메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 78, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 447-459

Spatial and temporal variation in the relative contribution of density dependence, climate variation and migration to fluctuations in the size of great tit populations

Author keywords

Demographic stochasticity; Density regulation; Dispersal; Environmental stochasticity; Stochastic population dynamics

Indexed keywords

ANNUAL VARIATION; BREEDING SEASON; CLIMATE CHANGE; DENSITY DEPENDENCE; GLOBAL CLIMATE; MIGRATION; PASSERINE; POPULATION DYNAMICS; POPULATION MODELING; POPULATION SIZE; RECRUITMENT (POPULATION DYNAMICS); SPATIAL VARIATION; STOCHASTICITY; TEMPORAL VARIATION; TIME SERIES;

EID: 59449098313     PISSN: 00218790     EISSN: 13652656     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2008.01488.x     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (58)

References (86)
  • 1
    • 0033804456 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Phenotypic correlates and consequences of dispersal in a metapopulation of house sparrows Passer domesticus
    • Altwegg, R., Ringsby, T.H. Sæther, B.-E. (2000) Phenotypic correlates and consequences of dispersal in a metapopulation of house sparrows Passer domesticus. Journal of Animal Ecology, 69, 762 770.
    • (2000) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 762-770
    • Altwegg, R.1    Ringsby, T.H.2    Sæther, B.-E.3
  • 2
    • 0038670387 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Variation and covariation in survival, dispersal, and population size in barn owls Tyto alba
    • Altwegg, R., Roulin, A., Kestenholz, M. Jenni, L. (2003) Variation and covariation in survival, dispersal, and population size in barn owls Tyto alba. Journal of Animal Ecology, 72, 391 399.
    • (2003) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.72 , pp. 391-399
    • Altwegg, R.1    Roulin, A.2    Kestenholz, M.3    Jenni, L.4
  • 3
    • 0344674789 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Dispersal behaviour and population dynamics of vertebrates
    • eds. Bullock J.M., Kenward R.E. Hails R.S. pp. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.
    • Andreassen, H.P., Stenseth, N.C. Ims, R.A. (2002) Dispersal behaviour and population dynamics of vertebrates. Dispersal Ecology (eds J.M. Bullock, R.E. Kenward R.S. Hails pp. 237 256. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.
    • (2002) Dispersal Ecology , pp. 237-256
    • Andreassen, H.P.1    Stenseth, N.C.2    Ims, R.A.3
  • 5
    • 33746441937 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population viability in the presence and absence of cowbirds, catastrophic mortality, and immigration
    • eds. Smith J.N.M., Keller L.F., Marr A.B. Arcese P. pp. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
    • Arcese, P. Marr, A.B. (2006) Population viability in the presence and absence of cowbirds, catastrophic mortality, and immigration. Conservation and the Biology of Small Populations: The Song Sparrows of Mandarte Island (eds J.N.M. Smith, L.F. Keller, A.B. Marr P. Arcese pp. 175 191. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
    • (2006) Conservation and the Biology of Small Populations: The Song Sparrows of Mandarte Island , pp. 175-191
    • Arcese, P.1    Marr, A.B.2
  • 6
    • 0026498742 scopus 로고
    • Stability, regulation, and the determination of abundance in an insular song sparrow population
    • Arcese, P., Smith, J.N.M., Hochachka, W.M., Rogers, C.M. Ludwig, D. (1992) Stability, regulation, and the determination of abundance in an insular song sparrow population. Ecology, 73, 805 822.
    • (1992) Ecology , vol.73 , pp. 805-822
    • Arcese, P.1    Smith, J.N.M.2    Hochachka, W.M.3    Rogers, C.M.4    Ludwig, D.5
  • 8
    • 0000746447 scopus 로고
    • The food of titmice in oak woodland
    • Betts, M.M. (1955) The food of titmice in oak woodland. Journal of Animal Ecology, 24, 282 323.
    • (1955) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.24 , pp. 282-323
    • Betts, M.M.1
  • 10
    • 0034490675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Breeding territory size affects fitness: An experimental study on competition at the individual level
    • Both, C. Visser, M.E. (2000) Breeding territory size affects fitness: an experimental study on competition at the individual level. Journal of Animal Ecology, 69, 1021 1030.
