A paradigm of our own: Joan Scott in Latin American history

American Historical Review

Volumn 113, Issue 5, 2008, Pages 1357-1374

  Tinsman, Heidi ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 58749083555     PISSN: 00028762     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1086/ahr.113.5.1357     Document Type: Review

References (229)

1. For example, June Nash and Helen Icken Safa, eds., Sex and Class in Latin America (New York, 1976);
2. Elsa Chaney, Supermadre: Women in Politics in Latin America (Austin, Tex., 1979);
3. June Nash and María Patricia Fernández-Kelley, eds., Women, Men, and the International Division of Labor (Albany', N. Y., 1983);
4. María Patricia Fernández-Kelly, For We Are Sold, I And My People: Women and Industry in Mexico's Frontier (Albany, N.Y., 1985);
5. Maxine Molyneux, "Mobilization without Emancipation? Women's Interests, the State, and Revolution in Nicaragua," Feminist Studies 11, no. 2 (1985): 227-254;
6. Eleanor Leacock and Helen I. Safa, eds., Women's Work: Development and the Division of Labor by Gender (South Hadley, Mass., 1986);
7. Lourdes Benería and Martha Roldán, The Crossroads of Class and Gender: Industrial Homework, Subcontracting, and Household Dynamics in Mexico City (Chicago, 1987);
8. Carmen Diana Deere and Magdalena León, eds., Rural Women and State Policy: Feminist Perspectives on Latin American Agricultural Development (Boulder, Colo., 1987).
9. By 1989, there were a number of important historical works on Latin American gender and sexuality, including Verena Stolcke, Marriage, Class and Colour in Nineteenth-Century Cuba: A Study of Racial Attitudes and Sexual Values in a Slave Society (New York, 1974);
10. Asunción Lavrin, ed., Sexuality and Marriage in Colonial Latin America (Lincoln, Neb., 1989);
11. Silvia Marina Arrom, The Women of Mexico City, 1790-1857 (Stanford, Calif., 1985);
12. Patricia Seed, To Love, Honor, and Obey in Colonial Mexico: Conflicts over Marriage Choice, 1574-1821 (Stanford, Calif., 1988).
13. For a superb overview and extensive citations of Latin American gender history, see Sueann Caulfield, "The History of Gender in the Historiography of Latin America," Hispanic American Historical Review 81, no. 3-4 (2001): 449-490.
14. On area studies' production of region-specific knowledge, see Heidi Tinsman and Sandhya Shukla, "Talking across the Americas," in Sandhya Shukla and Heidi Tinsman, eds., Imagining Our Americas: Toward a Transnational Frame (Durham, N.C., 2007), 1-30.
15. These are admittedly imperfect terms, and I invoke them as necessary shorthand for discussing broad distinctions in debates across regional academies-to acknowledge that differences exist, rather than to pose strict dichotomies. "Latin Americanists" also include intellectuals from and/or trained in Latin America who work within the U.S. and the broader North Atlantic. "Latin American intellectuals" are not all originally from Latin America. Many scholars are obviously both. Similarly, I use the term "North Atlantic" in a conceptual rather than strictly geographic sense to refer to scholarship from non-Latin American academies that have engaged area studies paradigms. This literature is largely in English, by scholars located in the U.S., Britain, Canada, and Australia, but is also produced elsewhere.
16. See Heidi Tinsman, "Feminist Labor History and Marxist Legacies in Latin American Studies," WerkstattGeschichte 41, no. 1 (2005): 27-46.
17. For example, Julieta Kirkwood, Ser política en Chile: Las feministas y los partidos (Santiago de Chile, 1986);
18. María Elena Valenzuela, La mujer en el Chile militar: Todas ibamos a ser reinas (Santiago de Chile, 1987);
19. Centro de Estudios de la Mujer, Mundo de mujer: Continuidad y cambio (Santiago de Chile, 1988);
20. Teresa Valdês, Ser mujer en sectores populares urbanos (Santiago de Chile, 1986).
21. Joan W. Scott, "Gender: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis," American Historical Review 91, no. 5 (December 1986): 1053-1075. This seminar was organized by Julio Pinto, Luis Ortega, and Diana Veneros Ruiz-Tagle of the Departamento de Historia, Universidad de Santiago de Chile.
22. For a superb discussion of the relationship between Chilean and North Atlantic feminist scholars, see Thomas Miller Klubock, "Writing the History of Women and Gender in Twentieth-Century Chile," Hispanic American Historical Review 81, no. 3-4 (2001): 493-518.
