메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 34, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 389-401

Interactive effects of sex hormones and gender stereotypes on cognitive sex differences-A psychobiosocial approach

Author keywords

Cognitive sex differences; Gender stereotypes; Mental rotation; Perceptual speed; Stereotype threat; Testosterone; Verbal fluency

Indexed keywords

TESTOSTERONE;

EID: 59249101409     PISSN: 03064530     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.09.019     Document Type: Article
Times cited : (114)

References (83)
  • 3
    • 32444440485 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testosterone and human aggression: an evaluation of the challenge hypothesis
    • Archer J. Testosterone and human aggression: an evaluation of the challenge hypothesis. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 30 (2006) 319-345
    • (2006) Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. , vol.30 , pp. 319-345
    • Archer, J.1
  • 5
    • 0035345178 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • African Americans and high blood pressure: the role of stereotype threat
    • Blascovich J., Spencer S.J., Quinn D., and Steele C. African Americans and high blood pressure: the role of stereotype threat. Psychol. Sci. 12 (2001) 225-229
    • (2001) Psychol. Sci. , vol.12 , pp. 225-229
    • Blascovich, J.1    Spencer, S.J.2    Quinn, D.3    Steele, C.4
  • 6
    • 0033456798 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A burden of proof: Stereotype relevance and gender differences in math performance
    • Brown R.P., and Josephs R.A. A burden of proof: Stereotype relevance and gender differences in math performance. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 76 (1999) 246-257
    • (1999) J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. , vol.76 , pp. 246-257
    • Brown, R.P.1    Josephs, R.A.2
  • 7
    • 34248656731 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence for the influence of testosterone in the performance of spatial navigation in a virtual water maze in women but not in men
    • Burkitt J., Widman D., and Saucier D.M. Evidence for the influence of testosterone in the performance of spatial navigation in a virtual water maze in women but not in men. Horm. Behav. 51 (2007) 649-654
    • (2007) Horm. Behav. , vol.51 , pp. 649-654
    • Burkitt, J.1    Widman, D.2    Saucier, D.M.3
  • 8
    • 20444505593 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Inspection time and speed of processing: sex differences on perceptual speed but not IT
    • Burns N.R., and Nettelbeck T. Inspection time and speed of processing: sex differences on perceptual speed but not IT. Pers. Ind. Diff. 39 (2005) 439-446
    • (2005) Pers. Ind. Diff. , vol.39 , pp. 439-446
    • Burns, N.R.1    Nettelbeck, T.2
  • 9
    • 0027315530 scopus 로고
    • Sex hormone-related variations of cognitive performance in !Kung San hunter-gatherers of Namibia
    • Christiansen K. Sex hormone-related variations of cognitive performance in !Kung San hunter-gatherers of Namibia. Neuropsychobiology 27 (1993) 97-107
    • (1993) Neuropsychobiology , vol.27 , pp. 97-107
    • Christiansen, K.1
  • 10
    • 0030848231 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A large sex difference on a two-dimensional mental rotation task
    • Collins D.W., and Kimura D. A large sex difference on a two-dimensional mental rotation task. Behav. Neurosci. 111 (1997) 845-849
    • (1997) Behav. Neurosci. , vol.111 , pp. 845-849
    • Collins, D.W.1    Kimura, D.2
  • 12
    • 0032420904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex-sensitive tasks in men and women: a search of performance fluctuations across the menstrual cycle
    • Epting L.K., and Overman W.H. Sex-sensitive tasks in men and women: a search of performance fluctuations across the menstrual cycle. Behav. Neurosci. 112 (1998) 1304-1317
    • (1998) Behav. Neurosci. , vol.112 , pp. 1304-1317
    • Epting, L.K.1    Overman, W.H.2
  • 13
    • 33745949165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testosterone: activation or organization of spatial cognition?