    • (2000) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.69 , pp. 1021-1030
    • Both, C.1    Visser, M.E.2
  • 12
    • 0024191159 scopus 로고
    • Survival rate in the great tit Parus major in relation to sex, age, and immigration status
    • Clobert, J., Perrins, C.M., McCleery, R.H. Gosler, A.G. (1988) Survival rate in the great tit Parus major in relation to sex, age, and immigration status. Journal of Animal Ecology, 57, 287 306.
    • (1988) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.57 , pp. 287-306
    • Clobert, J.1    Perrins, C.M.2    McCleery, R.H.3    Gosler, A.G.4
  • 14
    • 0021613469 scopus 로고
    • Stability and persistence of an age-structured avian population in a seasonal environment
    • Ekman, J. (1984) Stability and persistence of an age-structured avian population in a seasonal environment. Journal of Animal Ecology, 53, 135 146.
    • (1984) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.53 , pp. 135-146
    • Ekman, J.1
  • 15
    • 0000916551 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demographic and environmental stochasticity - Concepts and definitions
    • Engen, S., Bakke, O. Islam, A. (1998) Demographic and environmental stochasticity - concepts and definitions. Biometrics, 54, 840 846.
    • (1998) Biometrics , vol.54 , pp. 840-846
    • Engen, S.1    Bakke, O.2    Islam, A.3
  • 16
    • 0034808360 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stochastic population dynamics and time to extinction of a declining population of barn swallows
    • Engen, S., Sæther, B.-E. Møller, A.P. (2001) Stochastic population dynamics and time to extinction of a declining population of barn swallows. Journal of Animal Ecology, 70, 789 797.
    • (2001) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.70 , pp. 789-797
    • Engen, S.1    Sæther, B.-E.2    Møller, A.P.3
  • 17
    • 0036165033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Migration and spatio-temporal variation in population dynamics in a heterogeneous environment
    • Engen, S., Lande, R. Sæther, B.-E. (2002a) Migration and spatio-temporal variation in population dynamics in a heterogeneous environment. Ecology, 83, 570 579.
    • (2002) Ecology , vol.83 , pp. 570-579
    • Engen, S.1    Lande, R.2    Sæther, B.-E.3
  • 18
    • 0036794068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The spatial scale of population fluctuations and quasi-extinction risk
    • Engen, S., Lande, R. Sæther, B.-E. (2002b) The spatial scale of population fluctuations and quasi-extinction risk. American Naturalist, 160, 439 451.
    • (2002) American Naturalist , vol.160 , pp. 439-451
    • Engen, S.1    Lande, R.2    Sæther, B.-E.3
  • 19
    • 19544384430 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Extinction in relation to demographic and environmental stochasticity in age-structured models
    • Engen, S., Lande, R., Sæther, B.-E. Weimerskirch, H. (2005) Extinction in relation to demographic and environmental stochasticity in age-structured models. Mathematical Biosciences, 195, 210 227.
    • (2005) Mathematical Biosciences , vol.195 , pp. 210-227
    • Engen, S.1    Lande, R.2    Sæther, B.-E.3    Weimerskirch, H.4
  • 22
    • 84947147733 scopus 로고
    • Populations of tits and goldcrests and their food supply in pine plantations
    • Gibb, J.A. (1960) Populations of tits and goldcrests and their food supply in pine plantations. Ibis, 102, 163 208.
    • (1960) Ibis , vol.102 , pp. 163-208
    • Gibb, J.A.1
  • 24
    • 0002515275 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Empirical evidence for metapopulation dynamics
    • eds. Hanski I. Gilpin E. pp. Academic Press, San Diego, San California.
    • Harrison, S. Taylor, A.D. (1997) Empirical evidence for metapopulation dynamics. Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics and Evolution (eds I. Hanski E. Gilpin pp. 27 42. Academic Press, San Diego, San California.
    • (1997) Metapopulation Biology: Ecology, Genetics and Evolution , pp. 27-42
    • Harrison, S.1    Taylor, A.D.2
  • 26
    • 1842711872 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The synergistic effects of stochasticity and dispersal on population densities
    • Ives, A.R., Woody, S.T., Nordheim, E.V., Nelson, C. Andrews, J.H. (2004) The synergistic effects of stochasticity and dispersal on population densities. American Naturalist, 163, 375 387.