23. Some scholars working on Chilean women viewed their projects as aligned more closely with the debates on the political left that asserted women's inclusion within the popular classes. See Gabriel Salazar Vergara, Labradores, peones y proletarios: Formación y crisis de la sociedad popular chilena del siglo XIX (Santiago de Chile, 1985). Other scholars identified with the Chilean women's movement but understood North American feminist movements to be differently motivated than their own.
24. See Edda Artiga Gaviola, Ximena Jiles Moreno, Lorela Lopresti Martínez, and Claudia Rojas Mira, Queremos votaren las próximas elecciones: Historia del movimiento femenino chileno, 1913-1952 (Santiago de Chile, 1986);
25. Cecilia Salinas, La mujer proletaria: Una historia por contar (Santiago de Chile, 1987);
26. Ximena Valdés, La posición de la mujer en la hacienda (Santiago de Chile, 1988).
27. Joan Wallach Scott, "Women's History," in Scott, Gender and the Politics of History (New York, 1988), 27. Emphasis in the original.
28. Lorena Godoy, Elizabeth Hutchison, Karin Rosemblatt, and M. Soledad Zárate, eds., Disciplina y desacato: Construcción de identidad en Chile, siglos XIX y XX (Santiago de Chile, 1995).
29. Ibid., 18-20.
30. Since the early 1990s, there have been numerous important studies of women's history published in Chile. For example, Diana Veneros Ruiz-Tagle, ed., Perfiles revelados: Historias de mujeres en Chile, siglos XVIII-XX (Santiago de Chile, 1997);
31. Ximena Valdés and Kathya Araujo, Vida privada: Modernización agraria y modernidad (Santiago de Chile, 1999); Sol Serrano P., Vírgenes viajeras: Diarios de religiosas francesas en su ruta a Chile, 1837-1874 (Santiago de Chile, 2000);
32. Eduardo Caviares and René Salinas, Amor, sexo y matrimonio en Chile tradicional (Valparaíso, 1991).
33. For a review of historical work on Chilean women, see María Soledad Zárate and Lorena Godoy, "Análisis crítico de los estudios históricos del trabajo femenino en Chile," Cuadernos de Investigación 2 (2005): 1-18.
34. See also the online bibliography "El género en historia," http://americas.sas.ac.uk/publications/genero/genero-portadilla. htm (accessed August 20, 2008).
35. For example, in Mexico, Scott's work received early attention from scholars such as Carmen Ramos and Julia Tuñón, who helped establish Mexican women's history as a major field. See Carmen Ramos Escandón et al., Presencia y transparencia: La mujer en la historia de México (Mexico City, 1987);
36. Julia Tuñón Pablos, Mujeres en México: Una historia olvidada (Mexico City, 1987);
37. Tuñón Pablos, "Porque Clío era mujer: Buscando caminos para su historia," in Gabriela Cano, Carmen Ramos, and Julia Tuñón, Problemas en tomo a la historia de las mujeres (Iztapalapa, 1991);
38. Carmen Ramos, "La historia de México desde el género," ibid.; Carmen Ramos Escandón, comp., Género e historia: La historiografía sobre la mujer (Mexico City, 1992).
39. On Brazil, see Elisabeth Souza-Lobo, A classe operária tem dois sexos: Trabalho, dominação e resistência (São Paulo, 1991);
40. Margareth Rago, Osprazeres da noite: Prostituição e códigos da sexualidade feminina em São Paulo (1890-1930) (Rio de Janeiro, 1991);
41. Martha de Abreu Esteves, Meninas perdidas: Os populares e o cotidiano do amor no Rio de Janeiro da Belle Epoque (Rio de Janeiro, 1989);
42. Rachel Soihet, Condição feminina e formas de violência: Mulheres pobres e ordem urbana, 1890-1920 (Rio de Janeiro, 1990);
43. Margareth Rago, Do cabaré ao lar: A utopia da cidade disciplinar: Brasil, 1890-1930 (Rio de Janeiro, 1985).
44. This literature is extensively cited in Caulfield, "The History of Gender." Examples include Jorge Balán, Profesión e identidad en una sociedad dividida: La medicina y el origen del psicoanálisis en la Argentina (Buenos Aires, 1988);
45. Magali Engel, Meretrizes e doutores: Saber médico e prostituição no Rio de Janeiro (1840-1890) (São Paulo, 1989);
46. Sheila da Castro Faria, "História da família e demografia histórica," in Ciro Flamarion Cardoso and Ronaldo Vainfas, eds., Domínos da história: Ensaios de teoria e metodologia (Rio de Janeiro, 1997), 45-66.
