Muddy sediment erosion: Insights from field studies

Journal of Hydraulic Engineering

Volumn 135, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 73-87

  Tolhurst, T J ^a   Black, J S ^b   Paterson, D M ^c  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY   (Australia)

^b Partrac Ltd   (United Kingdom)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ST ANDREWS   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CHANNEL HYDRAULICS; EROSION; SEDIMENT TRANSPORT; SUSPENDED SEDIMENT;

EID: 58649121304     PISSN: 07339429     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9429(2009)135:2(73)     Document Type: Article

References (139)

1. Abdelrhman, M. A., Paul, J. F., and Davis, W. R. (1996). "Analysis procedure for and application of a device for simulating sediment entrainment." Mar. Geol., 129(3-4), 337-350.
2. Aberle, J., et al. (2003). "A straight benthic flow through flume for in situ measurement of cohesive sediment dynamics." J. Hydraul. Eng., 129(1), 63-67.
3. Aberle, J., Nikora, V., and Walters, R. (2004). "Effects of bed material properties on cohesive sediment erosion." Mar. Geol., 207(1-4), 83-93.
4. Aberle, J., Nikora, V., and Walters, R. (2006). "Data interpretation for in situ measurements of cohesive sediment erosion." J. Hydraul. Eng., 132(6), 581-588.
5. Amos, C. L. (1995). "Siliciclastic tidal flats." Geomorphology and sedimentology of estuaries, G. M. E. Perillo, ed., Elsevier, New York, Amsterdam, 273-301.
6. Amos, C. L., et al. (2004). "The stability of tidal flats in Venice Lagoon: The results of in-situ measurements using two benthic, annular flumes." J. Mar. Syst., 51(1-4), 211-241.
7. Amos, C. L., Brylinsky, M., Sutherland, T. F., O'Brien, D., Lee, S., and Cramp, A. C. (1998). "The stability of a mudflat in the Humber estuary, South Yorkshire, UK." Sedimentary processes in the intertidal zone, Black et al., eds., Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 139, 25-43.
8. Amos, C. L., Christian, H. A., Grant, J., and Paterson, D. M. (1993). "A comparison of in situ and laboratory methods to measure mudflat erodibility." Proc., Hydraulic and Environmental Modeling: Coastal Waters, 2nd International Conference on Hydraulic and Environmental Modeling of Coastal, Estuarine, and River Waters, R. A. Falconer, S. N. Chandler-Wilde, and S. Q. Liu, eds., 1, 325-336.
9. Amos, C. L., Daborn, G. R., Christian, H. A., Atkinson, A., and Robertson, A. (1992b). "In situ erosion measurements on fine-grained sediments from the Bay of Fundy." Mar. Geol., 108(2), 175-196.
10. Amos, C. L., Feeney, T., Sutherland, T. F., and Luternauer, J. L. (1997). "The stability and erodibility of fine-grained sediments from the Fraser River Delta." Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 45(4), 507-524.
11. Amos, C. L., Grant, J., Daborn, G. R., and Black, K. S. (1992a). "Sea carousel - A benthic annular flume." Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 34, 557-577.
12. Amos, C. L., Sutherland, T. F., Cloutier, D., and Patterson, S. (2000). "Corrosion of a remolded cohesive bed by saltating littorinid shells." Cont. Shelf Res., 20(10-11), 1291-1315.
13. Amos, C. L., Sutherland, T. F., and Zevenhuizen, J. (1996). "The stability of sublittoral, fine-grained sediments in a subarctic estuary." Sedimentology, 43(1), 1-19.
14. Andersen, T. J. (2001). "Temporal variation in erodibility of two temperate, microtidal mudflats." Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 53(1), 1-12.
15. Andersen, T. J., Fredsoe, J., and Pejrup, M. (2007). "In situ estimation of erosion and deposition thresholds by acoustic Doppler velocimeter (ADV)." Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 75(3), 327-336.
16. Andersen, T. J., Jensen, K. T., Lund-Hansen, L., Mouritsen, K. N., and Pejrup, M. (2002). "Enhanced erodibility of fine-grained marine sediments by Hydrobia ulvae." J. Sea Res., 48(1), 51-58.
17. ASCE Task Committee on Erosion of Cohesive Materials, Committee on Sedimentation. (1968). "Erosion of cohesive sediments." J. Hydr. Div., 94(HY4), 1017-1049.
