Egyptians and Vagabonds: Representations of the Gypsy in early modern official and rogue literature

Immigrants and Minorities

Volumn 16, Issue 3, 1997, Pages 55-82

  Mayall, David ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 5944238441     PISSN: 02619288     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/02619288.1997.9974917     Document Type: Article

References (130)

1. Gypsies were also colourfully described as 'land pirates' and 'moon-men'. See Thomas Dekker, Lanthorne and Candle-light. Or the Bell Mans second Nights walke. In which Hee brings to light, a Broode of more strange Villanies, than ever were till this yeare discovered, Printed for John Busbie, London, 1608. I have not come across these terms in any other contemporary source. The meaning of the term land-pirates is evident, though the ascription 'moon-men' less so. Dekker said this was a term used in mockery to suggest madness, but then followed this with a further rationalization: 'Their name they borrow from the moon, because, as the moon is never in one shape two nights together, but wanders up and down Heaven like an antic, so these changeable-stuff-companions never tarry one day in a place ...'. For a reprint of this publication, and for comment on Dekker's life and writing see A.V. Judges, The Elizabethan Underworld: A Collection of Tudor and Early Stuart tracts and ballads telling of the lives and misdoings of vagabonds, thieves, rogues and cozeners, and giving some account of the operation of the criminal law (London, 1930), and Frank Aydelotte, Elizabethan Rogues and Vagabonds, First edition, 1913 (London, 1967).
2. Gypsies were also colourfully described as 'land pirates' and 'moon-men'. See Thomas Dekker, Lanthorne and Candle-light. Or the Bell Mans second Nights walke. In which Hee brings to light, a Broode of more strange Villanies, than ever were till this yeare discovered, Printed for John Busbie, London, 1608. I have not come across these terms in any other contemporary source. The meaning of the term land-pirates is evident, though the ascription 'moon-men' less so. Dekker said this was a term used in mockery to suggest madness, but then followed this with a further rationalization: 'Their name they borrow from the moon, because, as the moon is never in one shape two nights together, but wanders up and down Heaven like an antic, so these changeable-stuff-companions never tarry one day in a place ...'. For a reprint of this publication, and for comment on Dekker's life and writing see A.V. Judges, The Elizabethan Underworld: A Collection of Tudor and Early Stuart tracts and ballads telling of the lives and misdoings of vagabonds, thieves, rogues and cozeners, and giving some account of the operation of the criminal law (London, 1930), and Frank Aydelotte, Elizabethan Rogues and Vagabonds, First edition, 1913 (London, 1967).
3. Gypsies were also colourfully described as 'land pirates' and 'moon-men'. See Thomas Dekker, Lanthorne and Candle-light. Or the Bell Mans second Nights walke. In which Hee brings to light, a Broode of more strange Villanies, than ever were till this yeare discovered, Printed for John Busbie, London, 1608. I have not come across these terms in any other contemporary source. The meaning of the term land-pirates is evident, though the ascription 'moon-men' less so. Dekker said this was a term used in mockery to suggest madness, but then followed this with a further rationalization: 'Their name they borrow from the moon, because, as the moon is never in one shape two nights together, but wanders up and down Heaven like an antic, so these changeable-stuff-companions never tarry one day in a place ...'. For a reprint of this publication, and for comment on Dekker's life and writing see A.V. Judges, The Elizabethan Underworld: A Collection of Tudor and Early Stuart tracts and ballads telling of the lives and misdoings of vagabonds, thieves, rogues and cozeners, and giving some account of the operation of the criminal law (London, 1930), and Frank Aydelotte, Elizabethan Rogues and Vagabonds, First edition, 1913 (London, 1967).
4. Henry Thomas Crofton, 'Early Annals of the Gypsies in England', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Old Series, Vol.1, No.1 (1888), pp.5-25; Eric Otto Winstedt, 'Early British Gypsies', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol.7, No.1 (1913-14), pp.5-37; Hubert Hall, 'Some Potential Sources for the Early History of Gypsies in England', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 3rd Series, Vol.7, Nos. 3-4 (1928), pp.163-8; 'Notes & Queries: 7. Addenda to Crofton's Early Annals', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 3rd Series, Vol.6, No.4(1927), pp. 189-90.
5. Henry Thomas Crofton, 'Early Annals of the Gypsies in England', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Old Series, Vol.1, No.1 (1888), pp.5-25; Eric Otto Winstedt, 'Early British Gypsies', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol.7, No.1 (1913-14), pp.5-37; Hubert Hall, 'Some Potential Sources for the Early History of Gypsies in England', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 3rd Series, Vol.7, Nos. 3-4 (1928), pp.163-8; 'Notes & Queries: 7. Addenda to Crofton's Early Annals', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 3rd Series, Vol.6, No.4(1927), pp. 189-90.