47. For example, in Chile, sociologist Julieta Kirkwood provided a foundational model for thinking about male/female hierarchies and military dictatorship. See Kirkwood, Ser política en Chile. More recently, Nelly Richard has discussed the relevance of gender for Latin American feminists' struggle for democracy, social justice, and memory.
48. See Richard, Masculino/Femenino: Prácticas de la diferencia y cultura democrática (Santiago de Chile, 1993);
49. Richard, Residuos y metáforas: Ensayos de crítica cultural sobre el Chile de la transición (Santiago de Chile, 1998).
50. Works on masculinity by sociologists and anthropologists have been important to asserting gender as a distinct project from studies on women. See Teresa Valdés and José Olavarría, eds., Masculinidades y equidad de género en America Latina (Santiago de Chile, 1998);
51. Sonia Montecino Aguirre, Madres y huachos: Alegorías del mestizaje chileno (Santiago de Chile, 1991). Caulfield notes that in Brazil, "gender" has been discussed more by social scientists than by historians, and extensively so at the Núcleo de Estudos de Gênero Pagú at the State University of Campinas, São Paulo (UNICAMP). Caulfield, "The History of Gender," 450.
52. See also Margareth Rago, "Descobrindo historicamente o gênero," Cadernos Pagu 11 (1998): 89-98;
53. Elena Varikas, "Gênero, experiência, e subjetividade: A propósito do desacordo Tilly-Scott," Cadernos Pagu 3 (1994): 63-84;
54. Maria Odila Leite da Silva Dias, "Teoria e método dos estudos feministas: Perspectiva histórica e hermenêutica do cotidiano," in Albertina de Oliveira Costa and Cristina Buschini, eds., Uma questão de gênero (Rio de Janeiro, 1992).
55. In Mexico, see Gabriela Cano and Georgette José Valenzuela, eds., Cuatro estudios de género en el México urbano del siglo XIX (Mexico City, 2001);
56. Gabriela Cano, "La íntima felicidad del Coronel Robles," Equis: Cultura y sociedad 1 (1999): 25-35;
57. Cano, "Una ciudadanía igualitaria: El presidente Lázaro Cárdenas y el sufragio femenino," Desdeldiez 1 (1995): 69-116;
58. Marta Lamas, Para entender el concepto de género (Quito, 1998);
59. Ana Lidia García, Problemas metodológicos de la historia de las mujeres: La historiografía dedicada al siglo XIX mexicano (Mexico City, 1994),
60. Elena Urrutia, ed., Estudios sobre las mujeres y las relaciones de género en México: Aportes desde diversas disciplinas (Mexico City, 2002).
61. As Caulfield notes, Jacques Derrida, Gilles Deleuze, Julia Kristeva, Hélène Cixous, and Michel Foucault all inspired studies of sexuality, but often without addressing gender history or women per se. See Caulfield, "The History of Gender."
62. The full title of the conference was "II Coloquio de Historia de Mujeres y de Género en México, CIESAS-Occidente"; it was held in Guadalajara, Mexico, September 5-7, 2003. This was the second of a series of four conferences involving collaboration between North Atlantic-based and Mexico-based scholars.
63. For Chile, see María Soledad Zárate C., Dar a luz en Chile, siglo XIX: De la "ciencia de hembra" a la ciencia obstetrica (Santiago de Chile, 2007);
64. Alejandra Brito, "La construcción histórica de las mentalidades de género en la sociedad popular chilena (1900-1930)," Nomadías Monográficas 1, no. 1 (1999): 213-228;
65. Marcela Ríos Tobar, Lorena Godoy Catalán, and Elizabeth Guerrero Caviedes, ¿Un nuevo silencio feminista? La transformación de un movimiento social en el Chile posdictadura (Santiago de Chile, 2003);
66. Tomás Cornejo Cancino, Manuela Orellana, la criminal: Género, cultura y sociedad en el Chile del siglo XVIII (Santiago de Chile, 2006);
67. Consuelo Figueroa, "El honor femenino: Ideario colectivo y práctica cotidiana," in Veneros, Perfiles revelados, 63-90;
68. Rafael Sagredo and Cristián Gazmuri, eds., Historia de la vida privada en Chile, 4 vols. (Santiago de Chile, 2005);
69. Cecilia Osorio, "Ser hombre en la pampa: Aproximación hacia los rasgos de masculinidad del peón chileno en las tierras del salitre, 1860-1880," in Colectivo Oficios Varios, Arriba quemando el sol: Estudios de historia social chilena, experiencias populares de trabajo, revuelta y autonomía, 1830-1940 (Santiago de Chile, 2004), 91-110;
70. Rodrigo Henríquez Vásquez, "La jarana del desierto: Burdeles, prostitutas y pampinos en Tarapacá, 1890-1910," ibid., 111-113;