18. Black, K. S. (1991). "The erosion characteristics of cohesive estuarine sediments: Some in situ experiments and observations." Ph.D. thesis, University of Swansea, Wales, U.K.
19. Black, K. S. (1993). "The turbulent resuspension of cohesive intertidal muds." Proc., 1st International Coastal Congress, H. Sterr, J. Hofstede, and H. P. Plag, eds., 223-239.
20. Black, K. S. (1999). "Suspended sediment dynamics and bed erosion in the high shore mudflat region of the Humber estuary, U.K." Marine Pollution Bulletin, 37(3-7), 122-133.
21. Black, K. S., and Cramp, A. (1995). "A device to examine the in situ response of intertidal cohesive sediment deposits to fluid shear." Cont. Shelf Res., 15(15), 1945-1954.
22. Black, K. S., Fones, G. R., Peppe, O. C., Kennedy, H. A., and Bentaleb, I. (2001b). "An autonomous benthic lander: Preliminary observations from the UK BENBO thematic programme." Cont. Shelf Res., 21(8-10), 859-877.
23. Black, K. S., and Paterson, D. M. (1997). "Measurement of the erosion potential of cohesive marine sediments: A review of current in situ technology." Journal of Marine Environmental Engineering, 4, 43-83.
24. Black, K. S., Paterson, D. M., and Cramp, A. C., eds. (1998). "Sedimentary processes in the intertidal zone." Special publications 139, Geological Society, London.
25. Black, K. S., Peppe, O. C., and Güst, G. (2003). "Erodibility of pelagic carbonate ooze in the northeast Atlantic." J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 285, 143-163.
26. Black, K. S., Sun, H., Craig, G., Paterson, D. M., Watson, J., and Tolhurst, T. (2001a). "Incipient erosion of biostabilized sediments examined using particle-field optical holography." Environ. Sci. Technol., 35(11), 2275-2281.
27. Black, K. S., Tolhurst, T. J., Paterson, D. M., and Hagerthey, S. E. (2002). "Working with natural cohesive sediments." J. Hydraul. Eng., 128(1), 1-7.
28. Bouma, T. J., et al. (2007). "Spatial flow and sedimentation patterns within patches of epibenthic structures: Combining field, flume, and modeling experiments." Cont. Shelf Res., 27(8), 1020-1045.
29. Chapman, M. G., and Tolhurst, T. J. (2004). "The relationship between invertebrate assemblages and bio-dependant properties of sediment in urbanized temperate mangrove forests." J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 304(1), 51-73.
30. Chapman, M. G., and Tolhurst, T. J. (2007). "Relationships between benthic macrofauna and biogeochemical properties of sediments at different spatial scales and among different habitats in mangrove forests." J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 343(1), 96-109.
31. Christie, M. C., and Dyer, K. R. (1998). "Measurements of the turbid tidal edge over the Skeffling mudflats." Sedimentary processes in the intertidal zone, K. S. Black, D. M. Paterson, and A. Cramp, eds., Geological Society of London, special issue 139, 45-56.
32. Ciutat, A., Widdows, J., and Pope, N. D. (2007). "Effect of Cerastoderma edule density on near-bed hydrodynamics and stability of cohesive muddy sediments." J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 346(1-2), 114-126.
33. Cloutier, D., LeCouturier, M. N., Amos, C. L., and Hill, P. R. (2006). "The effects of suspended sediment concentration on turbulence in an annular flume." Aquat. Ecol., 40(4), 555-565.
34. Connell, J. H. (1974). "Field experiments in marine ecology." Experimental marine biology, R. Marsiscal, ed., Academic, New York, 1-54.
35. de Brouwer, J. F. C., Ruddy, G. K., Jones, T. E. R., and Stal, L. J. (2002). "Sorption of EPS to sediment particles and the effect on the rheology of sediment slurries." Biogeochemistry, 61(1), 57-71.
36. de Brouwer, J. F. C., Wolfstein, K., Ruddy, G. K., Jones, T. E. R., and Stal, L. J. (2005). "Biogenic stabilization of intertidal sediments: The importance of extracellular polymeric substances produced by benthic diatoms." Microb. Ecol., 49(4), 501-512.
37. de Deckere, E., Tolhurst, T. J., and de Brouwer, J. F. C. (2001). "Destabilization of cohesive intertidal sediments by infauna." Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 53(5), 665-669.