6. Henry Thomas Crofton, 'Early Annals of the Gypsies in England', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Old Series, Vol.1, No.1 (1888), pp.5-25; Eric Otto Winstedt, 'Early British Gypsies', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol.7, No.1 (1913-14), pp.5-37; Hubert Hall, 'Some Potential Sources for the Early History of Gypsies in England', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 3rd Series, Vol.7, Nos. 3-4 (1928), pp.163-8; 'Notes & Queries: 7. Addenda to Crofton's Early Annals', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 3rd Series, Vol.6, No.4(1927), pp. 189-90.
7. Henry Thomas Crofton, 'Early Annals of the Gypsies in England', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, Old Series, Vol.1, No.1 (1888), pp.5-25; Eric Otto Winstedt, 'Early British Gypsies', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol.7, No.1 (1913-14), pp.5-37; Hubert Hall, 'Some Potential Sources for the Early History of Gypsies in England', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 3rd Series, Vol.7, Nos. 3-4 (1928), pp.163-8; 'Notes & Queries: 7. Addenda to Crofton's Early Annals', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 3rd Series, Vol.6, No.4(1927), pp. 189-90.
8. Hall,op. cit., p.165.
9. See David Mayall, 'British Gypsies and the State', History Today, Vol.42 (June 1992), pp.6-8; David Mayall, English Gypsies and State Policies (Hatfield, 1995); David Smith, 'Gypsies in Sixteenth Century Legislation and Administration in England', paper presented to the Gypsy Lore Society Conference in New York, 1988; C.J. Ribton-Turner, A History of Vagrants and Vagrancy and Beggars and Begging (London, 1887); T.W. Thompson, 'Consorting With and Counterfeiting Egyptians', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 3rd Series, Vol.2, No.2 (1923), pp.81-93; W.E.A. Axon, 'Laws Relating to Gypsies', in William Andrews (ed.), Legal Lore: Curiosities of Law and Lawyers (London, 1897), pp.165-78. For copies of the legislation see The Statutes of the Realm. Printed by Command of His Majesty King George the Third. In pursuance of an Address of the House of Commons of Great Britain. From Original Records and Authentic manuscripts, Vol.3 (1818), Vol.4 (1819).
10. See David Mayall, 'British Gypsies and the State', History Today, Vol.42 (June 1992), pp.6-8; David Mayall, English Gypsies and State Policies (Hatfield, 1995); David Smith, 'Gypsies in Sixteenth Century Legislation and Administration in England', paper presented to the Gypsy Lore Society Conference in New York, 1988; C.J. Ribton-Turner, A History of Vagrants and Vagrancy and Beggars and Begging (London, 1887); T.W. Thompson, 'Consorting With and Counterfeiting Egyptians', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 3rd Series, Vol.2, No.2 (1923), pp.81-93; W.E.A. Axon, 'Laws Relating to Gypsies', in William Andrews (ed.), Legal Lore: Curiosities of Law and Lawyers (London, 1897), pp.165-78. For copies of the legislation see The Statutes of the Realm. Printed by Command of His Majesty King George the Third. In pursuance of an Address of the House of Commons of Great Britain. From Original Records and Authentic manuscripts, Vol.3 (1818), Vol.4 (1819).
11. See David Mayall, 'British Gypsies and the State', History Today, Vol.42 (June 1992), pp.6-8; David Mayall, English Gypsies and State Policies (Hatfield, 1995); David Smith, 'Gypsies in Sixteenth Century Legislation and Administration in England', paper presented to the Gypsy Lore Society Conference in New York, 1988; C.J. Ribton-Turner, A History of Vagrants and Vagrancy and Beggars and Begging (London, 1887); T.W. Thompson, 'Consorting With and Counterfeiting Egyptians', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 3rd Series, Vol.2, No.2 (1923), pp.81-93; W.E.A. Axon, 'Laws Relating to Gypsies', in William Andrews (ed.), Legal Lore: Curiosities of Law and Lawyers (London, 1897), pp.165-78. For copies of the legislation see The Statutes of the Realm. Printed by Command of His Majesty King George the Third. In pursuance of an Address of the House of Commons of Great Britain. From Original Records and Authentic manuscripts, Vol.3 (1818), Vol.4 (1819).