71. María Angélica Illanes, Trabajadoras sociales (Santiago de Chile, 2006);
72. Sonia Montecino Aguirre, ed., Mujeres chilenas: Fragmentos de una historia (Santiago de Chile, 2008).
73. For Brazil, see Cristiana Schettini Pereira, Que tenhas teu corpo: Uma história social da prostituição no Rio de Janeiro das primeiras décadas republicanas (Rio de Janeiro, 2006);
74. Olívia Maria Gomes da Cunha, Intenção e gesto: Pessoa, cor e a produção cotidiana da (in)diferença no Rio de Janeiro, 1927-1942 (Rio de Janeiro, 2002);
75. Millie Thayer, "Feminismo transnacional: Re-lendo Joan Scott no sertão," Revista Estudos Feministas 9, no. 1 (2001): 103-130;
76. Maria Clementia Pereira Cunha, "De historiadoras, brasileiras e escandinavas: Loucuras, folias e relações de gêneros no Brasil (século XIX e indício do XX)," Tempo: Revista do Departamento de História da Universidade Federal Fluminense 5, no. 1 (1998): 188-215;
77. Mary Del Priore, Ao sul do corpo: Condição feminina, maternidades e mentalidades no Brasil colônia (Rio de Janeiro, 1993);
78. Del Priore, "História das mulheres: As vozes do silêncio," in Marcos Cezar de Freitas, ed., Historiografia brasileira em perspectiva (São Paulo, 2000), 45-65;
79. Thayer, "Feminismo transnacional."
80. For Argentina, see Fernanda Gil Lozano, Valeria Silvina Pita, and María Gabriela Ini, eds., Historia de las mujeres en Argentina (Buenos Aires, 2000);
81. Paula Halperin and Ornar Acha, eds., Cuerpos, géneros e identidades: Estudios de historia de género en Argentina (Buenos Aires, 2001);
82. Marcela Nari, Políticas de maternidad y maternalismo político: Buenos Aires, 1890-1940 (Buenos Aires, 2004);
83. Mirta Zaida Lobato, Historia de las trabajadoras en la Argentina (1869-1960) (Buenos Aires, 2007);
84. Dora Barrancos, Mujeres en la sociedad argentina: Una historia de cinco siglos (Buenos Aires, 2007).
85. For Peru, see contributions to Scarlett O'Phelan Godoy and Margarita Zegarra Flórez, eds., Congreso internacional de mujeres, familia y sociedad en la historia de América Latina, siglos XVIII-XXI (Lima, 2003).
86. Joan Wallach Scott, "Women in The Making of the English Working Class," in Scott, Gender and the Politics of History, 68-92.
87. Stolcke, Marriage, Class and Colour;
88. Lavrin, Sexuality and Marriage;
89. Seed, To Love, Honor, and Obey;
90. Ramón A. Gutiérrez, When Jesus Came, the Corn Mothers Went Away: Sexuality and Marriage in Colonial New Mexico, 1500-1846 (Stanford, Calif., 1991).
91. For the modern period, see Sandra Lauderdale Graham, House and Street: The Domestic World of Servants and Masters in Nineteenth-Century Rio de Janeiro (New York, 1988);
92. Donna J. Guy, Sex and Danger in Buenos Aires: Prostitution, Family, and Nation in Argentina (Lincoln, Neb., 1991).
93. Joan Scott, "Gender as a Useful Category of Historical Analysis," in Scott, Gender and the Politics of History, 43-44.
94. On Spanish conquest, see Inga Clendinnen, Ambivalent Conquests: Maya and Spaniard in Yucatan, 1517-1570 (Cambridge, 1987);
95. Irene Silverblatt, Moon, Sun, and Witches: Gender Ideologies and Class in Inca and Colonial Peru (Princeton, N.J., 1987);
96. Tzvetan Todorov, The Conquest of America: The Question of the Other (New York, 1984).
97. For honor, see Graham, House and Street;
98. Seed, To Love, Honor, and Obey;
99. Lavrin, Sexuality and Marriage;
100. Gutiérrez, When Jesus Came.
101. Scott, "Gender as a Useful Category," 42-43.
102. For the modern period, Sandra McGee Deutsch played a crucial early role in bringing Scott's ideas to bear on the reinterpretation of four iconic Latin American states: revolutionary Mexico, Peronist Argentina, Allende's Chile, and Fidel Castro's Cuba. She argued that ideals of revolutionary masculinity and the male-headed family had been foundational to twentieth-century state-building and that these projects centrally shaped Latin American women's and men's subjectivities. See Deutsch, "Gender and Sociopolitical Change in Twentieth-Century Latin America," Hispanic American Historical Review 71, no. 2 (1991): 259-306.
