Russian, imperial and Soviet identities

Transactions of the Royal Historical Society

Volumn 8, Issue , 1998, Pages 253-269

  Lieven, Dominic ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 59349101173     PISSN: 00804401     EISSN: 14740648     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2307/3679297     Document Type: Review

References (70)

1. For instance in Anthony Smith, The Ethnic Origins of Nations (Oxford, 1986), p. 136.
2. Emory M. Thomas, Robert E. Lee (New York, 1995), pp. 187-90.
3. On Muscovite and early modern Russian identity the English-speaking reader should consult: D. J. Halperin, 'The Russian Land and the Russian Tsar: the Emergence of Muscovite Ideology, 1380-1408', Forschungen zur Osteuropaischen Geschichte (1976), 23;
4. P. Bushkovich, 'The Formation of a National Consciousness in Early Modern Russia', Harvard Ukrainian Studies, X, 3-4 (1986);
5. M. Cherniavsky, 'Russia', in O. Ranum (ed.), National Consciousness, History and Political Culture in Early Modern Europe (Baltimore, 1975);
6. J. Cracraft, 'Empire versus Nation: Russian Political Theory under Peter I', Harvard Ukrainian Studies, X, 3-4) (1986).
7. R. S. Wortman, Scenarios of Power, Myth and Ceremony in Russian Monarchy, vol. I (Princeton 1995).
8. D. C. B. Lieven, Russia's Rulers under the Old Regime (Yale University Press, New Haven, 1989), chs. 2, 3, 4, 5.
9. On the tsarist ruling elites see B. Meehan-Waters, Autocracy and Aristocracy. The Russian Service Elite of 1730 (Rutgers, 1982);
10. J. LeDonne, 'Ruling Families in the Russian Political Order 1689-1825', Cahiers du Monde Russe et Sovietique, XXVIII, 3-4 (1987);
11. D. Lieven, 'The Russian Civil Service under Nicholas II: Some Variations on the Bureaucratic Theme', Jahrbucher für Geschichte Osteuropas, 29 (1981), 3.
12. For non-Russian elites' relationship with the imperial polity see A. Kappeler, Russland als Vielvölkerreich (Munich, 1993).
13. But see a very interesting short essay by Steven Hoch, 'The Serg Economy and the Social Order in Russia', in M. Bush (ed.), Serfdom and Slavery (London, 1996).
14. E. Weber, Peasants into Frenchmen (Stanford, 1976), especially ch. 29.
15. The classic statement on this was by A. von Haxthausen, The Russian Empire. Its People, Institutions and Resources (London, 1968), vol. II, p. 185.
16. On Russians and Tatars, see A. Kappeler, Russlands Erste Nationalitäten. Das Zarenreich und die Völker der Mittleren Volga von 16 bis 19 Jahrhundert (Cologne, 1982).
17. M. Cherniavsky, Tsar and People. Studies in Russian Myths (New York, 1969);
18. M. Perrie, Pretenders and Popular Monarchism in Early Modern Russia (Cambridge, 1995).
19. For a sceptical view, D. Field, Rebels in the Name of the Tsar (Boston, 1976).
20. On the army, its morale, and the role of ethnic homogeneity see W. Fuller, Strategy and Power in Russia 1600-1914 (New York, 1992), esp. Ch. 3
21. and C. Duffy, Russia's Military Way to the West. Origins and Nature of Russian Military Power (London, 1981).
22. In ch. VI of his splendid When Russia Learned to Read (Princeton, 1985) J. Brooks barely mentions the army's impact on popular consciousness.
23. These themes are covered in G. Hosking, Russia, People and Empire (London, 1997).
24. On the Slavophiles the best place to start is A. Walicki, The Slavophile Controversy (Oxford, 1975).
25. On the social history of the early Slavophiles see also M. Hughes, 'Independent Gentlemen: the Social Position of the Moscow Slavophiles and Its Impact on their Political Thought', Slavonic and East European Review (1993), 71.
26. See ch. 8 of D. Lieven, Nicholas II. Emperor of all the Russians (London, 1993).
27. F. Venturi, Roots of Revolution (Chicago, 1983), remains the best introduction to this theme.
28. The literature on this theme is already immense and interest in nationalities' issues since the break-up of the USSR ensures its exponential growth. Kappeler, Russland als Vielvolkerreich
29. remains the best overall study but three recent works well deserve attention: T. R. Weeks, Nation and State in Late Imperial Russia (De Kalb, 1996).
30. O. Andriewsky, The Politics of National Identity: the Ukrainian Question in Russia 1904-12 (Harvard Ph.D., 1991):
31. W. Rodkiewicz, Russian Nationality Policy in the Western Provinces of the Empire during the Reign of Nicholas II, 1894-1905 (Harvard, Ph.D., 1996).
32. A very inadequate summary of R. C. Ridenour Nationalism, Modernism, and Personal Rivalry in Nineteenth-Century Russia (Bloomington, 1981).
33. See e.g. P. B. Struve's writings before 1914: 'Otryvki o gosudarstvei natsii,' (Russkaya Mysl', May 1908)
34. and a further article on the same theme in December 1914: Collected Works, vol. VII, pp. 187-98 No. 360 and vol. XI, pp. 176-80, University Microfilms, 1970.
35. I tackle these issues in much greater detail (and with a large bibliography) in my forthcoming article in the Journal of Contemporary History entitled 'Dilemmas of Empire 1850-1918. Power, Territory, Identity'.
36. For further comparisons between Russian and, inter alia, English empire see my 'The Russian Empire and the Soviet Union as Imperial Polities', Journal of Contemporary History, 30, 4 (1995)