38. Debnath, K., Nikora, V., Aberle, J., Westrich, B., and Muste, M. (2007). "Erosion of cohesive sediments: Resuspension, bed load, and erosion patterns from field experiments." J. Hydraul. Eng., 133(5), 508-520.
39. Decho, A. W., and Fleeger, J. W. (1988). "Microscale dispersion of meiobenthic copepods in response to food-resource patchiness." J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 118(3), 229-243.
40. Defew, E. C., Tolhurst, T. J., and Paterson, D. M. (2002). "Site-specific features influence sediment stability of intertidal flats." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 6(6), 971-981.
41. Dyer, K. R., ed. (2000). "Intertidal mudflats: Properties and processes." Continental Shelf Research, 20(10-13), 1037-1788.
42. Dyer, K. R., Christie, M. C., and Manning, A. J. (2004). "The effects of suspended sediment on turbulence within an estuarine turbidity maximum." Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 59(2), 237-248.
43. Fernandes, S., Sobral, P., and Costa, M. H. (2006). "Nereis diversicolor effect on the stability of cohesive intertidal sediments." Aquat. Ecol., 40(4), 567-579.
44. Friend, P. L., and Amos, C. L. (2007). "Natural coastal mechanisms: Flume and field experiments on links between biology, sediments, and flow." Cont. Shelf Res., 27(8), 1017-1019.
45. Friend, P. L., Ciavola, P., Cappucci, S., and Santos, R. (2003a). "Biodependent bed parameters as a proxy tool for sediment stability in mixed habitat intertidal areas." Cont. Shelf Res., 23(17-19), 1899-1917.
46. Friend, P. L., Collins, M. B., and Holligan, P. M. (2003b). "Day-night variation of intertidal flat sediment properties in relation to sediment stability." Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 58(3), 663-675.
47. Friend, P. L., Lucas, C. H., and Rossington, S. K. (2005). "Day-night variation of cohesive sediment stability." Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 64(2-3), 407-418.
48. Grant, J., and Daborn, G. R. (1994). "The effects of bioturbation on sediment transport on an intertidal mudflat." Neth. J. Sea Res., 32, 63-72.
49. Green, T., and Houk, D. (1980). "The resuspension of underwater sediment by rain." Sedimentology, 27(5), 607-610.
50. Güst, G., and Morris, M. J. (1989). "Erosion threshold and entrainment rates of undisturbed in situ sediments." J. Coast. Res., 5, 87-100.
51. Güst, G., and Muller, V. (1997). "Interfacial hydrodynamics and entrainment functions of currently used erosion devices." Cohesive sediments, N. T. Burt et al. eds., Wiley, New York 149-176.
52. Hawley, N. (1991). "Preliminary observations of sediment erosion from a bottom resting flume." J. Great Lakes Res., 17(3), 361-367.
53. Hollick, M. (1976). "Towards a routine test for the assessment of critical tractive forces of cohesive soils." Trans. ASCE, 19(6), 1076-1081.
54. Houwing, E. J. (1999). "Determination of the critical erosion threshold of cohesive sediments on intertidal mudflats along the Dutch Wadden Sea coast." Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 49(4), 545-555.
55. Houwing, E. J. (2000). "Morphodynamic development of intertidal mud- flats: Consequences for the extension of the pioneer zone." Continental Shelf Research, 20(12-13), 1735-1748.
56. Houwing, E. J., and van Rijn, L. (1993). "In situ erosion flume (EROSF): Determination of critical bed shear stress and erosion of a kaolinite bed and natural cohesive sediment." Proc., 1st International Coastal Congress: Interdisciplinary Discussion of Coastal Research and Coastal Management Issues, H. Sterr, J. Hofstede, and H. P. Plag, eds., 223-239.
57. Jago, C. F. J., and Jones, S. E. (1998). "Observations and modeling of the dynamics of benthic fluff resuspended from a sandy bed in the southern North Sea." Cont. Shelf Res., 18(11), 1255-1282.
58. Jepsen, R., Roberts, J., and Gailani, J. (2004). "Erosion measurements in linear, oscillatory, and combined oscillatory and linear flow regimes." J. Coast. Res., 20(4), 1096-1101.
59. Lau, Y. L., Droppo, I. G., and Krishnappan, B. G. (2001). "Sequential erosion/deposition experiments - Demonstrating the effects of depositional history on sediment erosion." Water Resour., 35(11), 2767-2773.