    • (2004) American Naturalist , vol.163 , pp. 375-387
    • Ives, A.R.1    Woody, S.T.2    Nordheim, E.V.3    Nelson, C.4    Andrews, J.H.5
  • 28
    • 0008770446 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of the size of bird populations by means of territorial behaviour
    • Klomp, A. (1972) Regulation of the size of bird populations by means of territorial behaviour. Netherlands Journal of Zoology, 22, 456 488.
    • (1972) Netherlands Journal of Zoology , vol.22 , pp. 456-488
    • Klomp, A.1
  • 29
    • 0002658264 scopus 로고
    • The population ecology of the great tit, Parus m. major L
    • Kluijver, H.N. (1951) The population ecology of the great tit, Parus m. major L. Ardea, 39, 1 135.
    • (1951) Ardea , vol.39 , pp. 1-135
    • Kluijver, H.N.1
  • 30
    • 0002997506 scopus 로고
    • Regulation of numbers in populations of great tits (Parus m. major
    • eds. den Boer P.J. Gradwell G.R. pp. PUDOC, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
    • Kluijver, H.N. (1971) Regulation of numbers in populations of great tits (Parus m. major). Proceedings of the Advanced Study institute Dynamics Numbers Populations, Oosterbeek 1970 (eds P.J. den Boer G.R. Gradwell pp. 507 523. PUDOC, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
    • (1971) Proceedings of the Advanced Study Institute Dynamics Numbers Populations, Oosterbeek 1970 , pp. 507-523
    • Kluijver, H.N.1
  • 32
    • 0002860306 scopus 로고
    • Territority and breeding density in the great tit, Parus major
    • Krebs, J.R. (1971) Territority and breeding density in the great tit, Parus major. Ecology, 52, 2 22.
    • (1971) Ecology , vol.52 , pp. 2-22
    • Krebs, J.R.1
  • 33
    • 83355163064 scopus 로고
    • The significance of clutch-size
    • Lack, D. (1947) The significance of clutch-size. Ibis, 89, 302 352.
    • (1947) Ibis , vol.89 , pp. 302-352
    • Lack, D.1
  • 38
    • 33746264841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estimating density dependence from time series of population age structure
    • Lande, R., Engen, S., Sæther, B.-E. Coulson, T. (2006) Estimating density dependence from time series of population age structure. American Naturalist, 168, 76 87.
    • (2006) American Naturalist , vol.168 , pp. 76-87
    • Lande, R.1    Engen, S.2    Sæther, B.-E.3    Coulson, T.4
  • 39
    • 0001948970 scopus 로고
    • Modelling density dependence, environmental variability, and demographic stochasticity from population counts: An example using Wytham Wood great tits
    • eds. Blondel J., Gosler A., Lebreton J.-D. McCleery R. pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
    • Lebreton, J.-D. (1990) Modelling density dependence, environmental variability, and demographic stochasticity from population counts: an example using Wytham Wood great tits. Population Biology of Passerine Birds (eds J. Blondel, A. Gosler, J.-D. Lebreton R. McCleery pp. 89 102. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
    • (1990) Population Biology of Passerine Birds , pp. 89-102
    • Lebreton, J.-D.1
  • 40
    • 59449095672 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Available fromURL
    • Lesnott, M. Lancelot, R. (2005) aod: Analysis of Overdispersed Data. R package version 1.1-8. Available fromURL: http://cran.r-project.org.
    • (2005)
    • Lesnott, M.1    Lancelot, R.2
  • 41
    • 0000643605 scopus 로고
    • Stability in randomly fluctuating versus deterministic environments
    • May, R.M. (1973) Stability in randomly fluctuating versus deterministic environments. American Naturalist, 107, 621 650.
    • (1973) American Naturalist , vol.107 , pp. 621-650
    • May, R.M.1
  • 42
    • 0017185443 scopus 로고
    • Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics
    • May, R.M. (1976) Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics. Nature, 261, 459 467.
