Maturity, fecundity, and reproductive cycle of the spotted ratfish, Hydrolagus colliei

Marine Biology

Volumn 156, Issue 3, 2009, Pages 301-316

  Barnett, Lewis A K ^a,b   Earley, Ryan L ^c   Ebert, David A ^a   Cailliet, Gregor M ^a  

^a MOSS LANDING MARINE LABORATORIES   (United States)

^b SOUTHWEST FISHERIES SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

^c UNIVERSITY OF ALABAMA   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

BODY SIZE; FECUNDITY; FISH; HORMONE; MATURATION; MUSCLE; PERIODICITY; REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE; SIZE AT MATURITY;

CALIFORNIA; CAPE MENDOCINO; NORTH AMERICA; OREGON; POINT CONCEPTION; UNITED STATES; WASHINGTON [UNITED STATES];

CHIMAERIFORMES; HYDROLAGUS COLLIEI; LAMNIFORMES; MYLIOBATIFORM; PISCES; RAJIFORMES; SQUALIFORMES;

EID: 58549118441     PISSN: 00253162     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00227-008-1084-y     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. V Abrams-Motz IP Callard 1989 Seasonal variations in oviduct myometrial activity, extensibility and tensile strength in Chrysemys picta Gen Comp Endocrinol 72 453 460 10.1016/0016-6480(88)90168-2
2. Alverson DL, Pruter AT, Ronholt LL (1964) A study of demersal fishes and fisheries of the northeastern Pacific Ocean. H.R. MacMillan Lectures in Fisheries. Institute of Fisheries, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
3. Anon (1997) Report of the study group of elasmobranch fishes. ICES CM 1997/G:2
4. CA Awruch SD Frusher NW Pankhurst JD Stevens 2008 Non-lethal assessment of reproductive characteristics for management and conservation of sharks Mar Ecol Prog Ser 355 277 285 10.3354/meps07227
5. LAK Barnett DD Dagit DJ Long DA Ebert 2006 Hydrolagus mccoskeri sp. nov., a new species of chimaeroid fish from the Galápagos Islands (Holocephali: Chimaeriformes: Chimaeridae) Zootaxa 1328 27 38
6. Bell JD (2003) Fisheries and reproductive biology of the elephant fish, Callorhinchus milii, in south-east Australia. Bachelor of Environmental Science (honours). Deakin University
7. SA Berkeley C Chapman SM Sogard 2004 Maternal age as a determinant of larval growth and survival in a marine fish, Sebastes melanops Ecology 85 1258 1264 10.1890/03-0706
8. SA Berkeley MA Hixon RJ Larson MS Love 2004 Fisheries sustainability via protection of age structure and spatial distribution of fish populations Fisheries 29 23 32 10.1577/1548-8446(2004)29[23:FSVPOA]2.0.CO;2
9. SJ Bobko SA Berkeley 2004 Maturity, ovarian cycle, fecundity, and age-specific parturition of black rockfish (Sebastes melanops) Fish Bull (Wash DC) 102 418 429
10. GW Boehlert WH Barss PB Lamberson 1982 Fecundity of the widow rockfish, Sebastes entomelas, off the coast of Oregon Fish Bull (Wash DC) 80 881 884
11. Bonfil R (1994) Overview of world elasmobranch fisheries. FAO Technical Paper 341
12. Borg B (1987) Stimulation of reproductive behaviour by aromatizable and non-aromatizable androgens in the male three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L. In: Kullander SOK, Fernholm B (eds) Proceedings of the 5th Congress European Ichthyol Stockholm. Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, pp 269-271
13. B Borg 1994 Androgens in teleost fishes Comp Biochem Physiol. C Toxicol Pharmacol 109 219 245
14. B Borg E Antonopoulou E Andersson T Carlberg I Mayer 1993 Effectiveness of several androgens in stimulating kidney hypertrophy, a secondary sexual character, in castrated male three-spined stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus Can J Zool/Rev Can Zool 71 2327 2329
15. Cailliet GM (1990) Elasmobranch age determination and verification: an updated review. In: Pratt Jr HL, Gruber SH, Taniuchi T (eds) Elasmobranchs as living resources: advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries. NOAA Technical Report 90, pp 157-165
16. Cailliet GM, Goldman KJ (2004) Age determination and validation in chondrichthyan fishes. In: Carrier JC, Musick JA, Heithaus MR (eds) Biology of sharks and their relatives. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, pp 399-448
17. GM Cailliet AH Andrews EJ Burton DL Watters DE Kline LA Ferry-Graham 2001 Age determination and validation studies of marine fishes: do deep-dwellers live longer? Exp Gerontol 36 739 764 10.1016/S0531-5565(00)00239-4
18. IP Callard K Etheridge G Giannoukos T Lamb L Perez 1991 The role of steroids in reproduction in female elasmobranchs and reptiles J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 40 571 575 10.1016/0960-0760(91)90278-D