103. For examples of the discussion on "patriarchal pacts," see Richard Boyer, "Women, La Mala Vida, and the Politics of Marriage," in Lavrin, Sexuality and Marriage, 252-286;
104. Steve J. Stern, The Secret History of Gender: Women, Men, and Power in Late Colonial Mexico (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1995);
105. Sarah C. Chambers, From Subjects to Citizens: Honor, Gender, and Politics in Arequipa, Peru, 1780-1854 (University Park, Pa., 1999).
106. See also Kathryn Burns, Colonial Habits: Convents and the Spiritual Economy of Cuzco, Peru (Durham, N.C., 1999);
107. Susan Migden Socolow, The Women of Colonial Latin America (Cambridge, 2000).
108. Lyman L. Johnson and Sonya Lipsett-Rivera, eds., The Faces of Honor Sex, Shame, and Violence in Colonial Latin America (Albuquerque, 1998);
109. Ann Twinam, Public Lives, Private Secrets: Gender, Honor, Sexuality, and Illegitimacy in Colonial Spanish America (Stanford, Calif., 1999);
110. María Elena Martinez, Genealogical Fictions: Limpieza de Sangre, Religion, and Gender in Colonial Mexico (Stanford, Calif., 2008).
111. The Latin Americanist literature on hegemony is vast. Representative examples include Daniel James, Resistance and Integration: Peronism and the Argentine Working Class, 1946-1976 (New York, 1988);
112. William Roseberry, Anthropologies and Histories: Essays in Culture, History, and Political Economy (New Brunswick, N.J., 1989);
113. Gilbert M. Joseph and Daniel Nugent, eds., Everyday Forms of State Formation: Revolution and the Negotiation of Rule in Modern Mexico (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1994).
114. For example, Susan K. Besse, Restructuring Patriarchy: The Modernization of Gender Inequality in Brazil, 1914-1940 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1996);
115. Barbara Weinstein, For Social Peace in Brazil: Industrialists and the Remaking of the Working Class in São Paulo, 1920-1964 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1996);
116. Mary Kay Vaughan, Cultural Politics in Revolution: Teachers, Peasants, and Schools in Mexico, 1930-1940 (Tucson, Ariz., 1997);
117. Teresa A. Meade, "Civilizing" Rio: Reform and Resistance in a Brazilian City, 1889-1930 (University Park, Pa., 1997);
118. Elizabeth Dore and Maxine Molyneux, eds., Hidden Histories of Gender and the State in Latin America (Durham, N.C., 2000);
119. Katherine Elaine Bliss, Compromised Positions: Prostitution, Public Health, and Gender Politics in Revolutionary Mexico City (University Park, Pa., 2001);
120. Marysa Navarro, Evita (Buenos Aires, 1994).
121. Thomas Miller Klubock, Contested Communities: Class, Gender, and Politics in Chile's El Teniente Copper Mine, 1904-1951 (Durham, N.C., 1998);
122. Eileen Findlay, Imposing Decency: The Politics of Sexuality and Race in Puerto Rico, 1870-1920 (Durham, N.C., 1999);
123. Elizabeth Quay Hutchison, Labors Appropriate to Their Sex: Gender, Labor, and Politics in Urban Chile, 1900-1930 (Durham, N.C., 2001);
124. John D. French and Daniel James, The Gendered Worlds of Latin American Women Workers: From Household and Factory to the Union Hall and Ballot Box (Durham, N.C., 1997);
125. Heidi Tinsman, Partners in Conflict: The Politics of Sexuality, Gender, and Labor in the Chilean Agrarian Reform, 1950-1973 (Durham, N.C., 2002).