60. Lavelle, J. W., and Mofjeld, H. O. (1987). "Do critical erosion stresses for incipient motion and erosion really exist?" J. Hydraul. Eng., 113(3), 370-393.
61. Lee, C., Wu, C. H., and Hoopes, J. A. (2004). "Automated sediment erosion testing system using digital Imaging." J. Hydraul. Eng., 130(8), 771-782.
62. Li, M. Z., and Güst, G. (2000). "Boundary layer dynamics and drag reduction in flows of high cohesive sediment suspensions." Sedimentology, 47(1), 71-86.
63. Maa, J. P. Y. (2008). "Sediment erosion characteristics in the Anacostia River." J. Hydraul. Eng., 134(8), 1102-1109.
64. Maa, J. P. Y., Kwon, J. I., Hwang, K. N., and Ha, H. K. (2007). "Critical bed shear stress for cohesive sediment deposition under steady flows." J. Hydraul. Eng., 134(12), 1767-1771
65. Maa, J. P. Y., Sanford, L. P., and Halka, J. P. (1998). "Sediment resuspension characteristics in Baltimore Harbor, Maryland." Mar. Geol., 146, 137-145.
66. Maa, J. P. Y., Wright, L. D., Lee, C. H., and Shannon, T. W. (1993). "VIMS sea carousel - A field instrument for studying sediment transport." Mar. Geol., 115(3-4), 271-287.
67. Manzenrieder, H. (1983). Retardation of initial erosion under biological effects in sandy tidal flats, Leichtweiss, Inst. Tech. Univ., Braunschweig, 469-479.
68. McCave, I. N. (1984) "Erosion, transport and deposition of fine-grained marine sediments." Fine-grained sediments: Deep water processes and facies, D. Stow and D. J. W. Piper, eds., Geological Society, London, special issue 15, 35-69.
69. McNeil, J., Taylor, C., and Lick, W. (1996). "Measurements of erosion of undisturhed bottom sediments with depth." J. Hydraul. Eng., 122(6), 316-324.
70. Mehta, A. J., and McAnally, W. H. (2001). Coastal and estuarine fine sediment processes, Elsevier, New York, Amsterdam.
71. Mehta, A. J., and Parchure, T. M. (2000). "Surface erosion of fine-grained sediment revisited." Muddy coast dynamics and resource management, B. W. Flemming, M. T. Delafontaine and G. Liebezeit, eds., Elsevier, New York, Amsterdam, 55-74.
72. Mehta, A. J., Parchure, T. M., Dixit, J. G., and Ariathurai, R. (1982). "Resuspension potential of deposited cohesive sediment beds." Estuarine comparisons, V. S. Kennedy, ed., Academic, New York, 591-609.
73. Mehta, A. J., and Partheniades, E. (1975). "An investigation of the deposition properties of flocculated fine sediments." J. Hydraul. Eng., 1(4), 61-381.
74. Mehta, A. J., and Partheniades, E. (1982). "Resuspension of deposited cohesive sediment beds." Proc., 18th Coastal Engineering Conf., Cape Town, South Africa, Vol. 2, 1569-1588.
75. Mitchell, J. K. (1976). Fundamentals of soil behavior, Wiley, New York.
76. Moreau, A. L., Locat, J., Hill, P., Long, B., and Ouellet, Y. (2006). "Resuspension potential of surficial sediments in Saguenay Fjord (Quebec, Canada)." Mar. Geol., 225(1-4), 85-101.
77. Murphy, R. J., Tolhurst, T. J., Chapman, M. G., and Underwood, A. J. (2005). "Estimation of surface chlorophyll-a on an immersed mudflat using field spectrometry: Accuracy of ratios and derivative-based approaches." Int. J. Remote Sens., 26(9), 1835-1859.
78. Murphy, R. J., Tolhurst, T. J., Chapman, M. G. and Underwood, A. J. (2008a). "Spatial variation of chlorophyll on estuarine mudflats determined by field-based remote sensing." Marine Ecology Progress Series, 365, 45-55.
79. Murphy, R. J., Underwood, A. J., Tolhurst, T. J., and Chapman, M. G. (2008b). "Field-based remote-sensing for experimental intertidal ecology: Case studies using hyperspatial and hyperspectral data for New South Wales (Australia)." Remote Sens. Environ., 112(8), 3353-3365.
80. Mwamba, M. J., and Torres, R. (2002). "Rainfall effects on marsh sediment redistribution, North Inlet, South Carolina, USA." Mar. Geol., 189(3-4), 267-287.
