Estimation of evaporation using a dual-beam surface layer scintillometer and component energy balance measurements

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

Volumn 149, Issue 3-4, 2009, Pages 501-517

  Savage, M J ^a  

^a School of Environmental Sciences   (South Africa)

Author keywords

Bowen ratio; Closure; Dual beam scintillometer; Eddy covariance; Evaporation estimation; MOST; Surface energy balance; Surface layer scintillometry

Indexed keywords

ENERGY BALANCE; ESTIMATION METHOD; EVAPORATION; GRASSLAND; MEASUREMENT METHOD; PLANT COMMUNITY; SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX;

AFRICA; SOUTH AFRICA; SOUTHERN AFRICA; SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA;

EID: 59249092086     PISSN: 01681923     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2008.09.012     Document Type: Article

References (57)

1. Anandakumar K. Sensible heat flux over a wheat canopy: optical scintillometer measurements and surface renewal analysis estimates. Agric. For. Meteorol. 96 (1999) 145-156
2. 2 over snow and seas ice for meteorological data. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 5 (1988) 481-495
3. Andreas E.L., Fairall C.W., Persson P.O.G., and Guest P.S. Probability distributions for the inner scale and the refractive index structure parameter and their implications for flux averaging. J. Appl. Meteorol. 42 (2003) 1316-1329
4. Angus D.E., and Watts P.J. Evapotranspiration: how good is the Bowen ratio method?. Agric Water Manage. 8 (1984) 133-150
5. Anthoni P.M., Law B.E., and Unsworth M.H. Carbon and water vapor exchange of an open-canopied ponderosa pine ecosystem. Agric. For. Meteorol. 95 (1999) 151-168
6. Bowen I.S. The ratio of heat losses by conduction and by evaporation from any water surface. Phys. Rev. 27 (1926) 779-787
7. Brutsaert W.H. Evaporation into the Atmosphere (1982), Reidel, Dordrecht, Holland p. 299
8. Castellvi, F., 2004. Combining surface renewal analysis and similarity theory: a new approach for estimating sensible heat flux. Water Res. Res. 40, W05201, doi:10.1029/2003WR002677.
9. Cava D., Contini D., Donateo A., and Martano P. Analysis of short-term closure of the surface energy balance above short vegetation. Agric. For. Meteorol. 148 (2008) 82-93
10. Champagne F.H., Friehe C.A., La Rue J.C., and Wyngaard J.C. Flux measurements, flux estimation techniques, and fine scale turbulence measurements in the unstable surface layer over land. J. Atmos. Sci. 34 (1977) 515-530
11. de Bruin H.A.R., Kohsiek W., and van den Hurk B.J.J.M. A verification of some methods to determine the fluxes of momentum, sensible heat, and water vapour using standard deviation and structure parameter of scalar meteorological quantities. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 63 (1993) 231-257
12. de Bruin H.A.R., Meijninger W.M.L., Smedman A.S., and Magnusson M. Displaced-beam small aperture scintillometer test. Part I: the WINTEX data-set. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 105 (2002) 129-148
13. Drexler J.Z., Snyder R.L., Spano D., and Paw U K.T. A review of models and micrometeorological methods used to estimate wetland evapotranspiration. Hydro. Proc. 18 (2004) 2071-2101
14. Edson J.B., and Fairall C.W. Similarity relationships in the marine atmospheric surface layer for terms in the TKE and scalar variance budgets. J. Atmos. Sci. 55 (1998) 2311-2328
15. Eichinger W.E., Holder H.E., Cooper D.I., Hipps L.E., Knight R., Kustas W.P., Nichols J., and Prueger J.H. Lidar measurement of boundary layer evolution to determine sensible heat fluxes. J. Hydrometeorol. 6 (2006) 840-853
16. Finnigan J.J., Clement R., Malhi Y., Leuning R., and Cleugh H.A. A re-evaluation of long-term flux measurement techniques Part I: averaging and coordinate rotation. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 107 (2003) 1-48
17. Foken T., Wimmer F., Mauder M., Thomas C., and Liebethal C. Some aspects of the energy balance closure problem. Atmos. Chem. Phys. 6 (2006) 4395-4402