    • Falter C.M., Arroyo M., and Davis G.J. Testosterone: activation or organization of spatial cognition?. Biol. Psychol. 73 (2006) 132-140
    • (2006) Biol. Psychol. , vol.73 , pp. 132-140
    • Falter, C.M.1    Arroyo, M.2    Davis, G.J.3
  • 14
    • 84964154174 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in variability in intellectual abilities: a new look at an old controversy
    • Feingold A. Sex differences in variability in intellectual abilities: a new look at an old controversy. Rev. Educ. Res. 62 (1992) 61-84
    • (1992) Rev. Educ. Res. , vol.62 , pp. 61-84
    • Feingold, A.1
  • 16
    • 0022922724 scopus 로고
    • A relationship between gonadotropins and visuospatial function
    • Gordon H.W., and Lee P.L. A relationship between gonadotropins and visuospatial function. Neuropsychologia 24 (1986) 563-576
    • (1986) Neuropsychologia , vol.24 , pp. 563-576
    • Gordon, H.W.1    Lee, P.L.2
  • 17
    • 0027375984 scopus 로고
    • No differences in cognitive performance between phases of the menstrual cycle
    • Gordon H.W., and Lee P.L. No differences in cognitive performance between phases of the menstrual cycle. Psychoneuroendocrinology 18 (1993) 521-531
    • (1993) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.18 , pp. 521-531
    • Gordon, H.W.1    Lee, P.L.2
  • 18
    • 0022486680 scopus 로고
    • Changes in specialized cognitive function following changes in hormone levels
    • Gordon H.W., Corbin E.D., and Lee P.A. Changes in specialized cognitive function following changes in hormone levels. Cortex 22 (1986) 399-415
    • (1986) Cortex , vol.22 , pp. 399-415
    • Gordon, H.W.1    Corbin, E.D.2    Lee, P.A.3
  • 19
    • 0025933877 scopus 로고
    • The relationship between testosterone levels and cognitive ability patterns
    • Gouchie C., and Kimura D. The relationship between testosterone levels and cognitive ability patterns. Psychoneuroendocrinology 16 (1991) 323-334
    • (1991) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.16 , pp. 323-334
    • Gouchie, C.1    Kimura, D.2
  • 20
    • 14044278210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex differences and individual differences in cognitive performance and their relationship to endogenous gonadal hormones and gonadotropins
    • Halari R., Hines M., Kumari V., Mehrotra R., Wheeler M., Ng V., and Sharma T. Sex differences and individual differences in cognitive performance and their relationship to endogenous gonadal hormones and gonadotropins. Behav. Neurosci. 119 (2005) 104-117
    • (2005) Behav. Neurosci. , vol.119 , pp. 104-117
    • Halari, R.1    Hines, M.2    Kumari, V.3    Mehrotra, R.4    Wheeler, M.5    Ng, V.6    Sharma, T.7
  • 21
    • 21444434588 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex, brains, hands, and spatial cognition
    • Halpern D.F. Sex, brains, hands, and spatial cognition. Dev. Rev. 16 (1996) 261-270
    • (1996) Dev. Rev. , vol.16 , pp. 261-270
    • Halpern, D.F.1
  • 23
    • 0035028747 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotypes and steroids: using a psychobiosocial model to understand cognitive sex differences
    • Halpern D.F., and Tan U. Stereotypes and steroids: using a psychobiosocial model to understand cognitive sex differences. Brain Cogn. 45 (2001) 392-414
    • (2001) Brain Cogn. , vol.45 , pp. 392-414
    • Halpern, D.F.1    Tan, U.2
  • 24
    • 0025369584 scopus 로고
    • Estrogen-related variations in human spatial and articulatory-motor skills
    • Hampson E. Estrogen-related variations in human spatial and articulatory-motor skills. Psychoneuroendocrinology 15 (1990) 97-111
    • (1990) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.15 , pp. 97-111
    • Hampson, E.1
  • 25
    • 0025485064 scopus 로고
    • Variations in sex related cognitive abilities across the menstrual cycle
    • Hampson E. Variations in sex related cognitive abilities across the menstrual cycle. Brain Cogn. 14 (1990) 26-43
    • (1990) Brain Cogn. , vol.14 , pp. 26-43