81. Neumeier, U., Lucas, C. H., and Collins, M. (2006). "Erodibility and erosion patterns of mudflat sediments investigated using an annular flume." Aquat. Ecol., 40(4), 543-554.
82. Nowell, A. R. M., Jumars, P. A., and Eckman, J. E. (1981). "Effects of biological activity on the entrainment of marine sediments." Sedimentary dynamics of continental shelves, C. A. Nittrouer, ed., Elsevier, New York, Amsterdam, 133-154.
83. Orvain, F., Sauriau, P. G., Bacher, U., and Prineau, M. (2006). "The influence of sediment cohesiveness on bioturbation effects due to Hydrobia ulvae on the initial erosion of intertidal sediments: A study combining flume and model approaches." J. Sea Res., 55(1), 54-73.
84. Paphitis, D., Velegrakis, A. F., Collins, M. B., and Muirhead, A. (2001). "Laboratory investigations into the threshold of movement of natural sand-sized sediments under unidirectional, oscillatory, and combined flows." Sedimentology, 48(3), 645-659.
85. Parchure, T. (1980) "Erosional behavior of deposited cohesive sediments." Unpublished Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of Florida, Gainsville.
86. Parchure, T. M., and Mehta, A. J. (1985). "Erosion of soft cohesive sediment deposits." J. Hydraul. Eng., 111(10), 1308-1326.
87. Parker, W. R. (1991). "Quality control in mud coring." Geo-Mar. Lett., 11, 132-137.
88. Partheniades, E. (1962). "A study of erosion and deposition of cohesive soils in salt water." Ph.D. thesis, Univ. of California.
89. Partheniades, E. (1965). "Erosion and deposition of cohesive soils." J. Hydr. Div., 91, 105-139.
90. Partheniades, E. (2007). Engineering properties and hydraulic behavior of cohesive sediments, CRC, Boca Raton, Fla.
91. Paterson, D. M. (1989). "Short term changes in the erodibility of intertidal cohesive sediments related to the migratory behavior of epipelic diatoms." Limnol. Oceanogr., 34, 223-234.
92. Paterson, D. M. (1997). "Biological mediation of sediment erodibility: Ecology and physical dynamics." Cohesive sediments, Burt et al., eds., Wiley, New York, 215-230.
93. Paterson, D. M., et al. (2000). "Variations in sediment properties, Skef- fling mudflat, Humber Estuary." Cont. Shelf Res., 20(10-11), 1373-1396.
94. Paterson, D. M., and Black, K. S. (1999). "Water flow, biology, and sediment dynamics." Adv. Ecol. Res, 29, 155-193.
95. Peirce, T. J., Jarman, R. T., and de Turville, C. M. (1970). "An experimental study of silt scouring." Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineering, 45, 231-243.
96. Perkins, R. G., Sun, H. Y., Watson, J., Player, M. A., Güst, G., and Paterson, D. M. (2004). "In-line laser holography and video analysis of eroded floc from engineered and estuarine sediments." Environ. Sci. Technol., 38(17), 4640-4648.
97. Quaresma, V. D., Amos, C. L., and Bastos, A. C. (2007). "The influence of articulated and disarticulated cockle shells on the erosion of a cohesive bed." J. Coast. Res., 23(6), 1443-1451.
98. Ravens, T. M. (2007). "Comparison of two techniques to measure sediment erodibility in the Fox River, Wisconsin." J. Hydraul. Eng., 133(1), 111-115.
99. Ravens, T. M. (2008). "Flume test section length and sediment erodibility." Int. J. Circumpolar Health, 134(10), 1503-1506.
100. Ravens, T. M., and Gschwend, P. M. (1999). "Flume measurements of sediment erodibility in Boston Harbor." J. Hydraul. Eng., 125(10), 998-1005.
101. Roberts, J. D., Jepsen, R. A., and James, S. C. (2003). "Measurements of sediment erosion and transport with the adjustable shear stress erosion and transport flume." J. Hydraul. Eng., 129(11), 862-871.
102. Romano, C., Widdows, J., Brinsley, M. D., and Staff, F. J. (2003). "Impact of Enteromorpha intestinalis mats on near-bed currents and sediment dynamics: Flume studies." Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 256, 63-74.