126. Temma Kaplan, Taking Back the Streets: Women, Youth, and Direct Democracy (Berkeley, Calif., 2004);
127. Karin Alejandra Rosemblatt, Gendered Compromises: Political Cultures and the State in Chile, 1920-1950 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2000);
128. Jocelyn Olcott, Revolutionary Women in Postrevolutionary Mexico (Durham, N.C., 2005);
129. Asunción Lavrin, Women, Feminism, and Social Change in Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay, 1890-1940 (Lincoln, Neb., 1995);
130. Ericka K. Verba, Catholic Feminism and the Social Question in Chile, 1910-1917: The Liga de Damas Chilenas (Lewiston, N.Y., 2003);
131. Christine Ehrick, The Shield of the Weak: Feminism and the State in Uruguay, 1903-1933 (Albuquerque, 2005);
132. Lisa Baldez, Why Women Protest: Women's Movements in Chile (Cambridge, 2002);
133. Margaret Power, Right-Wing Women in Chile: Feminine Power and the Struggle against Allende, 1964-1973 (University Park, Pa., 2002);
134. Elisabeth J. Friedman, Unfinished Transitions: Women and the Gendered Development of Democracy in Venezuela, 1936-1996 (University Park, Pa., 2000);
135. Corinne Pernet, "Mobilizing Women in the Popular Front Era: Feminism, Class, and Politics in the Movimiento Pro-Emancipación de la Mujer" (Ph.D. diss., University of California Irvine, 1996).
136. Elizabeth Dore, "One Step Forward, Two Steps Back: Gender and the State in the Long Nineteenth Century," in Dore and Molyneux, eds., Hidden Histories, 3-32;
137. Christine Hunefeldt, Liberalism in the Bedroom: Quarreling Spouses in Nineteenth-Century Lima (University Park, Pa., 2000);
138. William French, "Prostitutes and Guardian Angels: Women, Work, and the Family in Porfirian Mexico," Hispanic American Historical Review 72, no. 4 (1992): 529-553;
139. Muriel Nazzari, Disappearance of the Dowry: Women, Families, and Social Change in São Paulo, Brazil, 1600-1900 (Stanford, Calif., 1991).
140. Elizabeth Dore, Myths of Modernity: Peonage and Patriarchy in Nicaragua (Durham, N.C., 2006);
141. William E. French, In the Path of Progress: Railroads and Moral Reform in Porfirian Mexico (New York, 1991);
142. Chambers, From Subjects to Citizens.
143. Scott, "Women's History," 19; Dore, "One Step Forward, Two Steps Back."
144. Nara Milanich, The Children of Fate: Families, Class, and the State in Chile, 1850-1930 (Durham, N.C., forthcoming 2009);
145. Peter Guardino, The Time of Liberty: Popular Political Culture in Oaxaca, 1750-1850 (Durham, N.C., 2005);
146. Cecilia Méndez, The Plebeian Republic: The Huanta Rebellion and the Making of the Peruvian State, 1820-1850 (Durham, N.C., 2005).
147. Nancy P. Appelbaum, Anne S. Macpherson, and Karin Alejandra Rosemblatt, eds., Race and Nation in Modern Latin America (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2003);
148. Ana María Alonso, Thread of Blood.: Colonialism, Revolution, and Gender on Mexico's Northern Frontier (Tucson, Ariz., 1995);
149. Diana Paton, No Bond but the Law: Punishment, Race, and Gender in Jamaican State Formation, 1780-1870 (Durham, N.C., 2004);
150. Pamela Scully and Diana Paton, eds., Gender and Slave Emancipation in the Atlantic World (Durham, N.C., 2005).
151. Kimberly Gauderman, Women's Lives in Colonial Quito: Gender, Law, and Economy in Spanish America (Austin, Tex., 2003);
152. Lisa Sousa, "Women in Native Societies and Cultures of Colonial Mexico" (Ph.D. diss., UCLA, 1998).
153. Scott, "Gender as a Useful Category," 42.
154. See Florencia E. Mallon, Peasant and Nation: The Making of Postcolonial Mexico and Peru (Berkeley, Calif., 1995),
155. and Mallon, Courage Tastes of Blood: The Mapuche Community of Nicolás Ailío and the Chilean State, 1906-2001 (Durham, N.C., 2005).
156. See also Mendez, The Plebeian Republic,
157. and Guardino, Time of Liberty.
158. For example, Rosemblatt, Gendered Compromises,
159. and Olcott, Revolutionary Women.
160. Florencia Mallon provided an important early framework for thinking about the relevance of subaltern studies for Latin Americanists. Mallon, "The Promise and Dilemma of Subaltern Studies: Perspectives from Latin American History," American Historical Review 99, no. 5 (December 1994): 1491-1515.
161. See also Greg Grandin, The Blood of Guatemala: A History of Race and Nation (Durham, N.C., 2000);
162. Alonso, Thread of Blood; Patricia Seed, Ceremonies of Possession in Europe's Conquest of the New World, 1492-1640 (Cambridge, 1995);
163. Ileana Rodríguez, House/Garden/Nation: Space, Gender, and Ethnicity in Post-Colonial Latin American Literatures by Women, trans. Robert Carr (Durham, N.C., 2004);
164. Marjorie Becker, Setting the Virgin on Fire: Lázaro Cárdenas, Michoacán Peasants, and the Redemption of the Mexican Revolution (Berkeley, Calif., 1995).