    • Hampson, E.1
  • 26
    • 0031822169 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial reasoning in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydrooxylase deficiency
    • Hampson E., Rovet J.F., and Altmann D. Spatial reasoning in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydrooxylase deficiency. Dev. Neuropsychol. 14 (1998) 299-320
    • (1998) Dev. Neuropsychol. , vol.14 , pp. 299-320
    • Hampson, E.1    Rovet, J.F.2    Altmann, D.3
  • 29
    • 0029007354 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in mental test scores, variability, and number of high scoring individuals
    • Hedges L.V., and Nowell A. Sex differences in mental test scores, variability, and number of high scoring individuals. Science 269 (1995) 41-45
    • (1995) Science , vol.269 , pp. 41-45
    • Hedges, L.V.1    Nowell, A.2
  • 30
    • 84919662384 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • University Press, Oxford
    • Hines M. Brain Gender (2004), University Press, Oxford
    • (2004) Brain Gender
    • Hines, M.1
  • 31
    • 0642337128 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Spatial abilities following prenatal androgen abnormality: targeting and mental rotations performance in individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
    • Hines M., Fane B.A., Pasterski V.L., Mathews G.A., Conway G.S., and Brooke C. Spatial abilities following prenatal androgen abnormality: targeting and mental rotations performance in individuals with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Psychoneuroendocrinology 28 (2003) 1010-1026
    • (2003) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.28 , pp. 1010-1026
    • Hines, M.1    Fane, B.A.2    Pasterski, V.L.3    Mathews, G.A.4    Conway, G.S.5    Brooke, C.6
  • 32
    • 1242270657 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship of male testosterone to components of mental rotation
    • Hooven C.K., Chabris C.F., Ellison P.T., and Kosslyn S.M. The relationship of male testosterone to components of mental rotation. Neuropsychologia 42 (2004) 782-790
    • (2004) Neuropsychologia , vol.42 , pp. 782-790
    • Hooven, C.K.1    Chabris, C.F.2    Ellison, P.T.3    Kosslyn, S.M.4
  • 34
    • 30244457910 scopus 로고
    • How large are cognitive gender differences?
    • Hyde J.S. How large are cognitive gender differences?. Am. Psychol. 36 (1981) 892-901
    • (1981) Am. Psychol. , vol.36 , pp. 892-901
    • Hyde, J.S.1
  • 35
    • 58149366133 scopus 로고
    • Gender differences in verbal abilities: a meta-analysis
    • Hyde J.S., and Linn M.C. Gender differences in verbal abilities: a meta-analysis. Psychol. Bull. 104 (1988) 53-69
    • (1988) Psychol. Bull. , vol.104 , pp. 53-69
    • Hyde, J.S.1    Linn, M.C.2
  • 36
    • 0034279620 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A threatening intellectual environment: why females are susceptible to experiencing problem-solving deficits in the presence of males
    • Inzlicht M., and Ben-Zeev T. A threatening intellectual environment: why females are susceptible to experiencing problem-solving deficits in the presence of males. Psychol. Sci. 11 (2000) 365-371
    • (2000) Psychol. Sci. , vol.11 , pp. 365-371
    • Inzlicht, M.1    Ben-Zeev, T.2
  • 38
    • 0037713006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Status, testosterone, and human intellectual performance: stereotype threat at status concern
    • Josephs R.A., Newman M.L., Brown R.P., and Beer J.M. Status, testosterone, and human intellectual performance: stereotype threat at status concern. Psychol. Sci. 14 (2003) 158-163
    • (2003) Psychol. Sci. , vol.14 , pp. 158-163
    • Josephs, R.A.1    Newman, M.L.2    Brown, R.P.3    Beer, J.M.4
  • 39
    • 0030013029 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Estradiol is related to visual memory in healthy young men
    • Kampen D.L., and Sherwin B.B. Estradiol is related to visual memory in healthy young men. Behav. Neurosci. 110 (1996) 613-617
