindon: English Heritage, 2005), 50–1).
11. R., Fieldhouse and B., Jennings, A History of Richmond andSwaledale (Chichester: Phillimore, 1978), 244.
12. A., Pacey, 'On surveying a barn in a snowstorm', Yorkshire Buildings 29 (2001), 80–2.
13. S., Moorhouse, 'Medieval Yorkshire: A rural landscape for thefuture', in T. G., Manby, S., Moorhouse and P., Ottaway (eds), The Archaeology of Yorkshire: An assessment at the beginning of the 21st century, Yorkshire Archaeological Society Occasional Paper, 3 (2003), 192–4.
14. J., McDonnell, 'Upland Pennine hamlets', Northern History 26 (1990), 33–9.
15. S., Moorhouse, 'Anatomy of the Yorkshire Dales: decoding themedieval landscape', in T. G., Manby, S., Moorhouse and P., Ottaway (eds), The Archaeology of Yorkshire: An assessment at the beginning of the 21st Century, Yorkshire Archaeological Society Occasional Paper 3 (2003), (313–14.
16. A., Fleming, Swaledale. Valley of the Wild River (Edinburgh:Edinburgh University Press, 1998), 76–9; A. Winchester, The Harvest of the Hills. Rural Life in Northern England and the Scottish Borders, 1400–1700 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2003), 56, 69–70.
17. A survey has shown that 76 out of 1,044 field barns in Swaledale and Arkengarthdale had the tell-signs of being heightened and adapted from earlier steep-pitched and heather-thatched barns (R., White, The Yorkshire Dales (London: Batsford, 1997), 77).
18. Blake Tyson’s research has established that bank barns were built on gentry estates from the late sixteenth century and became widespread after 1750. See, for example, B., Tyson, aydal Hall Farmyard; the development of a Westmorland farmstead before 1700', Trans. Cumberland and Westmorland Antiq. Archaeol. Soc. 2nd series 80 (1980), 113–29; T. Whittaker, 'The bank barns of Cumbria — an overview', J. Hist Farm Build. Grp15 (2001), 14; P. S. Barnwell and C. Giles, English Farmsteads 1750–1914 (Swindon: RCHME, 1997), 103–4.
19. These are two cruck barns at Drebley and the Dukes Barn closeto Bolton Priory which have ex situ crucks. Although their floor areas are large (120–158 sq m, as opposed to 90 sq m for medium-scale combination barns), their cubic capacity is limited by their low eaves heights, around 2.5m, compared to 4.5m for eighteenth- and nineteenth-century combination barns. The earliest truss-roof barn in the vicinity is at Watergate Farm (NGR 054577) which has a cow house in the down-slope end: it is approx. 1700 in date.
20. B., Harrison and B., Hutton, Vernacular Houses in North York-shire and Cleveland (Edinburgh: John Donald, 1984), 10; RCHME, Rural Houses of West Yorkshire, 1986 (London: RCHME, 1986), 36–41.
21. H. M., Beaumont, 'Tracing the evolution of an estate township:Barden in Upper Wharfedale', The Local Historian 26.2 (1996), 71–2; A. Winchester, Harvest of the Hills, 61–73.
22. Winchester, Harvest of the Hills.
23. R., Harris, 'The grammar of carpentry', VA 20 (1989), 1–8.
24. J. T., Smith, 'RCHM and architectural investigation', RCHME Annual Review (London: RCHME, 1985), 23–5.
25. J., Thirsk, England's Agricultural Regions and Agricultural History, 1500–1750 (London: Macmillan, 1987), 20.
26. S., Pearson, 'Vernacular buildings in the landscape', in P., Everson and T., Williamson (eds), The Archaeology of Land-scape (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), 176–7.
27. Newman, 'Farmers and fields', 209–10.
28. Gaskell and Owen, Historic Farm Buildings, 42–51.
29. The principal exceptions are the claylands of Suffolk and large swathes of the South-East, which were last surveyed during the 1970s.
30. B. K., Roberts and S., Wrathmell, An Atlas of Rural Settlementin England (London: English Heritage, 2000); B. K. Roberts and S. Wrathmell, Region and Place. A study of English rural settlement (London: English Heritage, 2002).
31. H. S. A., Fox, 'Devon and Cornwall', in E., Miller (ed.), Agrarian History of England and Wales, 1348–1500 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 165–9. For some documented examples, see C. Dyer, 'Peasant farmers: rural settlements in an age of transition', in D. Gaimster and P. Stamper, The Age of Transition. The Archaeology of English Culture, 1400–1600 (Oxford: Oxbow, 1997), 70–4.