18. Frederickson P.A., Davidson K.L., Zeisse C.R., and Bendall C.S. Estimating the refractive index structure parameter (Cn2) over the ocean using bulk methods. J. Appl. Meteorol. 39 (2000) 1770-1783
19. Frenzen P., and Vogel C.A. The turbulent kinetic energy budget in the atmospheric surface layer: a review and an experimental reexamination in the field. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 60 (1992) 49-76
20. Gracheva M.E., Gurvich A.S., Lomadze S.O., Pokasov V.I., and Khrupin A.S. Probability distribution of strong fluctuations of light intensity in the atmosphere. Radiophys. Quantum Electron. 17 (1974) 83-87
21. Green A.E., McAneney K.J., and Lagouarde J.-P. Sensible heat and momentum flux measurements with an optical inner scale meter. Agric. For. Meteorol. 85 (1997) 259-267
22. Ham J.M., and Heilman J.L. Experimental test of density and energy-balance corrections on carbon dioxide flux as measured using open-path eddy covariance. Agron. J. 95 (2003) 1393-1403
23. Hartogensis O.K., de Bruin H.A.R., and van de Wiel B.J.H. Displaced-beam small aperture scintillometer test. Part II: CASES-99 stable boundary layer experiment. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 105 (2002) 149-176
24. Hill R.J., and Clifford S.F. Modified spectrum of atmospheric temperature fluctuations and its application to optical propagation. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 68 (1978) 1201-1211
25. Hill R.J., Ochs G.R., and Wilson J.J. Measuring surface-layer fluxes of heat and momentum using optical scintillation. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 58 (1992) 391-408
26. Hsieh C.-I., Katul G., and Chi T.-W. An approximate analytical model for footprint estimation of scalar fluxes in thermally stratified atmospheric flows. Adv. Water Res. 23 (2000) 765-772
27. Kaimal J.C., and Finnigan J.J. Atmospheric Boundary Layer Flows, Their Structure and Measurement (1994), Oxford University Press, New York p. 289
28. Kohsiek W., Meijninger W.M.L., Moene A.F., Heusinkveld B.G., Hartogensis O.K., Hillen W.C.A.M., and de Bruin H.A.R. An extra large aperture scintillometer for long range applications. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 105 (2002) 119-127
29. Lawrence R.S., and Strohbehn J.W. A survey of clear-air propagation effects relevant to optical communications. Proc. IEEE 58 (1970) 1523-1545
30. Liebethal C., Huwe B., and Foken T. Sensitivity analysis for two ground heat flux calculation approaches. Agric. For. Meteorol. 132 (2005) 253-262
31. Mauder M., Oncley S.P., Vogt R., Weidinger T., Ribeiro L., Bernhofer C., Foken T., Kohsiek W., de Bruin H.A.R., and Liu H. The energy balance experiment EBEX-2000. Part II: intercomparison of eddy-covariance sensors and post-field data processing methods. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 123 (2007) 29-54
32. Moene A.F. Effects of water vapour on the structure parameter of the refractive index for near-infrared radiation. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 107 (2003) 635-653
33. Mölder M. Parameterization of exchange processes over a barley field. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 84 (1997) 341-361
34. Nakaya K., Suzuki C., Kobayashi T., Ikeda H., and Yasuike S. Application of a displaced-beam small aperture scintillometer to a deciduous forest under unstable atmospheric conditions. Agric. For. Meteorol. 136 (2006) 45-55
35. South African National Water Act, 1998. Republic of South Africa Government Gazette, 26th August, 1998, Act 36, number 19182, www.info.gov.za/gazette/acts/1998/a36-98.pdf accessed on 25th October 2008, 101 pp.
36. Odhiambo, G.O., Savage, M.J., in press. Sensible heat flux by surface layer scintillometry and eddy covariance over a mixed grassland community as affected by Bowen ratio and MOST formulations for unstable conditions. J. Hydrometeorol.