12. See David Mayall, 'British Gypsies and the State', History Today, Vol.42 (June 1992), pp.6-8; David Mayall, English Gypsies and State Policies (Hatfield, 1995); David Smith, 'Gypsies in Sixteenth Century Legislation and Administration in England', paper presented to the Gypsy Lore Society Conference in New York, 1988; C.J. Ribton-Turner, A History of Vagrants and Vagrancy and Beggars and Begging (London, 1887); T.W. Thompson, 'Consorting With and Counterfeiting Egyptians', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 3rd Series, Vol.2, No.2 (1923), pp.81-93; W.E.A. Axon, 'Laws Relating to Gypsies', in William Andrews (ed.), Legal Lore: Curiosities of Law and Lawyers (London, 1897), pp.165-78. For copies of the legislation see The Statutes of the Realm. Printed by Command of His Majesty King George the Third. In pursuance of an Address of the House of Commons of Great Britain. From Original Records and Authentic manuscripts, Vol.3 (1818), Vol.4 (1819).
13. See David Mayall, 'British Gypsies and the State', History Today, Vol.42 (June 1992), pp.6-8; David Mayall, English Gypsies and State Policies (Hatfield, 1995); David Smith, 'Gypsies in Sixteenth Century Legislation and Administration in England', paper presented to the Gypsy Lore Society Conference in New York, 1988; C.J. Ribton-Turner, A History of Vagrants and Vagrancy and Beggars and Begging (London, 1887); T.W. Thompson, 'Consorting With and Counterfeiting Egyptians', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 3rd Series, Vol.2, No.2 (1923), pp.81-93; W.E.A. Axon, 'Laws Relating to Gypsies', in William Andrews (ed.), Legal Lore: Curiosities of Law and Lawyers (London, 1897), pp.165-78. For copies of the legislation see The Statutes of the Realm. Printed by Command of His Majesty King George the Third. In pursuance of an Address of the House of Commons of Great Britain. From Original Records and Authentic manuscripts, Vol.3 (1818), Vol.4 (1819).
14. See David Mayall, 'British Gypsies and the State', History Today, Vol.42 (June 1992), pp.6-8; David Mayall, English Gypsies and State Policies (Hatfield, 1995); David Smith, 'Gypsies in Sixteenth Century Legislation and Administration in England', paper presented to the Gypsy Lore Society Conference in New York, 1988; C.J. Ribton-Turner, A History of Vagrants and Vagrancy and Beggars and Begging (London, 1887); T.W. Thompson, 'Consorting With and Counterfeiting Egyptians', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 3rd Series, Vol.2, No.2 (1923), pp.81-93; W.E.A. Axon, 'Laws Relating to Gypsies', in William Andrews (ed.), Legal Lore: Curiosities of Law and Lawyers (London, 1897), pp.165-78. For copies of the legislation see The Statutes of the Realm. Printed by Command of His Majesty King George the Third. In pursuance of an Address of the House of Commons of Great Britain. From Original Records and Authentic manuscripts, Vol.3 (1818), Vol.4 (1819).
15. See David Mayall, 'British Gypsies and the State', History Today, Vol.42 (June 1992), pp.6-8; David Mayall, English Gypsies and State Policies (Hatfield, 1995); David Smith, 'Gypsies in Sixteenth Century Legislation and Administration in England', paper presented to the Gypsy Lore Society Conference in New York, 1988; C.J. Ribton-Turner, A History of Vagrants and Vagrancy and Beggars and Begging (London, 1887); T.W. Thompson, 'Consorting With and Counterfeiting Egyptians', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 3rd Series, Vol.2, No.2 (1923), pp.81-93; W.E.A. Axon, 'Laws Relating to Gypsies', in William Andrews (ed.), Legal Lore: Curiosities of Law and Lawyers (London, 1897), pp.165-78. For copies of the legislation see The Statutes of the Realm. Printed by Command of His Majesty King George the Third. In pursuance of an Address of the House of Commons of Great Britain. From Original Records and Authentic manuscripts, Vol.3 (1818), Vol.4 (1819).
16. See David Mayall, 'British Gypsies and the State', History Today, Vol.42 (June 1992), pp.6-8; David Mayall, English Gypsies and State Policies (Hatfield, 1995); David Smith, 'Gypsies in Sixteenth Century Legislation and Administration in England', paper presented to the Gypsy Lore Society Conference in New York, 1988; C.J. Ribton-Turner, A History of Vagrants and Vagrancy and Beggars and Begging (London, 1887); T.W. Thompson, 'Consorting With and Counterfeiting Egyptians', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 3rd Series, Vol.2, No.2 (1923), pp.81-93; W.E.A. Axon, 'Laws Relating to Gypsies', in William Andrews (ed.), Legal Lore: Curiosities of Law and Lawyers (London, 1897), pp.165-78. For copies of the legislation see The Statutes of the Realm. Printed by Command of His Majesty King George the Third. In pursuance of an Address of the House of Commons of Great Britain. From Original Records and Authentic manuscripts, Vol.3 (1818), Vol.4 (1819).