165. For example, Barbara Weinstein, The Amazon Rubber Boom, 1850-1920 (Stanford, Calif., 1983);
166. Florencia E. Mallon, The Defense of Community in Peru's Central Highlands: Peasant Struggle and Capitalist Transition, 1860-1940 (Princeton, N.J., 1983);
167. Charles Bergquist, Labor in Latin America: Comparative Essays on Chile, Argentina, Venezuela, and Colombia (Stanford, Calif., 1986);
168. Peter Winn, Weavers of Revolution: The Yarur Workers and Chile's Road to Socialism (New York, 1986);
169. John Tutino, From Insurrection to Revolution in Mexico: Social Bases of Agrarian Violence, 1750-1940 (Princeton, N.J., 1986);
170. Jeffrey L. Gould, To Lead as Equals: Rural Protest and Political Consciousness in Chinandega, Nicaragua, 1912-1979 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990);
171. John D. French, The Brazilian Workers' ABC: Class Conflict and Alliances in Modern São Paulo (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1992);
172. Jonathan C. Brown, Oil and Revolution in Mexico (Berkeley, Calif., 1992);
173. James P. Brennan, The Labor Wars in Córdoba, 1955-1976: Ideology, Work, and Labor Politics in an Argentine Industrial City (Cambridge, Mass., 1994).
174. John D. French and Daniel James, "Squaring the Circle," in French and James, The Gendered Worlds of Latin American Women Workers, 3-27.
175. There were certainly exceptions to this. See Arrom, The Women of Mexico City;
176. Graham, House and Street;
177. Guy, Sex and Danger.
178. For reviews of recent feminist labor history, see especially Elizabeth Quay Hutchison, "Add Gender and Stir? Cooking Up Gendered Histories of Modern Latin America," Latin American Research Review 38, no. 1 (2003): 267-287.
179. See also French and James, "Squaring the Circle," and Tinsman, "Feminist Labor History and Marxist Legacies."
180. Joan Wallach Scott, The Glassworkers of Carmaux: French Craftsmen and Political Action in a Nineteenth-Century City (Cambridge, Mass., 1974);
181. Louise A. Tilly and Joan W. Scott, Women, Work, and Family (New York, 1978).
182. Early influential Marxist-feminist work in English included Heidi Hartmann, "Capitalism, Patriarchy, and Job Segregation by Sex," SIGNS: Journal of Women in Culture and Society 1, no. 3 (1976): 137-169.
183. Latin American scholars had also elaborated theories of capitalist patriarchy, especially Heleieth I. B. Saffloti, Women in Class Society, trans. Michael Vale (New York, 1978).
184. See especially Thomas Klubock's discussion of the Chilean copper industry, which argues that masculinity constituted a central matrix through which U.S. employers and the Chilean state exerted hegemony over workers; Klubock, Contested Communities.
185. For other works on masculinity, see Ann Farnsworth-Alvear, Dulcinea in the Factory: Myths, Morals, Men, and Women in Colombia's Industrial Experiment, 1905-1960 (Durham, N.C., 2000);
186. Matthew C. Gutmann, The Meanings of Macho: Being a Man in Mexico City (Berkeley, Calif., 1996);
187. Weinstein, For Social Peace in Brazil;
188. Tinsman, Partners in Conflict ;
189. Joel Wolfe, Working Women, Working Men: São Paulo and the Rise of Brazil's Industrial Working Class, 1900-1955 (Durham, N.C., 1993).
190. See especially Findlay, Imposing Decency,
191. and Hutchison, Labors Appropriate to Their Sex.
192. See Heather Fowler-Salamini and Mary Kay Vaughan, eds., Women of the Mexican Countryside, 1850-1990: Creating Spaces, Shaping Transitions (Tucson, Ariz., 1994);
193. Peter Winn, ed., Victims of the Chilean Miracle: Workers and Neoliberalism in the Pinochet Era, 1973-2002 (Durham, N.C., 2004);
194. Joel Stillerman, "Gender, Class and Generational Contexts for Consumption in Contemporary Chile," Journal of Consumer Culture 4, no. 1 (2004): 51-78.
195. Klubock, Contested Communities;
196. Findlay, Imposing Decency;
197. Deborah Levenson-Estrada, Trade Unionists against Terror: Guatemala City, 1954-1985 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1994).