    • (1976) Nature , vol.261 , pp. 459-467
    • May, R.M.1
  • 43
    • 0002230873 scopus 로고
    • Models for single populations
    • ed. May R.M. pp. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
    • May, R.M. (1981) Models for single populations. Theoretical Ecology (ed. R.M. May pp. 5 29. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
    • (1981) Theoretical Ecology , pp. 5-29
    • May, R.M.1
  • 44
    • 0034009130 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density dependence in an island population of silvereyes
    • McCallum, H., Kikkawa, J. Catterall, C. (2000) Density dependence in an island population of silvereyes. Ecology Letters, 3, 95 100.
    • (2000) Ecology Letters , vol.3 , pp. 95-100
    • McCallum, H.1    Kikkawa, J.2    Catterall, C.3
  • 45
    • 0001966482 scopus 로고
    • Territory size, reproductive success and population dynamics in the great tit, Parus major
    • eds. Sibly R.M. Smith R.H. pp. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
    • McCleery, R.H. Perrins, C.M. (1985) Territory size, reproductive success and population dynamics in the great tit, Parus major. Behavioural Ecology. Ecological Consequences of Adaptive Behaviour (eds R.M. Sibly R.H. Smith pp. 353 373. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, UK.
    • (1985) Behavioural Ecology. Ecological Consequences of Adaptive Behaviour , pp. 353-373
    • McCleery, R.H.1    Perrins, C.M.2
  • 46
    • 26844571576 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Selection on heritable phenotypic plasticity in a wild bird population
    • Nussey, D.H., Postma, E., Gienapp, P. Visser, M.E. (2005) Selection on heritable phenotypic plasticity in a wild bird population. Science, 310, 304 306.
    • (2005) Science , vol.310 , pp. 304-306
    • Nussey, D.H.1    Postma, E.2    Gienapp, P.3    Visser, M.E.4
  • 47
    • 0033934108 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Great tit Parus major survival, and the beech-crop cycle
    • Perdeck, A.C., Visser, M.E. van Balen, J.H. (2000) Great tit Parus major survival, and the beech-crop cycle. Ardea, 88, 99 108.
    • (2000) Ardea , vol.88 , pp. 99-108
    • Perdeck, A.C.1    Visser, M.E.2    Van Balen, J.H.3
  • 48
    • 0000871457 scopus 로고
    • Population fluctuations and clutch size in the great tit, Parus major L
    • Perrins, C.M. (1965a) Population fluctuations and clutch size in the great tit, Parus major L. Journal of Animal Ecology, 34, 601 647.
    • (1965) Journal of Animal Ecology , vol.34 , pp. 601-647
    • Perrins, C.M.1
  • 50
    • 11944273618 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Gene flow maintains a large genetic difference in clutch size at a small spatial scale
    • Postma, E. van Noordwijk, A.J. (2005) Gene flow maintains a large genetic difference in clutch size at a small spatial scale. Nature, 433, 65 68.
    • (2005) Nature , vol.433 , pp. 65-68
    • Postma, E.1    Van Noordwijk, A.J.2
  • 51
    • 35748932852 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • R Development Core Team (. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available from URL
    • R Development Core Team (2007) r: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. Available from URL: http://www.R-project.org.
    • (2007) R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing.
  • 54
    • 0000373284 scopus 로고
    • Age-specific variation in reproductive performance of birds
    • Sæther, B.-E. (1990) Age-specific variation in reproductive performance of birds. Current Ornithology, 7, 251 283.
    • (1990) Current Ornithology , vol.7 , pp. 251-283
    • Sæther, B.-E.1
  • 55
    • 0001638141 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Including uncertainties in population viability analysis using population prediction intervals
    • eds. Beissinger S.R. McCullough D.R. pp. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
    • Sæther, B.-E. Engen, S. (2002a) Including uncertainties in population viability analysis using population prediction intervals. Population Viability Analysis (eds S.R. Beissinger D.R. McCullough pp. 191 212. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, Illinois.
    • (2002) Population Viability Analysis , pp. 191-212
    • Sæther, B.-E.1    Engen, S.2
  • 57
    • 0031945365 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Environmental stochasticity and extinction risk in a population of a small songbird, the great tit
    • Sæther, B.-E., Engen, S., Islam, A., McCleery, R. Perrins, C. (1998) Environmental stochasticity and extinction risk in a population of a small songbird, the great tit. American Naturalist, 151, 441 450.