103. Sandulli, R., and Pinckney, J. (1999). "Patch sizes and spatial patterns of meiobenthic copepods and benthic microalgae in sandy sediments: A microscale approach." J. Sea Res., 41(3), 179-187.
104. Sanford, L., and Maa, J. P. Y. (2001). "A unified erosion formulation for fine sediments." Mar. Geol., 179, 9-23.
105. Schaaff, E., Grenz, C., Pinazo, C., and Lansard, B. (2006). "Field and laboratory measurements of sediment erodibility: A comparison." J. Sea Res., 55(1), 30-42.
106. Scoffin, T. P. (1968). "An underwater flume." J. Sediment. Petrol., 38, 244-247.
107. Sgro, L., Mistri, M., and Widdows, J. (2005). "Impact of the infaunal Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, on sediment stability." Hydrobiologia, 550, 175-182.
108. Sun, H. Y., et al. (2005). "The use of digital/electronic holography for biological applications." J. Opt. Pure Appl. Opt., 7(6), S399-S407.
109. Sun, H. Y., Perkins, R. G., Watson, J., Player, M. A., and Paterson, D. M. (2004). "Observations of coastal sediment erosion using in-line holography." J. Opt. Pure Appl. Opt., 6(7), 703-710.
110. Sutherland, T. F., Amos, C. L., and Grant, J. (1998). "The effect of buoyant biofilms on the erodibility of sublittoral sediments of a temperate microtidal estuary." Limnol. Oceanogr., 43(2), 225-235.
111. Tengberg, A., et al. (1995). "Benthic chamber and profiling landers in oceanography: A review of design, technical solutions and functioning." Prog. Oceanogr., 35, 253-294.
112. Tolhurst, T. J., et al. (1999). "Measuring the in situ erosion shear stress of intertidal sediments with the cohesive strength meter (CSM)." Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 49(2), 281-294.
113. Tolhurst, T. J., Black, K. S., Paterson, D. M., Mitchener, H., Termaat, R., and Shayler, S. A. (2000b). "A comparison and measurement standardization of four in situ devices for measuring the erosion shear stress of intertidal sediments." Cont. Shelf Res., 20(2), 1397-1418.
114. Tolhurst, T. J., and Chapman, M. G. (2005). "Spatial and temporal variation in the sediment properties of an intertidal mangrove forest: Implications for sampling." J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 317(2), 213-222.
115. Tolhurst, T. J., and Chapman, M. G. (2007). "Patterns in biogeochemical properties of sediments and benthic animals among different habitats in mangrove forests." Austral Ecol., 32(7), 775-788.
116. Tolhurst, T. J., Consalvey, M., and Paterson, D. M. (2008b). "Changes in cohesive sediment properties associated with the growth of a diatom biofilm." Hydrobiologia, 596, 225-239.
117. Tolhurst, T. J., Defew, E. C., de Brouwer, J. F. C., Wolfstein, K., Stal, L. J., and Paterson, D. M. (2006b). "Small-scale temporal and spatial variability in the erosion threshold and properties of cohesive intertidal sediments." Cont. Shelf Res., 26(3), 351-362.
118. Tolhurst, T. J., Defew, E. C., Perkins, R. G., Sharples, A., and Paterson, D. M. (2006a). "The effects of tidally driven temporal variation on measuring intertidal cohesive sediment erosion threshold." Aquat. Ecol., 40(4), 521-531.
119. Tolhurst, T. J., Friend, P. L., Watts, C., Wakefield, R., Black, K. S., and Paterson, D. M. (2006c). "The effects of rain on the erosion threshold of intertidal cohesive sediments." Aquat. Ecol., 40(4), 533-541.
120. Tolhurst, T. J., Güst, G., and Paterson, D. M. (2002). "The influence of an extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) on cohesive sediment stability." Fine sediment dynamics in the marine environment, J. C. Winterwerp and C. Kranenburg, eds., Proceedings in Marine Science, 5, 409-425.
121. Tolhurst, T. J., Jesus, B., Brotas, V., and Paterson, D. M. (2003). "Diatom migration and sediment armoring: An example from the Tagus Estuary, Portugal." Hydrobiologia, 503(1-3), 183-193.
122. Tolhurst, T. J., Reithmüller, R., and Paterson, D. M. (2000a). "In situ versus laboratory analysis of sediment stability from intertidal mud-flats." Cont. Shelf Res., 20, 1317-1334.