17. For reprints of Hext's address see Aydelotte, op. cit., pp. 167-73; R.H. Tawney and Eileen Power (eds.), Tudor Economic Documents: being select documents illustrating the economic and social history of Tudor England, Vol.2 (London, 1924), pp.346-9; John Strype, Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion, and other barious Occurrences in the Church of England, during Queen Elizabeth's Happy Reign; together with an Appendix of Original Papers of State, Vol.4 (Oxford, 1824), pp.404-13; Ribton-Turner, op. cit., pp.491-2. The original of this document is located in the British Library, MS Lansdowne, 81, Nos.62 and 64. For comment on Cromwell's letter see Axon, op. cit., pp. 169-70, and Ribton-Turner, op. cit., pp.486-8.
18. For reprints of Hext's address see Aydelotte, op. cit., pp. 167-73; R.H. Tawney and Eileen Power (eds.), Tudor Economic Documents: being select documents illustrating the economic and social history of Tudor England, Vol.2 (London, 1924), pp.346-9; John Strype, Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion, and other barious Occurrences in the Church of England, during Queen Elizabeth's Happy Reign; together with an Appendix of Original Papers of State, Vol.4 (Oxford, 1824), pp.404-13; Ribton-Turner, op. cit., pp.491-2. The original of this document is located in the British Library, MS Lansdowne, 81, Nos.62 and 64. For comment on Cromwell's letter see Axon, op. cit., pp. 169-70, and Ribton-Turner, op. cit., pp.486-8.
19. For reprints of Hext's address see Aydelotte, op. cit., pp. 167-73; R.H. Tawney and Eileen Power (eds.), Tudor Economic Documents: being select documents illustrating the economic and social history of Tudor England, Vol.2 (London, 1924), pp.346-9; John Strype, Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion, and other barious Occurrences in the Church of England, during Queen Elizabeth's Happy Reign; together with an Appendix of Original Papers of State, Vol.4 (Oxford, 1824), pp.404-13; Ribton-Turner, op. cit., pp.491-2. The original of this document is located in the British Library, MS Lansdowne, 81, Nos.62 and 64. For comment on Cromwell's letter see Axon, op. cit., pp. 169-70, and Ribton-Turner, op. cit., pp.486-8.
20. For reprints of Hext's address see Aydelotte, op. cit., pp. 167-73; R.H. Tawney and Eileen Power (eds.), Tudor Economic Documents: being select documents illustrating the economic and social history of Tudor England, Vol.2 (London, 1924), pp.346-9; John Strype, Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion, and other barious Occurrences in the Church of England, during Queen Elizabeth's Happy Reign; together with an Appendix of Original Papers of State, Vol.4 (Oxford, 1824), pp.404-13; Ribton-Turner, op. cit., pp.491-2. The original of this document is located in the British Library, MS Lansdowne, 81, Nos.62 and 64. For comment on Cromwell's letter see Axon, op. cit., pp. 169-70, and Ribton-Turner, op. cit., pp.486-8.
21. For reprints of Hext's address see Aydelotte, op. cit., pp. 167-73; R.H. Tawney and Eileen Power (eds.), Tudor Economic Documents: being select documents illustrating the economic and social history of Tudor England, Vol.2 (London, 1924), pp.346-9; John Strype, Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion, and other barious Occurrences in the Church of England, during Queen Elizabeth's Happy Reign; together with an Appendix of Original Papers of State, Vol.4 (Oxford, 1824), pp.404-13; Ribton-Turner, op. cit., pp.491-2. The original of this document is located in the British Library, MS Lansdowne, 81, Nos.62 and 64. For comment on Cromwell's letter see Axon, op. cit., pp. 169-70, and Ribton-Turner, op. cit., pp.486-8.
22. For reprints of Hext's address see Aydelotte, op. cit., pp. 167-73; R.H. Tawney and Eileen Power (eds.), Tudor Economic Documents: being select documents illustrating the economic and social history of Tudor England, Vol.2 (London, 1924), pp.346-9; John Strype, Annals of the Reformation and Establishment of Religion, and other barious Occurrences in the Church of England, during Queen Elizabeth's Happy Reign; together with an Appendix of Original Papers of State, Vol.4 (Oxford, 1824), pp.404-13; Ribton-Turner, op. cit., pp.491-2. The original of this document is located in the British Library, MS Lansdowne, 81, Nos.62 and 64. For comment on Cromwell's letter see Axon, op. cit., pp. 169-70, and Ribton-Turner, op. cit., pp.486-8.