32. H., Riley and R., Wilson North, The Field Archaeology of Exmoor (Swindon: English Heritage, 2001), 121.
33. V., Chapman, 'The Inclosures and Village of Bolam', Trans. Architectural and Archaeol Soc. Durham and Northumberland, new series 2 (1970), 91.
34. N., Cooper, Aynho. A Northamptonshire Village (Banbury: Banbury History Society, 1984), 133–5.
35. P. A. G., Clack, 'Post Medieval Farms in Shadforth', Trans. Architectural Archaeol. Soc. of Durham and Northumberland, new series 5 (1980), 97–105.
36. Roberts and Wrathmell, Region and Place, 62.
37. L., Shaw-Taylor, 'Family farms and capitalist farms in mid nineteenth-century England', tlgr. Hist Re. 53.2 (2005), 190.
38. J., Thirsk, 'The South-West Midlands', in J., Thirsk (ed.), The Agrarian History of England and Wales, 1640–1750, Regional Farming Systems (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984), 174–7.
39. S., Pearson, The Medieval Houses of Kent. An Historical Analysis (London: RCHME, 1994), 141–4.
40. The Vernacular Buildings of BatcombeFor example around Batcombe, where one building relates to the enclosure of its landscape in the thirteenth century and the dominant pattern is one of a comprehensive rebuilding of yeoman-clothier farmhouses in the late seventeenth century (SSAVBRG, (Crewkerne: Somerset Rural Life Museum, 1988).
41. In the Upper Calder Valley (Southern Pennines), for example, the 'vast majority of surviving houses' — storeyed and built of stone, with wings at one or both ends — had been erected by 1700. RCHME, Rural Houses of West Yorkshire 1400–1830 (London: HMSO, 1986), 119, 107–13.
42. A., Raistrick, West Riding of Yorkshire (London: Hodder and Staughton, 1970), 89–91,95-7.
43. Barnwell and Giles, English Farmsteads, 70–1; for the longhouse in Fig. 4b, see V. Bolter and E. Gould, 'Ladythorne Cottage, Cheswick, Northumberland', Northumbrian Building Studies, Traditional Architecture Group, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 4 (2002), 15–28.
44. A. J. L., Winchester, 'Regional identity in the Lake counties: Land tenure and the Cumbrian landscape', Northern History (2005), 62, 43–7.
45. Winchester, Harvest of the Hills, 63; I. Whyte, 'Taming the fells:Parliamentary enclosure and the landscape in northern England', Landscapes6.1 (2005), 57–9. For Maulds Meabum (Fig. 4c) see Whittaker, 'The Bank Barns of Cumbria', 40–1, and B. K. Roberts, 'A field survey of Maulds Meabum, Westmorland', in Trans. Cumberland Westmorland Antiq. Archaeol. Soc. 96 (1996), 44–50.
46. C., Currie, 'Time and chance: modelling the attrition of old houses', VA 19 (1988), 1-9; and the articles by Currie, Mercer and Smith in VA21 (1991), 1–9.
47. Pearson, The Medieval Houses of Kent, 60-7,71.
48. J., Lake and S., Wade Martins, 'Thematic listing surveys: the Norfolk pilot project', J. Hist Farm Build Grpll (1997), 2-3,5. A study of barns in the eastern part of the High Weald has also shown that up to 75% of pre-1750 barns were combination buildings, opened up as corn production increased in the mid 19th century. D. Martin and B. Martin, Historic Buildings in East Sussex (Robertsbridge: Rape of Hastings Architectural Survey, 1982), 4,9-10,59.
49. For example at Snape Hill Farm, Rickinghall, in the claylandsof northern Suffolk. A large timber-framed barn, with evidence for its partial use for cattle, is sited at the centre of a large home close, its conversion to a threshing barn in the early nineteenth century being linked to regular enclosure and conversion from a cattle-rearing to arable economy.
50. C., Foster, 'Cheshire cheese: farming in the North-West in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries', Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire 144 (1995), 30–3; Barnwell and Giles, English Farmsteads, 127.