198. See especially the contributions to Sueann Caulfield, Sarah C. Chambers, and Lara Putnam, eds., Honor, Status, and Law in Modern Latin America (Durham, N.C., 2005);
199. Chambers, From Subjects to Citizens;
200. Sueann Caulfield, In Defense of Honor: Sexual Morality, Modernity, and Nation in Early-Twentieth-Century Brazil (Durham, N.C., 2000);
201. Lara Putnam, The Company They Kept: Migrants and the Politics of Gender in Caribbean Costa Rica, 1870-1960 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2002);
202. Brodwyn Fischer, A Poverty of Rights: Citizenship and Inequality in Twentieth-Century Rio de Janeiro (Stanford, Calif., 2008);
203. Donna J. Guy, White Slavery and Mothers Alive and Dead: The Troubled Meeting of Sex, Gender, Public Health, and Progress in Latin America (Lincoln, Neb., 2000).
204. See James N. Green, Beyond Carnival: Male Homosexuality in Twentieth-Century Brazil (Chicago, 1999);
205. Peter M. Beattie, The Tribute of Blood: Army, Honor, Race, and Nation in Brazil, 1864-1945 (Durham, N.C., 2001);
206. Robert M. Buffington, Criminal and Citizen in Modern Mexico (Lincoln, Neb., 2000);
207. Robert McKee Irwin, Mexican Masculinities (Minneapolis, 2003);
208. Robert McKee Irwin, Edward J. McCaughan, and Michelle Rocío Nasser, eds., The Famous 41: Sexuality and Social Control in Mexico, c. 1901 (New York, 2003);
209. Sylvia Molloy and Robert McKee Irwin, eds., Hispanisms and Homosexualities (Durham, N.C., 1998);
210. William E. French and Katherine Elaine Bliss, eds., Gender, Sexuality, and Power in Latin America since Independence (Lanham, Md., 2007).
211. Scott, "Gender as a Useful Category," 44.
212. See Pete Sigal, From Moon Goddesses to Virgins: The Colonization of Yucatecan Maya Sexual Desire (Austin, Tex., 2000);
213. Roger N. Lancaster, Life Is Hard: Machismo, Danger, and the Intimacy of Power in Nicaragua (Berkeley, Calif., 1992).
214. See especially Daniel James, Doña María's Story: Life History, Memory, and Political Identity (Durham, N.C., 2000);
215. Rosa Isolde Reuque Paillalef, When a Flower Is Reborn: The Life and Times of a Mapuche Feminist, ed., trans., and with an introduction by Florencia E. Mallon (Durham, N.C., 2002).
216. For example, Joanne Rappaport, Cumbe Reborn: An Andean Ethnography of History (Chicago, 1994);
217. Fernando Coronil, The Magical State: Nature, Money, and Modernity in Venezuela (Chicago, 1997);
218. Ana Del Sarto, Alicia Ríos, and Abril Trigo, eds., The Latin American Cultural Studies Reader (Durham, N.C., 2004);
219. Claudio Lomnitz, "Barbarians at the Gate? A Few Remarks on the Politics of the 'New Cultural History of Mexico,'" Hispanic American Historical Review 79, no. 2 (1999): 367-385;
220. María Josefina Saldaña-Portillo, The Revolutionary Imagination in the Americas and the Age of Development (Durham, N.C., 2003).
221. See Gilbert M. Joseph, Anne Rubenstein, and Eric Zolov, eds., Fragments of a Golden Age: The Politics of Culture in Mexico since 1940 (Durham, N.C., 2001);
222. Anne Rubenstein, Bad Language, Naked Ladies, and Other Threats to the Nation: A Political History of Comic Books in Mexico (Durham, N.C., 1998);
223. Eric Zolov, Refried Elvis: The Rise of the Mexican Counterculture (Berkeley, Calif., 1999);
224. Gilbert M. Joseph, Catherine C. LeGrand, and Ricardo D. Salvatore, eds., Close Encounters of Empire: Writing the Cultural History of U.S.-Latin American Relations (Durham, N.C., 1998).
225. See especially Appelbaum, Macpherson, and Rosemblatt, Race and Nation. The bibliography in this excellent volume is extensive, testifying to the virtual explosion of interdisciplinary and historical studies of race formation in Latin America in the last fifteen years.
226. Néstor García Canclini, Hybrid Cultures: Strategies for Entering and Leaving Modernity (Minneapolis, 1995);
227. Garcia Canclini, Consumers and Citizens: Globalization and Multicultural Conflicts (Minneapolis, 2001);
228. George Yúdice, The Expediency of Culture: Uses of Culture in the Global Era (Durham, N.C.,2001);
229. Walter Mignolo, Local Histories/Global Designs: Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges, and Border Thinking (Princeton, N.J., 2000).