23. Christopher Hill, Reformation to Industrial Revolution 1530-1780 (Harmondsworth, 1969), p.44.
24. Colin Holmes, John Bull's Island: Immigration and British Society 1871-1971 (Basingstoke, 1988), p.7.
25. C.W. Chitty, 'Aliens in England in the 16th century', Race, Vol.VIII, No.2 (1966), p.30.
26. Peter Fryer, Staying Power. The History of Black People in Britain (London, 1984), p.8.
27. Crofton, pp.5-25; Sir Thomas More, A Dyalogue of Syr Thomas More (London, 1529), Book III, Ch.15, quoted in E.O. Winstedt, 'The Norwood Gypsies and Their Vocabulary', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol.9, Nos.3-4 (1915-16), pp.129-52.
28. Crofton, pp.5-25; Sir Thomas More, A Dyalogue of Syr Thomas More (London, 1529), Book III, Ch.15, quoted in E.O. Winstedt, 'The Norwood Gypsies and Their Vocabulary', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol.9, Nos.3-4 (1915-16), pp.129-52.
29. See also David Smith, op. cit.
30. Chitty, op. cit., p. 139.
31. The proclamation was not carried out. See Fryer, op. cit., p. 10; Holmes, op. cit., p.6.
32. The proclamation was not carried out. See Fryer, op. cit., p. 10; Holmes, op. cit., p.6.
33. Axon, op. cit., p. 168.
34. Luke Owen Pike, A History of Crime in England, illustrating the Changes of the Laws in the progress of Civilisation, Writtten from the Public Records and other Contemporary Evidence, Vol.2, From the Accession of Henry VII to the Present Time (London, 1876), p. 76.
35. A.L. Beier, Masterless Men: The Vagrancy Problem in England 1560-1640 (London, 1985), Ch.3.
36. J.A. Sharpe, Crime in Early Modern England 1550-1750 (London, 1984), p. 100; See also Paul Slack, Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England (London, 1988).
37. J.A. Sharpe, Crime in Early Modern England 1550-1750 (London, 1984), p. 100; See also Paul Slack, Poverty and Policy in Tudor and Stuart England (London, 1988).
38. Sharpe, op. cit., p. 100. Paul Slack, op. cit., gives figures of c.2.3 million for 1524 and c.5.3 million for 1656, pp.43-4.
39. Sharpe, op. cit., p. 100. Paul Slack, op. cit., gives figures of c.2.3 million for 1524 and c.5.3 million for 1656, pp.43-4.
40. Hill, op. cit., pp.44-5.
41. Beier, op cit., p.xix. See also John Bellamy, Crime and Public Order in England in the later Middle Ages (London, 1973).
42. Beier, op cit., p.xix. See also John Bellamy, Crime and Public Order in England in the later Middle Ages (London, 1973).
43. Beier, op. cit., Ch.9; Sharpe, op. cit., Ch. 1.
44. Beier, op. cit., Ch.9; Sharpe, op. cit., Ch. 1.
45. Axon, op. cit., p.171.
46. Beier, op. cit., p.xix.
47. C.S.L. Davies, 'Slavery and Protector Somerset: the Vagrancy Act of 1547', Economic History Review, 2nd Series, Vol.xix (1966), p.539.
48. Leo Lucassen, 'Eternal Vagrants? State Formation, Migration and Travelling Groups in Western-Europe, 1350-1914', paper for the workshop 'Migration and Settlement in a Historical Perspective', Wassenaar/NIAS, 23-24 Sept. 1993. I am grateful to Leo Lucassen for providing me with a copy of his paper.
49. Slack, op. cit., p.24ff.
50. Paul Slack, 'Vagrants and Vagrancy in England 1598-1664', in Peter Clark and David Souden (eds.), Migration and Society in Early Modern England (London, 1987), p.49.
51. Sharpe, op. cit., p.17.
52. Beier, op cit., pp. 104-5.
53. Henry VIII c.9, 1511-12. See Ribton-Turner, op. cit., for a full list of all legislation concerning rogues, vagrants and other wanderers, pp.675-97.
54. See Ribton-Turner, op. cit., Ch.4, for full descriptions of the 'crafty' sciences.
55. 39 Eliz c.iv, 1597-8.
56. Ribton-Turner, op. cit., pp.701-2.
57. Beier, op. cit., p.4.
58. Vic Gatrell has written that the definition of crime ' ... often results from the process whereby dominant groups label as criminal whatever they find unacceptable'. For a fuller discussion of the process of criminalization see V.A.C. Gatrell, Bruce Lenman and Geoffrey Parker, 'Introduction', to their edited volume Crime and Law: The Social History of Crime in Western Europe since 1500 (London, 1980). Also see Lucassen, op. cit.
