The Rochester Royals and the Transformation of Professional Basketball 1945–57

The International Journal of the History of Sport

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 1993, Pages 20-48

  Fisher, Donald M ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY AT BUFFALO   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 5944246797     PISSN: 09523367     EISSN: 17439035     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09523369308713812     Document Type: Article

References (81)

1. Elbert Angevine, Basketball in Rochester (Rochester, NY: Harold P. Bittner, 1951), pp. 39.
2. Elbert Angevine, Basketball in Rochester (Rochester, NY: Harold P. Bittner, 1951), pp. 57-62.
3. Robert Peterson, Cages to Jump Shots (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 137-138.
4. Lester Harrison, in David L. Porter (ed.), Biographical Dictionary of American Sports; Basketball and Other Indoor Sports (New York: Greenwood Press, 1989), pp. 114-115.
5. Ocania Chalk, Pioneers of Black Sport (New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1975), pp. 99-101.
6. Chicago Herald-American, 13 March 1940, 23.
7. Albert Applin, ‘From Muscular Christianity to the Marketplace: The History of Men’s and Boy’s Basketball in the United States, 1891-1957’ (Ph.D. diss., University of Massachusetts, 1982), 231-234.
8. Steven A. Riess, City Games (Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1989), p. 232.
9. Ted Vincent, Mudville's Revenge: The Rise and Fall of American Sport (New York: Seaview Books, 1981), pp. 279-284.
10. Ted Vincent, Mudville's Revenge: The Rise and Fall of American Sport (New York: Seaview Books, 1981), pp. 291.
11. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle (hereafter D&C), 18 March 1940, 19.
12. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle (hereafter D&C), 9 Nov. 1945, 27.
13. Rochester Times-Union (hereafter T-U), 17 March 1941, 11 A.
14. ‘Rise of Les Harrison, Royal Owner, an Alger Saga’, Rochester Royals Scrapbook, 1946–1947 Season: 5 Feb. 1947 - 2 March 1947.
15. Mokray Collection, Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, Springfield, Massachusetts; Peterson, pp. 128. and Harrison interview.
16. Leonard Koppett, 24 Seconds to Shoot (New York: Macmillan, 1968), pp. 15-43.
17. New York Times, 24 Oct. 1946, 38.
18. US, Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1950; a Report of the Seventeenth Decennial Census of the United States (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1952), pp. 9-14.
19. Benjamin G. Rader, American Sports: From the Age of Folk Games to the Age of Spectators (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1983), p. 295.
20. Bill Roeder, ‘Bob Davies - Royal Playmaker’, Sport (February 1948), 50–53.
21. New York Times, 4 Aug. 1949, 29.
22. National Basketball Association, Bulletin #2 (9 Aug. 1949).
23. Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame, Springfield, Massachusetts; Koppett, pp. 44-45.
24. Benjamin G. Rader, In Its Own Image: How Television Has Transformed Sports (New York: Free Press, 1984), pp. 145-146.
25. David S. Neft and Richard M. Cohen, The Sports Encyclopedia: Pro Basketball 3rd Edition (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990), p. 71.
26. US, Congress, Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Organized Professional Team Sports. Hearings Before the Subcommittee on Antitrust and Monopoly of the Committee on the Judiciary, 85th Congress, 2nd Session (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1958), pp. 576, 578.
27. Stephen Hardy, ‘Entrepreneurs, Organizations, and the Sport Marketplace: Subjects in Search of Historians’, Journal of Sport History 13 (Spring 1986), 14–33.
28. New York Times, 10 Feb. 1948, 29.
29. Chicago Herald-American 9 May 1948, 33.
30. New York Times, 9 May 1948, S7.
31. NBA, Bulletin #308A (19 Aug. 1952).
32. Ibid., Bulletin #138 (14 May 1951).
33. NBA, Bulletin #41 (14 Nov. 1949).