    • (1996) Behav. Neurosci. , vol.110 , pp. 613-617
    • Kampen, D.L.1    Sherwin, B.B.2
  • 40
    • 34250019993 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat in classroom settings: the interactive effect of domain identification, task difficulty and stereotype threat on female students' math performance
    • Keller J. Stereotype threat in classroom settings: the interactive effect of domain identification, task difficulty and stereotype threat on female students' math performance. Br. J. Educ. Psychol. 77 (2007) 323-338
    • (2007) Br. J. Educ. Psychol. , vol.77 , pp. 323-338
    • Keller, J.1
  • 41
    • 0029974313 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Sex, sexual orientation and sex hormones influence human cognitive function
    • Kimura D. Sex, sexual orientation and sex hormones influence human cognitive function. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 6 (1996) 259-263
    • (1996) Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. , vol.6 , pp. 259-263
    • Kimura, D.1
  • 43
    • 18744366998 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat in men on a test of social sensitivity
    • Koenig A.M., and Eagly A.H. Stereotype threat in men on a test of social sensitivity. Sex Roles 52 (2005) 489-496
    • (2005) Sex Roles , vol.52 , pp. 489-496
    • Koenig, A.M.1    Eagly, A.H.2
  • 44
    • 0034340235 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat: are lower status and history of stigmatization preconditions of stereotype threat?
    • Leyens J.-P., Désert M., Croizet J.-C., and Darcis C. Stereotype threat: are lower status and history of stigmatization preconditions of stereotype threat?. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 26 (2000) 1189-1199
    • (2000) Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. , vol.26 , pp. 1189-1199
    • Leyens, J.-P.1    Désert, M.2    Croizet, J.-C.3    Darcis, C.4
  • 45
    • 19044380848 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The effects of sex steroids on spatial performance: a review and an experimental clinical investigation
    • Liben L.S., Susman E.J., Finkelstein J.W., Chinchilli V.M., Kunselman S., Schwab J., et al. The effects of sex steroids on spatial performance: a review and an experimental clinical investigation. Dev. Psychol. 35 (2002) 236-253
    • (2002) Dev. Psychol. , vol.35 , pp. 236-253
    • Liben, L.S.1    Susman, E.J.2    Finkelstein, J.W.3    Chinchilli, V.M.4    Kunselman, S.5    Schwab, J.6
  • 46
    • 0022292943 scopus 로고
    • Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: a meta-analysis
    • Linn M.C., and Petersen A.C. Emergence and characterization of sex differences in spatial ability: a meta-analysis. Child Dev. 56 (1985) 1479-1498
    • (1985) Child Dev. , vol.56 , pp. 1479-1498
    • Linn, M.C.1    Petersen, A.C.2
  • 47
    • 0036132622 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Implicit memory varies across the menstrual cycle: estrogen effects in young women
    • Maki P.M., Rich J.B., and Rosenbaum R.S. Implicit memory varies across the menstrual cycle: estrogen effects in young women. Neuropsychologia 40 (2002) 518-529
    • (2002) Neuropsychologia , vol.40 , pp. 518-529
    • Maki, P.M.1    Rich, J.B.2    Rosenbaum, R.S.3
  • 49
    • 23044534555 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Female role models: protecting women's math test performance
    • Marx D.M., and Roman J.S. Female role models: protecting women's math test performance. Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. 28 (2002) 1183-1193
    • (2002) Pers. Soc. Psychol. Bull. , vol.28 , pp. 1183-1193
    • Marx, D.M.1    Roman, J.S.2
  • 50
    • 0018521140 scopus 로고
    • Human spatial abilities: psychometric studies and environmental, genetic, hormonal, and neurological influences
    • McGee M.G. Human spatial abilities: psychometric studies and environmental, genetic, hormonal, and neurological influences. Psychol. Bull. 86 (1979) 889-918