59. Vic Gatrell has written that the definition of crime ' ... often results from the process whereby dominant groups label as criminal whatever they find unacceptable'. For a fuller discussion of the process of criminalization see V.A.C. Gatrell, Bruce Lenman and Geoffrey Parker, 'Introduction', to their edited volume Crime and Law: The Social History of Crime in Western Europe since 1500 (London, 1980). Also see Lucassen, op. cit.
60. It should be noted that licences were often and easily forged. See Frederick G. Blair, 'Forged passports of British Gypsies in the Sixteenth Century', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, 3rd Series, Vol.29 (1950), pp. 131-7.
61. For a most useful survey of the legislation and penalties directed against Gypsies and vagrants see Pike, op. cit.
62. Probably the best study of this remains E.M. Leonard, The Early History of English Poor Relief (London, 1961).
63. Slack, op. cit., p. 104.
64. An indication of the importance of this body of literature is provided by the major, two volume study by Frank Wadleigh Chandler, The Literature of Roguery, 2 Vols. First Edition, 1907 (New York, 1958).
65. Aydelotte, op. cit., p.117
66. Chandler, op. cit., Vol.1, writes, 'There can be no doubt that Awdeley and Harman were influenced by the German "Liber Vagatorum"', p.92. He also talks more broadly of foreign influences, p.35.
67. Aydelotte, op. cit., p.119.
68. Judges, op. cit., p.494; See also Liber Vagatorum. Der Betler Orden: The Book of Vagabonds and Beggars with a Vocabulary of their Language and a preface by Martin Luther, first translated into English by J. C. Hotten and now edited anew by D.B. Thomas (London, 1932), p.37.
69. Judges, op. cit., p.494; See also Liber Vagatorum. Der Betler Orden: The Book of Vagabonds and Beggars with a Vocabulary of their Language and a preface by Martin Luther, first translated into English by J. C. Hotten and now edited anew by D.B. Thomas (London, 1932), p.37.
70. H.T. Crofton, 'Borde's Egipt Speche', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol. 1, No.2 (1907),p.164.
71. All quotations are from Judges, op. cit., p.495.
72. Chandler, 1907, Vol.1, p.90.
73. Slack, 1988, p.25.
74. See Gãmini Salgado, The Elizabethan Underworld (Gloucester, 1984), p.20.
75. Aydelotte, op. cit., p. 126.
76. Chandler, op. cit., Vol.1, p.107; Judges, op. cit., p.511.
77. Chandler, op. cit., Vol.1, p.107; Judges, op. cit., p.511.
78. Aydelotte, op. cit., p. 133.
79. Judges, 1930, also writes of the 'unblushing plagiarism of Harman', p.511.
80. See W.E.A. Axon, 'A Gypsy Tract from the Seventeenth Century', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol.1, No.1 (July 1907), pp.68-77. See also Salgãdo, op. cit.
81. See W.E.A. Axon, 'A Gypsy Tract from the Seventeenth Century', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol.1, No.1 (July 1907), pp.68-77. See also Salgãdo, op. cit.
82. John Richetti, Popular Fiction Before Richardson. Narrative Patterns 1700-1739 (Oxford, 1969), pp.23-4.
83. Sharpe, op. cit., p.101.
84. Liber Vagatorum, p.47.
85. An Acte concyng Egypsyans, 22 Henry VIII, c.10, 1530-31; An Acte for the punishement of certayne Persons calling themselves Egiptians, 1 & 2 Philip & Mary, c.iv, 1554-1555; An Acte for the Punishement of Vagabondes callyng themselfes Egiptians, 5 Elizc.20, 1562-1563.
86. Thomas Dekker, Lanthorne and Candle-Light. Or the Bell-Mans second nights walke. In which hee brings to light, a Broode of more strange Villanies, than ever were till this yeare discovered, Printed for John Busbie, London, 1608. For a reprint see Judges, op. cit., pp.312-65.
87. Thomas Dekker, Lanthorne and Candle-Light. Or the Bell-Mans second nights walke. In which hee brings to light, a Broode of more strange Villanies, than ever were till this yeare discovered, Printed for John Busbie, London, 1608. For a reprint see Judges, op. cit., pp.312-65.