34. US, Congress, House Committee on the Judiciary, Organized Professional Team Sports. Hearings Before the Antitrust Subcommittee of the Committee on the Judiciary, 85th Congress, 1st Session (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1958), p. 2864.
35. NBA, Bulletin #242 (6 Dec. 1951).
36. Albert G. Figone, ‘Gambling and College Basketball: The Scandal of 1951’; Journal of Sport History 16 (Spring 1989), 44–61.
37. NBA, Bulletin #187B (19 June 1951).
38. George Beahon, telephone conversation with author, 1 June 1992; House Committee, pp. 2928.
39. Robert Wanzer, interview by author, 21 Aug. 1991.
40. ‘Rochester Royals Probably Best Team in Country’, We 15 April 1946.
41. David Ocorr, correspondence with author, 23 March 1992.
42. Alfred Massino, interview by author, 16 April 1992.
43. Rader, In Its Own Image, pp. 33.
44. Blake McKelvey, Rochester: An Emerging Metropolis 1925–1961 (Rochester, NY: Christopher Press, 1961), pp. 258.
45. Red Auerbach with Ken Dooley, MBA Management by Auerbach (New York: Macmillan, 1991), pp. 20.
46. New York Times, 1 May 1956, 39.
47. New York Times, 25 May 1944, 23.
48. Cervi interview; Arnold ‘Red’ Auerbach and Joe Fitzgerald, Auerbach: An Autobiography (New York: Putnam’s Sons, 1977), p. 232.
49. Auerbach with Dooley, op. cit., p. 75.
50. Harrison interview; Red Holzman with Leonard Lewin, The Knicks (New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1971), p. 94; and New York Times, 29 April 1955, 15.
51. New York Times, 29 April 1955, 15.
52. Cervi interview; Massino interview; and Charles Salzberg, From Set Shot to Slam Dunk (New York: Dell Publishing, 1987), pp. 59–60.
53. Red Holzman and Harvey Frommer, Red on Red (New York: Bantam Books, 1987), pp. 18.
54. Holzman and Frommer, Red on Red, p. 15.
55. Peter Golenbock, Bums: An Oral History of the Brooklyn Dodgers (New York: Putnam's Sons, 1984), pp. 260–267.
56. Holzman and Frommer, Red on Red, p. 16.
57. Red Holzman and Harvey Frommer, Holzman on Hoops (Dallas, Taylor Publishing, 1991), p. 35.
58. Thomas G. Smith, ‘Outside the Pale: The Exclusion of Blacks From the National Football League, 1934-1946’, Journal of Sport History 15 (Winter 1988), 255-281.
59. William Simons, ‘Jackie Robinson and the American Mind: Journalistic Perceptions of the Reintegration of Baseball’, Journal of Sport History 12 (Spring 1985), 39-64.
60. David K. Wiggins, ‘Wendell Smith, the Pittsburgh Courier-Journal and the Campaign to Include Blacks in Organized Baseball, 1933-1945’, Journal of Sport History 10 (Summer 1983), 5-29.
61. Jules Tygiel, Baseball's Great Experiment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1983).
62. Lester Harrison, telephone conversation with author, 14 May 1992; and Tygiel, pp. 65–67.
63. Wiggins, 5-29.
64. Tygiel, pp. 33.
65. Tygiel, pp. 64, 190.
66. Holzman and Frommer, Holzman on Hoops, pp. 33-34.
67. Arthur R. Ashe, Jr., A Hard Road to Glory: A History of the African-American Athlete Since 1946 (New York: Warner Books, 1988), pp. 50, 80.
68. ‘Royals Dinner Group Praised’, Rochester Royals Scrapbook, 1946–1947 Season; 24 March 1947 -19 April 1947.
69. Holzman and Frommer, Red on Red p. 18.
70. Rader, In Its Own Image, pp. 34-5.
71. Kenneth T. Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), pp. 272–282.
72. US Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, Census of Population: 1960; the Eighteenth Decennial Census of the United States (Washington, DC: United States Government Printing Office, 1961), IA, pp. 16–34.
73. New York Times, 30 March 1954, 33.
74. New York Times, 4 April 1957, 45.
75. ibid., 25 March 1958, 30.
76. Ibid., 8 April 1958, 1.
77. New York Times, 8 April 1958, 39.
78. Lee Elihu Lowenfish, ‘A Tale of Many Cities: The Westward Expansion of Major League Baseball in the 1950's’, Journal of the West 17 (July 1978), 71-82.
79. Neil J. Sullivan, The Dodgers Move West (New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); Riess, pp. 231-237.
80. Rader, In Its Own Image, pp. 58-67.
81. House Committee p. 2896.