    • (1998) American Naturalist , vol.151 , pp. 441-450
    • Sæther, B.-E.1    Engen, S.2    Islam, A.3    McCleery, R.4    Perrins, C.5
  • 60
    • 0034603060 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population dynamical consequences of climate change for a small temperate songbird
    • Sæther, B.-E., Tufto, J., Engen, S., Jerstad, K., Røstad, O.W. Skåtan, J.E. (2000b) Population dynamical consequences of climate change for a small temperate songbird. Science, 287, 854 856.
    • (2000) Science , vol.287 , pp. 854-856
    • Sæther, B.-E.1    Tufto, J.2    Engen, S.3    Jerstad, K.4    Røstad, O.W.5    Skåtan, J.E.6
  • 61
    • 0345225572 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density dependence and stochastic variation in a newly established population of a small songbird
    • Sæther, B.-E., Engen, S., Lande, R., Visser, M. Both, C. (2002a) Density dependence and stochastic variation in a newly established population of a small songbird. Oikos, 99, 331 337.
    • (2002) Oikos , vol.99 , pp. 331-337
    • Sæther, B.-E.1    Engen, S.2    Lande, R.3    Visser, M.4    Both, C.5
  • 62
    • 0037086346 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Demographic characteristics and population dynamical patterns of solitary birds
    • Sæther, B.-E., Engen, S. Matthysen, E. (2002c) Demographic characteristics and population dynamical patterns of solitary birds. Science, 295, 2070 2073.
    • (2002) Science , vol.295 , pp. 2070-2073
    • Sæther, B.-E.1    Engen, S.2    Matthysen, E.3
  • 67
    • 0001816483 scopus 로고
    • Critical period for regulation of great tit (Parus major L.) and blue tit (Parus caeruleus L.) populations
    • Slagsvold, T. (1975) Critical period for regulation of great tit (Parus major L.) and blue tit (Parus caeruleus L.) populations. Norwegian Journal of Zoology, 23, 67 88.
    • (1975) Norwegian Journal of Zoology , vol.23 , pp. 67-88
    • Slagsvold, T.1
  • 68
    • 59449090828 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Fluctuations in numbers: Population regulation and catastrophic mortality
    • eds. Smith J.N.M., Keller L.F., Marr A.B. Arcese P. pp. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
    • Smith, J.N.M., Marr, A.B., Arcese, P. Keller, L.F. (2006) Fluctuations in numbers: population regulation and catastrophic mortality. Conservation and Biology of Small Populations: The Song Sparrows of Mandarte Island (eds J.N.M. Smith, L.F. Keller, A.B. Marr P. Arcese pp. 43 64. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK.
    • (2006) Conservation and Biology of Small Populations: The Song Sparrows of Mandarte Island , pp. 43-64
    • Smith, J.N.M.1    Marr, A.B.2    Arcese, P.3    Keller, L.F.4
  • 71
    • 3142668117 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Density-dependent dispersal in animals: Concepts, evidence, mechanisms and consequences
    • eds. Bullock J.M., Kenward R.E. Hails R.S. pp. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.
    • Sutherland, W.J., Gill, J.A. Norris, K. (2002) Density-dependent dispersal in animals: concepts, evidence, mechanisms and consequences Dispersal Ecology (eds J.M. Bullock, R.E. Kenward R.S. Hails pp. 134 151. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, UK.
    • (2002) Dispersal Ecology , pp. 134-151
    • Sutherland, W.J.1    Gill, J.A.2    Norris, K.3
  • 72
    • 0022207325 scopus 로고
    • Density-dependent survival in an isolated great tit population: Kluyver's data reanalysed
    • Tinbergen, J.M., van Balen, J.H. van Eck, H.M. (1985) Density-dependent survival in an isolated great tit population: Kluyver's data reanalysed. Ardea, 73, 38 48.
    • (1985) Ardea , vol.73 , pp. 38-48
    • Tinbergen, J.M.1    Van Balen, J.H.2    Van Eck, H.M.3
  • 73
    • 34548057205 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A parametric model for estimation of dispersal patterns applied to five passerine spatially structured populations
    • Tufto, J., Ringsby, T.H., Dhondt, A.A., Adriaensen, F. Matthysen, E. (2005) A parametric model for estimation of dispersal patterns applied to five passerine spatially structured populations American Naturalist, 165, E13 E26.