123. Tolhurst, T. J., Watts, C. W., Vardy, S., Saunders, J. E., Consalvey, M. C., and Paterson, D. M. (2008a). "The effects of simulated rain on the erosion threshold and biogeochemical properties of intertidal sediments." Cont. Shelf Res., 28, 1217-1230.
124. Torfs, H. (1997). "Erosion of mixed cohesive/noncohesive sediments in uniform flow." Cohesive sediments, N. T. Burt et al., eds., Wiley, New York, 245-252.
125. Torres, R., Goni, M. A., Voulgaris, G., Lovell, C. R., and Morris, J. T. (2004). "Effects of low tide rainfall on intertidal zone material cycling." The ecogeomorphology of tidal marshes, S. Fagherazzi, M. Marani, and L. Blum, eds., American Geophysical Union, Coastal and estuarine studies, 59, 93-114.
126. Torres, R., Mwamba, M. J., and Goni, M. A. (2003). "Properties of intertidal marsh sediment mobilized by rainfall." Limnol. Oceanogr., 48(3), 1245-1253.
127. van Leussen, W., and Cornelisse, J. M. (1993). "The role of large aggregates in estuarine fine-grained sediment dynamics." Nearshore and Estuarine Cohesive Sediment Transport, A. J. Mehta et al., eds., AGU, Washington, D.C., 75-91.
128. Vardy, S., Saunders, J. E., Tolhurst, T. J., Davies, P. A., and Paterson, D. M. (2007). "Calibration of the high-pressure cohesive strength meter (CSM)." Cont. Shelf Res., 27(8), 1190-1199.
129. Voulgaris, G., and Meyers, S. T. (2004). "Temporal variability of hydrodynamics, sediment concentration, and sediment settling velocity in a tidal creek." Cont. Shelf Res., 24(15), 1659-1683.
130. Watts, C. W., Tolhurst, T. J., Black, K. S., and Whitmore, A. P. (2003). "In situ measurements of erosion shear stress and geotechnical shear strength of the intertidal sediments of the experimental managed realignment scheme at Tollesbury, Essex, UK." Estuar. Coast. Shelf Sci., 58(3), 611-620.
131. Widdows, J. (2001). "The intertidal zone." Land-ocean interaction: Measuring and modeling fluxes from river basins to coastal seas, D. A. Huntley, G. J. L. Leeks, and D. E. Walling, eds., IWA Publishing, London, 184-208.
132. Widdows, J., and Brinsley, M. (2002). "Impact of biotic and abiotic processes on sediment dynamics and the consequences to the structure and functioning of the intertidal zone." J. Sea Res., 48(2), 143-156.
133. Widdows, J., Brinsley, M., and Elliot, M. (1998) "Use of an in situ flume to quantify particle flux (biodeposition rates and sediment erosion) for an intertidal mudflat in relation to current velocity and benthic macrofauna." Sedimentary processes in the intertidal zone, Black et al., eds., Geological Society, London, Special Publication, 139, 85-97.
134. Widdows, J., Brown, S., Brinsley, M., Salkield, P. N., and Elliot, M. (2000). "Temporal changes in intertidal sediment erodability: Influence of biology and climactic factors." Cont. Shelf Res., 20(10-11), 1275-1290.
135. Widdows, J., Friend, P. L., Bale, A. J., Brinsley, M. D., Pope, N. D., and Thompson, C. E. L. (2007). "Inter-comparison between five devices for determining erodability of intertidal sediments." Cont. Shelf Res., 27(8), 1174-1189.
136. Winterwerp, J. C. (2006). "On the sedimentation rate of cohesive sediment." Estuarine and coastal fine sediment dynamics - INTERCOH 2003, J. P.-Y. Maa, L. P. Sanford, and D. H. Schoellhamer, eds., Elsevier, New York, Amsterdam, 209-226.
137. Young, R. A., and Mann, R. (1985). "Erosion velocities of skeletal carbonate sands, St.Thomas, Virgin Islands." Mar. Geol., 69, 171-185.
138. Young, R. A., and Southard, J. B. (1978). "Erosion of fine-grained marine sediments: Seafloor and laboratory experiments." Geol. Soc. Am. Bull., 89(11), 663-667.
139. Zreik, D. A., Krishnappan, B. G., Germaine, J. T., Madsen, O. S., and Ladd, C. C. (1998). "Erosional and mechanical strengths of deposited cohesive sediments." J. Hydraul. Eng., 124(11), 1076-1085.