    • (1979) Psychol. Bull. , vol.86 , pp. 889-918
    • McGee, M.G.1
  • 51
    • 0019314393 scopus 로고
    • Sex differences in human brain asymmetry: a critical survey
    • McGlone J. Sex differences in human brain asymmetry: a critical survey. Behav. Brain Sci. 3 (1980) 215-263
    • (1980) Behav. Brain Sci. , vol.3 , pp. 215-263
    • McGlone, J.1
  • 52
    • 0001482561 scopus 로고
    • Hormone and hemisphericity hypotheses regarding cognitive sex differences: possible future explanatory power, but current empirical chaos
    • McKeever W.F. Hormone and hemisphericity hypotheses regarding cognitive sex differences: possible future explanatory power, but current empirical chaos. Learn. Individ. Differ. 7 (1995) 323-340
    • (1995) Learn. Individ. Differ. , vol.7 , pp. 323-340
    • McKeever, W.F.1
  • 53
    • 33750948458 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testosterone changes after losing predicts the decision to compete again
    • Mehta H.P., and Josephs R.A. Testosterone changes after losing predicts the decision to compete again. Horm. Behav. 50 (2006) 684-692
    • (2006) Horm. Behav. , vol.50 , pp. 684-692
    • Mehta, H.P.1    Josephs, R.A.2
  • 54
    • 0030131127 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A curvelinear relationship between testosterone and spatial cognition in humans: possible influence of hand preference
    • Moffat S.D., and Hampson E. A curvelinear relationship between testosterone and spatial cognition in humans: possible influence of hand preference. Psychoneuroendocrinology 21 (1996) 323-337
    • (1996) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.21 , pp. 323-337
    • Moffat, S.D.1    Hampson, E.2
  • 55
    • 0035004934 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Relationship between variations in estradiol and progesterone levels across the menstrual cycle and human performance
    • Mumenthaler M.S., O'Hara R., Taylor J.L., Friedman L., and Yesavage J.A. Relationship between variations in estradiol and progesterone levels across the menstrual cycle and human performance. Psychopharmacology (Berl.) 155 (2001) 198-203
    • (2001) Psychopharmacology (Berl.) , vol.155 , pp. 198-203
    • Mumenthaler, M.S.1    O'Hara, R.2    Taylor, J.L.3    Friedman, L.4    Yesavage, J.A.5
  • 56
    • 0002312983 scopus 로고
    • Cognitive abilities of children with hormone abnormalities: screening by psychoeducational tests
    • Perlman S.M. Cognitive abilities of children with hormone abnormalities: screening by psychoeducational tests. J. Learn. Disabil. 6 (1973) 21-29
    • (1973) J. Learn. Disabil. , vol.6 , pp. 21-29
    • Perlman, S.M.1
  • 58
    • 84988072791 scopus 로고
    • Spatial ability, student gender and academic performance
    • Peters M., Chrisholm P., and Laeng B. Spatial ability, student gender and academic performance. J. Eng. Educ. 84 (1995) 69-73
    • (1995) J. Eng. Educ. , vol.84 , pp. 69-73
    • Peters, M.1    Chrisholm, P.2    Laeng, B.3
  • 59
    • 0029315746 scopus 로고
    • A Redrawn Vandenberg and Kuse Mental Rotation Test: different versions and factors that affect performance
    • Peters M., Laeng B., Latham K., Jackson M., Zaiyouna R., and Richardson C. A Redrawn Vandenberg and Kuse Mental Rotation Test: different versions and factors that affect performance. Brain Cogn. 28 (1995) 39-58
    • (1995) Brain Cogn. , vol.28 , pp. 39-58
    • Peters, M.1    Laeng, B.2    Latham, K.3    Jackson, M.4    Zaiyouna, R.5    Richardson, C.6
  • 60
    • 33845903606 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Mental rotation test performance in four cross-cultural samples (N = 3367): overall sex differences and the role of academic program in performance
    • Peters M., Lehmann W., Takahira S., Takeuchi Y., and Jordan K. Mental rotation test performance in four cross-cultural samples (N = 3367): overall sex differences and the role of academic program in performance. Cortex 42 (2006) 1005-1014
    • (2006) Cortex , vol.42 , pp. 1005-1014