    • (2005) American Naturalist , vol.165
    • Tufto, J.1    Ringsby, T.H.2    Dhondt, A.A.3    Adriaensen, F.4    Matthysen, E.5
  • 74
    • 0025250821 scopus 로고
    • Rarity of density dependence or population regulation with lags
    • Turchin, P. (1990) Rarity of density dependence or population regulation with lags. Nature, 344, 660 663.
    • (1990) Nature , vol.344 , pp. 660-663
    • Turchin, P.1
  • 75
    • 0003215456 scopus 로고
    • Population regulation: Old arguments and a new synthesis
    • eds. Cappucino N. Price P.W. pp. Academic Press, New York.
    • Turchin, P. (1995) Population regulation: old arguments and a new synthesis. Population Dynamics (eds N. Cappucino P.W. Price pp. 19 40. Academic Press, New York.
    • (1995) Population Dynamics , pp. 19-40
    • Turchin, P.1
  • 76
    • 0017542932 scopus 로고
    • Random environments and stochastic calculus
    • Turelli, M. (1977) Random environments and stochastic calculus. Theoretical Population Biology, 12, 140 178.
    • (1977) Theoretical Population Biology , vol.12 , pp. 140-178
    • Turelli, M.1
  • 78
    • 0002027027 scopus 로고
    • Comparative study of breeding ecology of great tit Parus major in different habitats
    • van Balen, J.H. (1973) Comparative study of breeding ecology of great tit Parus major in different habitats. Ardea, 61, 1 93.
    • (1973) Ardea , vol.61 , pp. 1-93
    • Van Balen, J.H.1
  • 79
    • 0001221154 scopus 로고
    • Population fluctuations of the great tit and feeding conditions in winter
    • van Balen, J.H. (1980) Population fluctuations of the great tit and feeding conditions in winter. Ardea, 68, 143 164.
    • (1980) Ardea , vol.68 , pp. 143-164
    • Van Balen, J.H.1
  • 80
    • 0002849744 scopus 로고
    • Comparative reproductive biology of four blue tit populations in the Netherlands
    • ed. Blondel J. pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
    • van Balen, J.H. Potting, R.P.J. (1990) Comparative reproductive biology of four blue tit populations in the Netherlands. Population Biology of Passerine Birds (ed. J. Blondel pp. 19 38. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany.
    • (1990) Population Biology of Passerine Birds , pp. 19-38
    • Van Balen, J.H.1    Potting, R.P.J.2
  • 81
    • 0342737298 scopus 로고
    • The role of immigration in the dynamics of an island population of great tits
    • pp. PhD. Thesis, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
    • Verhulst, S. van Eck, H.M. (1995) The role of immigration in the dynamics of an island population of great tits. Reproductive decisions in great tits. An optimality approach (S. Verhulst), pp. 15 26. PhD. Thesis, University of Groningen, The Netherlands.
    • (1995) Reproductive Decisions in Great Tits. An Optimality Approach (S. Verhulst) , pp. 15-26
    • Verhulst, S.1    Van Eck, H.M.2
  • 85
    • 30544444461 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Shifts in caterpillar biomass phenology due to climate change and its impact on the breeding biology of an insectivorous bird
    • Visser, M.E., Holleman, L.J.M. Gienapp, P. (2006) Shifts in caterpillar biomass phenology due to climate change and its impact on the breeding biology of an insectivorous bird. Oecologia, 147, 164 172.
    • (2006) Oecologia , vol.147 , pp. 164-172
    • Visser, M.E.1    Holleman, L.J.M.2    Gienapp, P.3
  • 86
    • 44649160046 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Influential factors for natal dispersal in an avian island metapopulation
    • Wilson, A.G. Arcese, P. (2008) Influential factors for natal dispersal in an avian island metapopulation. Journal of Avian Biology, 39, 341 347.
    • (2008) Journal of Avian Biology , vol.39 , pp. 341-347
    • Wilson, A.G.1    Arcese, P.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.