51. J., Lake and B., Edwards, 'Farmsteads and Landscape: Towardsan Integrated View', Landscapes 7.1 (2006), 1–36.
52. The AHBR contains records on all listed buildings in Hamp-shire, geo-referenced to around 5m in accuracy, in addition to the results of recording exercises such as the University of Southampton's survey of 300 farmsteads. A coding system using upper and lower case letters in order to distinguish between the dominant farmstead type (such as loose courtyard type) and secondary features (such as dispersed plan elements) was devised in order to record the various combinations of plan forms, and the level of completeness was recorded as Extant, Partial Loss, Significant Loss (typically with only the houses surviving) and Total Loss. The mapping was completed in 38 days.
53. The analysis of data on curtilage buildings collected during aLocal Authority Buildings at Risk Survey of all listed buildings in the Basingstoke, and Deane District Council area, conducted by Bob Edwards and others.
54. Shaw-Taylor, 'Family farms and capitalist farms', 168.
55. For HLC, see J., Clark, J., Darlington and G., Fairclough, Using Historic Landscape Characterisation (Swindon: English Heritage and Lancashire County Council, 2004); S. Rippon, with J. Clark, Historic Landscape Analysis: Deciphering the Countryside (York: Council for British Archaeology, 2004). Also www.englishheritage.org.uk/characterisation.
56. J., Chapman and S., Seeliger, Enclosure, Environment and Landscape in Southern England (Stroud: Tempus, 2001), 88.
57. E. V., Roberts, Hampshire Houses 1250–1700. Their Dating and Development (Winchester: Hampshire County Council, 2003), 230.
58. J., Hare, 'Agriculture, and settlement in Wiltshire, and Hamp-shire', in M., Aston and C., Lewis (eds), The Medieval Landscape of Wessex, Oxbow Monograph, 46 (Oxford: 1994), 166; Roberts, Hampshire Houses, 211–12; J. Greatrex, The Register of the Common Seal of the Priory of St Swithin, Winchester 1345–1497 Hampshire Record Series 2 (Winchester: Hampshire County Council, 1978), 145.
59. Hampshire Record Office 19M61/1485; J., Chapman and S., Seeliger, A Guide to Enclosure in Hampshire 1700–1900, Hamp-shire Record Series 15 (Winchester: Hampshire County Council, 1997), 102. The buildings at Nuthangar are listed as seventeenth century, although internal inspection has shown that this is an underestimate of the probable late medieval origin of the farmhouse.
60. Roberts and Wrathmell, Settlement Atlas, 42–4.
61. The 1840 apportionment and tithe map for Nether Wallop (Fig. 4A) is in Hampshire Records Office 21M65/F7/166/1 and 2; the 1797 enclosure award is in 10M57/A2.
62. Hampshire Record Office 19M61/1485 and 1487, 21M65/F7/ 208/2 (Tithe Map) and 152M82/7/5 (Land Tax); 1940 Farm Survey in The National Archives, PRO MAP32/975/150.
63. Hampshire Record Office 21M65/F7/116/2.
64. The National Archives, MAP 32/975/154.
65. They survive on dairying farms — P. M. Slocombe, Wiltshire Farm Buildings, 1500–1900 (Devizes: Wiltshire Buildings Record, 1989), 22; D. C. G. Davies, Historic Farmstead and Farmhouse Types in the Shropshire Region (MA thesis, University of Manchester), 99; J. E. C., Peters, The Development of Farm Buildings in West Lowland Staffordshire up to 1880 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1969), 51.
66. J. G., Hurst, 'Rural Building in England and Wales', in H. E., Hallam (ed.), The Agrarian History of England and Wales, vol. 2, 1042–1350 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988), 860, and 889; H. E. J. Le Patourel, 'Rural building in England and Wales', in Miller (ed.), Agrarian History, 1348–1500, 843–65. J. Musty and D. Algar, 'Excavations at the deserted medieval village of Gomeldon, near Salisbury', Wiltshire Archaeol Nat Hist Mag80 (1986), 127–69; J. G. and D. G. Hurst, Excavations at the deserted medieval village of Hangleton, part 2', Sussex Archaeol Collect102 (1964), 94–141.
67. J., Thirsk, 'South Eastern England', in J., Thirsk (ed.), The Agrarian History of England and Wales, Volume IV, 1500–1640 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1967), 65; J. R. Wordie, 'The South: Oxfordshire, Buckinghamshire, Berkshire, Wiltshire, and Hampshire', in J. Thirsk (ed.), Regional Farming Systems, 332–7.
68. Wordie, 'The South', 318.
69. From 'Little Gidding' in Four Quartets (London: Faber & Faber, 1959 edition), lines 239–42 (p. 59).