37. Oncley S.P., Foken T., Vogt R., Kohsiek W., de Bruin H.A.R., Bernhofer C., Christen A., van Gorsel E., Grantz D., Feigenwinter C., Lehner I., Liebethal C., Liu H., Mauder M., Pitacco A., Ribeiro L., and Weidinger T. The energy balance experiment EBEX-2000. Part I: overview and energy balance. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 123 (2007) 1-28
38. Payero J.O., Neale C.M.U., Wright J.L., and Allen R.G. Guidelines for validating Bowen ratio data. Trans. ASCE 46 (2003) 1051-1060
39. Savage, M.J., Everson, C.S., Metelerkamp, B.R., 1997. Evaporation measurement above vegetated surfaces using micrometeorological techniques. South African Water Research Commission Report No. 349/1/97, 248 pp., ISBN 1-86845-363-4.
40. Schmid H.P., and Oke T.R. A model to estimate the source area contributing to turbulent exchange in the surface layer over patchy terrain. Q.J.R. Meteorol. Soc. 116 (1990) 965-988
41. Schotanus P., Nieuwstadt F.T.M., and de Bruin H.A.R. Temperature measurement with a sonic anemometer and its application to heat and moisture fluctuations. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 26 (1983) 81-93
42. Scientific Programming Enterprises, 1999. Plotit for Windows 95/NT, Version 3.20k. Haslett, MI, USA.
43. Scintec, 2006. Scintec Surface Layer Scintillometer SLS20/SLS40 SLS20-A/SLS40-A User Manual (including OEBMS1). Scintec Atmosphärenmesstechnik AG, Tübingen, Germany, 105 pp.
44. Stannard D.I. A theoretically based determination of Bowen-ratio fetch requirements. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 83 (1997) 375-406
45. Stannard D.I., Blanford J.H., Kustas W.P., Nichols W.D., Amer S.A., Schmugge T.J., and Weltz M.A. Interpretation of surface flux measurements in heterogeneous terrain during the Monsoon'90 experiment. Water Resour. Res. 30 (1994) 1227-1239
46. Sun X.-M., Zhu Z.-L., Wen X.-F., Yuan G.-F., and Yu G.-R. The impact of averaging period on eddy fluxes observed at ChinaFLUX sites. Agric. For. Meteorol. 137 (2006) 188-193
47. Sverdrup H.U. On the ratio between heat conduction from the sea surface and the heat used for evaporation. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 68 (1943) 81-88
48. Swinbank W.C. The measurement of vertical transfer of heat and water vapour by eddies in the lower atmosphere. J. Met. 8 (1951) 135-145
49. Thiermann, V., 1990. Optische messung turbulenter flüsse und vorhersage der optischen turbulenz aus einfachen grenzschichtparametern, Ph.D. dissertation, University of Hamburg, Germany, 96 pp.
50. Thiermann V., and Grassl H. The measurement of turbulent surface-layer fluxes by use of bichromatic scintillation. Boundary-Layer Meteorol. 58 (1992) 367-389
51. Weiss, A.I., 2002. Determination of thermal stratification and turbulence of the atmospheric surface layer over various types of terrain by optical scintillometry, Diss. D. Nat. Sci., Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland, p. 157.
52. Wesely M.L. The combined effect of temperature and humidity on the refractive index. J. Appl. Meteorol. 15 (1976) 43-49
53. Wesely M.L. A comparison of two optical methods for measuring line averages of thermal exchanges above warm water surfaces. J. Appl. Meteorol. 15 (1976) 1177-1188
54. Williams R.M., and Paulson C.A. Microscale temperature and velocity spectra in the atmospheric boundary layer. J. Fluid Mech. 83 (1977) 547-567
55. Wilson K., Goldstein A., Falge E., Aubinet M., Baldocchi D., Berbigier P., Bernhofer C., Ceulemans R., Dolman H., Field C., Grelle A., Ibrom A., Law B.E., Kowalski A., Meyers T., Moncrieff J., Monson R., Oechel W., Tenhunen J., Valentini R., and Verma S. Energy balance closure at FLUXNET sites. Agric. For. Meteorol. 113 (2002) 223-243
56. Wyngaard, J.C., 1973. On surface-layer turbulence. Workshop on Micrometeorology, Haugen, D.A. (Ed.), Am. Meteorol. Soc., pp. 101-149.
57. Wyngaard J.C., Izumi Y., and Collins S.A. Behaviour of the refractive index structure parameter near the ground. J. Opt. Soc. Am. 61 (1971) 1646-1650