88. Dekker in Judges, 1930. See also Andrew Borde, The fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge. The whych dothe teache a man to speake parte of all manner of languages, and to know the usage and fashion of all maner of countreys. And for to know the moste parte of all maner of coynes and money, the whych is currant in every region, made by Andrew Borde, of Physycke Doctor. Dedycated to the right Honourable & gracious lady mary doughter of our souerayne Lorde king Henry the eyght, Imprinted in London by William Copland [1547?]. For a reprint see F.J. Furnivall (ed.), The fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge made by Andrew Borde of Physycke Doctor. A Compendyous Regyment or a Dyetary of helth made in Mountpyllier, compyled by Andrew Boorde of Physycke Doctour. bornes in the Defence of the berde: a Treatyse made, answerynge the Treatyse of Doctor Borde upon Berdes, edited, with a life of Andrew Boorde, and large extracts from his Breuyary, by F.J. Furnivall (London, 1870). Also, Crofton, op. cit.
89. Dekker in Judges, 1930. See also Andrew Borde, The fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge. The whych dothe teache a man to speake parte of all manner of languages, and to know the usage and fashion of all maner of countreys. And for to know the moste parte of all maner of coynes and money, the whych is currant in every region, made by Andrew Borde, of Physycke Doctor. Dedycated to the right Honourable & gracious lady mary doughter of our souerayne Lorde king Henry the eyght, Imprinted in London by William Copland [1547?]. For a reprint see F.J. Furnivall (ed.), The fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge made by Andrew Borde of Physycke Doctor. A Compendyous Regyment or a Dyetary of helth made in Mountpyllier, compyled by Andrew Boorde of Physycke Doctour. bornes in the Defence of the berde: a Treatyse made, answerynge the Treatyse of Doctor Borde upon Berdes, edited, with a life of Andrew Boorde, and large extracts from his Breuyary, by F.J. Furnivall (London, 1870). Also, Crofton, op. cit.
90. Dekker in Judges, 1930. See also Andrew Borde, The fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge. The whych dothe teache a man to speake parte of all manner of languages, and to know the usage and fashion of all maner of countreys. And for to know the moste parte of all maner of coynes and money, the whych is currant in every region, made by Andrew Borde, of Physycke Doctor. Dedycated to the right Honourable & gracious lady mary doughter of our souerayne Lorde king Henry the eyght, Imprinted in London by William Copland [1547?]. For a reprint see F.J. Furnivall (ed.), The fyrst Boke of the Introduction of Knowledge made by Andrew Borde of Physycke Doctor. A Compendyous Regyment or a Dyetary of helth made in Mountpyllier, compyled by Andrew Boorde of Physycke Doctour. bornes in the Defence of the berde: a Treatyse made, answerynge the Treatyse of Doctor Borde upon Berdes, edited, with a life of Andrew Boorde, and large extracts from his Breuyary, by F.J. Furnivall (London, 1870). Also, Crofton, op. cit.
91. R[id?], S[amuel], Martin Mark-all, beadle of Bridewell; his defence and answere to [T Dekker 's] the Belman of London, Discivering the long-concealed Original and Regimen of Rogues, when they first began to take head, and how they have succeeded one the other suvccessively un to the six-and-twentieth year of King Henry the Eighth, gathered out of the Chronicle of Crackropes, and (as they term it) the Legend of Lorel, London, for J. Budge and R Bonian, 1610; Harman, Thomas, The fratemitye of vacabondes, by J. Awdeley. A caueat or warening for commen cursetors vulgarely called vagabones, by T. Harman. A sermon in praise of thieves and thievery by parson Haben or Haberdyne. Those parts of The groundworks of conny-catching, that differ from Harman's caueat, edited by E. Viles and F.J. Furnival (London, 1869).
92. R[id?], S[amuel], Martin Mark-all, beadle of Bridewell; his defence and answere to [T Dekker 's] the Belman of London, Discivering the long-concealed Original and Regimen of Rogues, when they first began to take head, and how they have succeeded one the other suvccessively un to the six-and-twentieth year of King Henry the Eighth, gathered out of the Chronicle of Crackropes, and (as they term it) the Legend of Lorel, London, for J. Budge and R Bonian, 1610; Harman, Thomas, The fratemitye of vacabondes, by J. Awdeley. A caueat or warening for commen cursetors vulgarely called vagabones, by T. Harman. A sermon in praise of thieves and thievery by parson Haben or Haberdyne. Those parts of The groundworks of conny-catching, that differ from Harman's caueat, edited by E. Viles and F.J. Furnival (London, 1869).
93. An Acte concyng Egypsyans, 22 Henry VIII, c.10, 1530-31.
94. Sir Thomas More, A Dyalogue of Syr Thomas More. See note 10.
95. S. Rid, The Art of lugling or Legerdemaine. Wherein is deciphered, all the conneyances of legerdemaine and lugling, how they are effected, & wherein thet chiefly consist. Cautions to beware of cheating at cardes and Dice. The Detectuion of the beggerly Art of Alcumistry, &, the Foppery of foolish cousoning Charmes. All tending to mirth and recreation, especially for those that desire to have the insight and private practise thereof. Printed at London for T.B., 1612; facsimile reprint: The English Experience: Its Record in Early Printed Books (Norwood, NJ, 1974).