    • Peters, M.1    Lehmann, W.2    Takahira, S.3    Takeuchi, Y.4    Jordan, K.5
  • 61
    • 0000542870 scopus 로고
    • Early hormonal influences on cognitive functioning in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
    • Resnick S.M., Berenbaum S.A., Gottesman I.I., and Bouchard T. Early hormonal influences on cognitive functioning in congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Dev. Psychol. 22 (1986) 191-198
    • (1986) Dev. Psychol. , vol.22 , pp. 191-198
    • Resnick, S.M.1    Berenbaum, S.A.2    Gottesman, I.I.3    Bouchard, T.4
  • 62
    • 0036808858 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Verbal and spatial functions across the menstrual cycle in healthy young women
    • Rosenberg L., and Park S. Verbal and spatial functions across the menstrual cycle in healthy young women. Psychoneuroendocrinology 27 (2002) 835-841
    • (2002) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.27 , pp. 835-841
    • Rosenberg, L.1    Park, S.2
  • 63
    • 34249751180 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Improving performance expectancies in stereotypic domains: task relevance and the reduction of stereotype threat
    • Rosenthal H.E.S., Crisp R.J., and Suen M.-W. Improving performance expectancies in stereotypic domains: task relevance and the reduction of stereotype threat. Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. 37 (2007) 586-597
    • (2007) Eur. J. Soc. Psychol. , vol.37 , pp. 586-597
    • Rosenthal, H.E.S.1    Crisp, R.J.2    Suen, M.-W.3
  • 65
    • 0015231889 scopus 로고
    • Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects
    • Shepard R.N., and Metzler J. Mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Science 171 (1971) 701-703
    • (1971) Science , vol.171 , pp. 701-703
    • Shepard, R.N.1    Metzler, J.2
  • 66
    • 0007129111 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype susceptibility: identity salience and shifts in quantitative performance
    • Shih M., Pittinsky T.L., and Ambady N. Stereotype susceptibility: identity salience and shifts in quantitative performance. Psychol. Sci. 10 (1999) 80-83
    • (1999) Psychol. Sci. , vol.10 , pp. 80-83
    • Shih, M.1    Pittinsky, T.L.2    Ambady, N.3
  • 67
    • 85047672856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype performance boosts: the impact of self-relevance and the manner of stereotype activation
    • Shih M., Ambady N., Richeson J.A., Fujita K., and Gray H.M. Stereotype performance boosts: the impact of self-relevance and the manner of stereotype activation. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 38 (2002) 638-647
    • (2002) J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. , vol.38 , pp. 638-647
    • Shih, M.1    Ambady, N.2    Richeson, J.A.3    Fujita, K.4    Gray, H.M.5
  • 68
    • 0030160284 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Homogeneity of effect sizes for sex across spatial tests and cultures: implications for hormonal theories
    • Silverman I., Phillips K., and Silverman L.K. Homogeneity of effect sizes for sex across spatial tests and cultures: implications for hormonal theories. Brain Cogn. 31 (1996) 90-94
    • (1996) Brain Cogn. , vol.31 , pp. 90-94
    • Silverman, I.1    Phillips, K.2    Silverman, L.K.3
  • 70
    • 0032909791 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Activating effects of cross-sex hormones on cognitive functioning: a study of short-term and long-term hormone effects in transsexuals
    • Slabbekoorn D., Van Goozen S.H.M., Megens J., Gooren L.J.G., and Cohen-Kettenis P.T. Activating effects of cross-sex hormones on cognitive functioning: a study of short-term and long-term hormone effects in transsexuals. Psychoneuroendocrinology 24 (1999) 423-447
    • (1999) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.24 , pp. 423-447
    • Slabbekoorn, D.1    Van Goozen, S.H.M.2    Megens, J.3    Gooren, L.J.G.4    Cohen-Kettenis, P.T.5
  • 72
    • 0029411777 scopus 로고
    • Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans
    • Steele C.M., and Aronson J. Stereotype threat and the intellectual test performance of African Americans. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 69 (1995) 797-811
    • (1995) J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. , vol.69 , pp. 797-811
    • Steele, C.M.1    Aronson, J.2
  • 73
    • 0017535330 scopus 로고
    • An investigation of sex differences in spatial ability: mental rotation of three-dimensional objects
    • Tapley S.M., and Bryden M.P. An investigation of sex differences in spatial ability: mental rotation of three-dimensional objects. Can. J. Psychol. 31 (1977) 122-130
    • (1977) Can. J. Psychol. , vol.31 , pp. 122-130
    • Tapley, S.M.1    Bryden, M.P.2
  • 74
    • 0018180305 scopus 로고
    • Mental rotations: a group test of three-dimensional spatial visualization
    • Vandenberg S.G., and Kuse A.R. Mental rotations: a group test of three-dimensional spatial visualization. Percept. Mot. Skills 47 (1978) 599-604
    • (1978) Percept. Mot. Skills , vol.47 , pp. 599-604
    • Vandenberg, S.G.1    Kuse, A.R.2
  • 75
    • 0028114779 scopus 로고
    • Activating effects of androgens on cognitive performance: causal evidence in a group of female-to-male transsexuals
    • Van Goozen S.H.M., Cohen-Kettenis P.T., Gooren L.J.G., Frijda N.H., and Van de Poll N.E. Activating effects of androgens on cognitive performance: causal evidence in a group of female-to-male transsexuals. Neuropsychologia 32 (1994) 1153-1157
    • (1994) Neuropsychologia , vol.32 , pp. 1153-1157
    • Van Goozen, S.H.M.1    Cohen-Kettenis, P.T.2    Gooren, L.J.G.3    Frijda, N.H.4    Van de Poll, N.E.5
  • 76
    • 0029263003 scopus 로고
    • Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: a meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables
    • Voyer D., Voyer S., and Bryden M.P. Magnitude of sex differences in spatial abilities: a meta-analysis and consideration of critical variables. Psychol. Bull. 117 (1995) 250-270
    • (1995) Psychol. Bull. , vol.117 , pp. 250-270
    • Voyer, D.1    Voyer, S.2    Bryden, M.P.3
  • 78
    • 0025764649 scopus 로고
    • The organizational effects of gonadal steroids on sexually dimorphic spatial ability
    • Williams C.L., and Meck W.H. The organizational effects of gonadal steroids on sexually dimorphic spatial ability. Psychoneuroendocrinology 16 (1991) 155-176
    • (1991) Psychoneuroendocrinology , vol.16 , pp. 155-176
    • Williams, C.L.1    Meck, W.H.2
  • 80
    • 33847669233 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Stereotype susceptibility narrows the gender gap in imagined self-rotation performance
    • Wraga M., Duncan L., Jacobs E.C., Helt M., and Church J. Stereotype susceptibility narrows the gender gap in imagined self-rotation performance. Psychon. Bull. Rev. 13 (2006) 813-819
    • (2006) Psychon. Bull. Rev. , vol.13 , pp. 813-819
    • Wraga, M.1    Duncan, L.2    Jacobs, E.C.3    Helt, M.4    Church, J.5
  • 81
    • 34447631536 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Neural basis of stereotype-induced shifts in women's mental rotation performance
    • Wraga M., Helt M., Jacobs E., and Sullivan K. Neural basis of stereotype-induced shifts in women's mental rotation performance. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 2 (2007) 12-19
    • (2007) Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. , vol.2 , pp. 12-19
    • Wraga, M.1    Helt, M.2    Jacobs, E.3    Sullivan, K.4
  • 82
    • 33847650563 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Testosterone levels and mental rotation performance in Chinese men
    • Yang C.-F.J., Hooven C.K., Boynes M., Gray P.B., and Pope H.G. Testosterone levels and mental rotation performance in Chinese men. Horm. Behav. 51 (2007) 373-378
    • (2007) Horm. Behav. , vol.51 , pp. 373-378
    • Yang, C.-F.J.1    Hooven, C.K.2    Boynes, M.3    Gray, P.B.4    Pope, H.G.5


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.