37. and my forthcoming Empire and Russia.
38. As regards the impact on Russian consciousness of imperial conquests two recent English-language books are Y. Slezkine, Arctic Mirrors. Russia and the Small Peoples of the North (Ithaca, 1994)
39. and S. Layton, Russian Literature and Empire. Conquest of the Caucasus from Pushkin to Tolstoy (Cambridge, 1994). In this context Layton's book is inevitably more useful, since the Caucasus made a vastly greater impact on the Russian imagination than was the case with the Siberian natives.
40. On the Cossacks the English-speaking reader must rely on P. Longworth, The Cossacks (London, 1969)
41. for a survey, which should be supplemented by H. Stockl, Die Entstehung des Kosakentums.
42. On Siberia the place to start is chapter 1 of A. Wood (ed.), The History of Siberia. From Russian Conquest to Revolution (London, 1991).
43. On the regionalists, see S. Watraus, 'The Regionalist Conception of Siberia, 1860-1920', ch. 7 in G. Diment and Y. Slezkine (eds.), Between Heaven and Hell. The Myth of Siberia in Russian Culture (New York, 1993)
44. and W. Faust, Russlands Goldener Boden. Der Sibirische Regionalismus in der zweiten. Hälfte des 19 Jahrhunderts (Cologne, 1980).
45. On this huge and difficult subject O. Figes, Peasant Russia, Civil War: The Volga Countryside in Revolution (1917-1921) (Oxford, 1989), is excellent.
46. See also the essays by Gorky and Chayanov in R. E. F. Smith (ed.), The Russian Peasant 1920 and 1984 (London, 1977).
47. See e.g. The comments of Alexsei Kuropatkin, the Minister of War and a great nationalist, on visiting the Baltic provinces in 1903: p. 7 in Dnevnik A. N. Kuropatkina, (Nizhpoligraph, N. Novgorod, 1923).
48. Weeks, Nation
49. and Rodkiewicz, Russian, both stress this point as do experts on Russian policy towards the Jews.
50. See chs. 2 and 3 of H. Rogger, Jewish Policies and Right-Wing Politics in Imperial Russia (London, 1986)
51. and J. D. Klier, Imperial Russia's Jewish Question 1855-81 (Cambridge, 1995).
52. R. Quested, 'Matey' Imperialist. The Tsarist Russians in Manchuria 1895-1917 (Hong Kong, 1987) is usefully compared with Susan Layton's work on an earlier era and region, though a little caution is required given the differences between Layton's literary sources and those deployed by Quested.
53. See my comments in ch. 8 of Lieven, Nicholas II (London, 1993).
54. On Ukrainian elites see e.g. ch. 1 of B. Krawchenko, Social Change and National Consciousness in Twentieth-Century Ukraine (London, 1985)
55. and A. Kappeler, 'A "Small People" of Twenty-Five Million: the Ukrainians circa 1900', Journal of Ukrainian Studies, 18, 1-2 (1993).
56. On Germany, see O. S. Fedyshyn, Germany's Drive to the East and the Ukrainian Revolution, 1917-1918 (New Brunswick, 1971).
57. On the treatment of the church see e.g. J. Daly, '"Storming the Last Citadel". The Boshevik Assault on the Church, 1922', in V. N. Brovkin (ed.), The Bolsheviks in Russian Society (New Haven, 1997).
58. NB a comment by a delegate to the tenth Party Congress in 1921: 'The transformation of Russia from a colony of Europe into the center of a world movement has filled with pride and with a special kind of Russian patriotism the hearts of all those who are connected with the revolution'; by F. C. Barghoorn, Soviet Russian Nationalism (Oxford, 1956), p. 27.
59. See in particular vol. VII of A. J. Toynbee, A Study of History (Oxford, 1954).
60. On empire in the first millennium, G. Fowden, Empire to Commonwealth. Consequences of Monotheism in Late Antiquity (Princeton, 1993), provokes many thoughts.
61. A Brewer, Marxist Theories of Imperialism. A Critical Survey (London, 1980) is a useful introduction to this tradition of political drinking.
62. Richard Pipes, The Formation of the Soviet Union (Cambridge, 1954), remains the best book on this subject.
63. On the Stalinist middle class and its values see above all V. Dunham, In Stalin's Time.
64. S. Fitzpatrick, 'Culture and Politics under Stalin. A Reappraisal', Slavic Review (June 1976), vol. 35, 2, pp. 211-32.
65. The literature on Stalinism is already immense and is certain to grow greatly, since this is at present the main focus of Western research into Russian history. Of recent works, Stephen Kotkin, Magnetic Mountain. Stalinism as a Civilisation (Berkley, 1995) is not merely among the best but also comes closest to the theme of my article.
66. On the non-Russian nationalities, see G. Simon, Nationalism and Policy toward the Nationalities in the Soviet Union (Boulder, 1991).
67. On Russia, J. Dunlop, The Faces of Contemporary Russian Nationalism (Princeton, 1983), traces the rise of dissident Russian nationalism.
68. R. Szporluk is illuminating on the dilemmas faced by Russian nationalists contemplating the USSR's demise: ch. 1, 'Imperial Legacy and the Soviet Nationalities Problem', in L. Hajda and M. Beissinger (eds.) The Nationalities Factor in Soviet Politics and Society (Westview, Boulder, 1990).
69. For a balanced over-all survey of the Soviet Union's position on the eve of Perestroyka see P. Dibb, The Soviet Union: The Incomplete Superpower (London 1988).
70. I watched the parade and commented on it for Canadian television.