96. S. Rid, The Art of lugling or Legerdemaine. Wherein is deciphered, all the conneyances of legerdemaine and lugling, how they are effected, & wherein thet chiefly consist. Cautions to beware of cheating at cardes and Dice. The Detectuion of the beggerly Art of Alcumistry, &, the Foppery of foolish cousoning Charmes. All tending to mirth and recreation, especially for those that desire to have the insight and private practise thereof. Printed at London for T.B., 1612; facsimile reprint: The English Experience: Its Record in Early Printed Books (Norwood, NJ, 1974).
97. Edward Hext, Justice of the Peace in Somerset, to Burghley on the Increase of Rogues and Vagabonds, 25 September 1596. See also Dekker in Judges, op. cit., p.345.
98. Edward Hext, Justice of the Peace in Somerset, to Burghley on the Increase of Rogues and Vagabonds, 25 September 1596. See also Dekker in Judges, op. cit., p.345.
99. This system of communication by symbols was given a criminal dimension in a recent internal Kent police memorandum. This 1990 document identified signs, now written in marker pens, which Gypsies allegedly left for each other in order to identify potential targets for burglary and house crimes. See The Sunday Correspondent, 12 Aug. 1990.
100. Dekker in Judges, op. cit., p.345.
101. An Acte concyng Egypsyans, 22 Henry VHI, c.10, 1530-31.
102. Boorde in Crofton, op. cit., p.163.
103. See note 5 for details of reprints of Hext. Dekker in Judges, op. cit., p.344.
104. Boorde [1547?].
105. H.T. Crofton, 'The Former Costume of the Gypsies', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol.2, No.3, 1909, pp.207-31.
106. Judges, op. cit., p.xxv.
107. Aydelotte, op. cit., p.18
108. Aydelotte, op. cit., p.20
109. John Pound, Poverty and Vagrancy in Tudor England (London, 1971), p.29.
110. Salgãdo, op. cit., p.151
111. Salgãdo, op. cit., p.151.
112. Salgãdo, op. cit., p.157
113. See Beier, op. cit., p.59; Rid, op. cit.; Salgãdo, op. cit.
114. See Beier, op. cit., p.59; Rid, op. cit.; Salgãdo, op. cit.
115. See Beier, op. cit., p.59; Rid, op. cit.; Salgãdo, op. cit.
116. The category of 'counterfeit Egyptian' first appeared in the Elizabethan statute against the Gypsies in 1562. See Mayall, 1995, p.22.
117. Boorde [1547?].
118. Salgãdo, op. cit., p.157.
119. Beier, op. cit., p. 144.
120. Beier, op. cit., p.8.
121. Beier, op. cit., p.xxi
122. Gãmini Salgãdo, Cony-Catchers and Bawdy Baskets: An Anthology of Elizabethan Low Life (Harmondsworth, 1972), p.15.
123. Salgãdo, p.23.
124. Pound, 1971.
125. See John Pound, 'Vagrants and the Social Order in Elizabethan England', and A.L. Beier, 'Rejoinder', Past and Present, No.71 (May 1976), pp.126-34.
126. Beier. Masterless Men, p.xxi.
127. See Beier; Masterless Men, especially Ch.8; Peter Clark, 'The Migrant in Kentish Towns 1580-1640', in Peter Clark and Paul Slack (eds.), Crisis and Order in English Towns, 1500-1700: Essays in Urban History (London, 1972), p.144.
128. See Beier; Masterless Men, especially Ch.8; Peter Clark, 'The Migrant in Kentish Towns 1580-1640', in Peter Clark and Paul Slack (eds.), Crisis and Order in English Towns, 1500-1700: Essays in Urban History (London, 1972), p.144.
129. Arthur Symons, 'Sir Thomas Brown on the Gypsies', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol.5, No.2 (1911-12), pp.109-13. This article examines Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epedemica; or, Enquiries into very many received tenents, and commonly presumed truths, 1646. Intermixing is mentioned on p.113.
130. Arthur Symons, 'Sir Thomas Brown on the Gypsies', Journal of the Gypsy Lore Society, New Series, Vol.5, No.2 (1911-12), pp.109-13. This article examines Thomas Browne's Pseudodoxia Epedemica; or, Enquiries into very many received tenents, and commonly presumed truths, 1646. Intermixing is mentioned on p.113.