19. IP Callard LA Fileti TJ Koob 1993 Ovarian steroid synthesis and the hormonal control of the elasmobranch reproductive tract Environ Biol Fishes 38 175 185 10.1007/BF00842914
20. JK Carlson GR Parsons 1997 Age and growth of the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo, from northwest Florida, with comments on clinal variation Environ Biol Fishes 50 331 341 10.1023/A:1007342203214
21. Y Chen DA Jackson HH Harvey 1992 A comparison of von Bertalanffy and polynomial functions in modelling fish growth data Can J Fish Aquat Sci 49 1228 1235
22. MW Clarke CJ Kelly PL Connolly JP Molloy 2003 A life history approach to the assessment and management of deepwater fisheries in the northeast Atlantic Atl J Northwest Atl Fish Sci 31 401 411
23. LJV Compagno 1990 Alternative life-history styles of cartilaginous fishes in time and space Environ Biol Fishes 28 33 75 10.1007/BF00751027
24. Compagno LJV (1999) Checklist of living elasmobranchs. In: Hamlett WC (ed) Sharks, skates, and rays: the biology of elasmobranch fishes. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore
25. Compagno LJV (2005) Checklist of living Chondrichthyes. In: Hamlett WC (ed) Reproductive biology and phylogeny of Chondrichthyes: sharks batoids and chimaeras. Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, pp 503-548
26. DO Conover SB Munch 2002 Sustaining fisheries yields over evolutionary time scales Science 297 94 96 10.1126/science.1074085
27. DW Cooper KE Pearson DR Gunderson 2005 Fecundity of shortspine thornyhead (Sebastolobus alascanus) and longspine thornyhead (S. altivelis) (Scorpaenidae) from the northeastern Pacific Ocean, determined by stereological and gravimetric techniques Fish Bull (Wash DC) 103 15 22
28. E Cortés 2000 Life history patterns and correlations in sharks Rev Fish Sci 8 299 344
29. JCA Craik 1978 An annual cycle of vitellogenesis in the elasmobranch Scyliorhinus canicula L J Mar Biol Assoc UK 58 719 726
30. JCA Craik 1979 Simultaneous measurement of rates of vitellogenin synthesis and plasma levels of estradiol in an elasmobranch Gen Comp Endocrinol 38 264 266 10.1016/0016-6480(79)90215-6
31. Cross JN (1981) Structure of a rocky intertidal fish assemblage. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington
32. B Dean 1903 An outline of the development of a chimaeroid Biol Bull 4 270 286 10.2307/1535744
33. Dean B (1906) Chimaeroid fishes and their development. Carnegie Institute Publication, Washington, DC
34. EE Di Giacomo MR Perier 1994 Reproductive biology of the cockfish, Callorhynchus callorhinchus (Holocephali: Callorhynchidae), in Patagonian waters (Argentina) Fish Bull (Wash DC) 92 531 539
35. DA Didier 1995 Phylogenetic systematics of extant Chimaeroid fishes (Holocephali, Chimaeroidei) Am Mus Novit 3119 1 86
36. DA Didier LJ Rosenberger 2002 The spotted ratfish, Hydrolagus colliei: notes on its biology with a redescription of the species (Holocephali: Chimaeridae) Calif Fish Game 88 112 125
37. DA Didier EE LeClair DR Vanbuskirk 1998 Embryonic staging and external features of development of the chimaeroid fish, Callorhinchus milii (Holocephali, Callorhinchidae) J Morphol 236 25 47 10.1002/(SICI)1097- 4687(199804)236:1<25::AID-JMOR2>3.0.CO;2-N
38. JM Dodd CK Goddard 1961 Some effects of oestradiol benzoate on the reproductive ducts of the female dogfish Scyliorhinus caniculus Proc Zool Soc Lond 137 325 331
39. NK Dulvy JD Reynolds 1997 Evolutionary transitions among egg-laying, live-bearing and maternal inputs in sharks and rays Proc R Soc Lond. Ser B Biol Sci 264 1309 1315 10.1098/rspb.1997.0181
40. NK Dulvy JD Metcalfe J Glanville MG Pawson JD Reynolds 2000 Fishery stability, local extinctions, and shifts in community structure in skates Conserv Biol 14 283 293 10.1046/j.1523-1739.2000.98540.x
41. DA Ebert 1996 Biology of the sevengill shark, Notorynchus cepedianus (Peron, 1807) in the temperate coastal waters of Southern Africa S Afr J Mar Sci 17 93 103
42. DA Ebert CD Davis 2007 Descriptions of skate egg cases (Chondrichthyes: Rajiformes: Rajoidei) from the eastern North Pacific Zootaxa 1393 1 18
43. AE Economakis PS Lobel 1998 Aggregation behavior of the grey reef shark, Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos, at Johnston Atoll, Central Pacific Ocean Environ Biol Fishes 51 129 139 10.1023/A:1007416813214
44. E Edeline SM Carlson LC Stige IJ Winfield JM Fletcher JB James TO Haugen LA Vollestad NC Stenseth 2007 Trait changes in a harvested population are driven by a dynamic tug-of-war between natural and harvest selection Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104 15799 15804 10.1073/pnas.0705908104
45. MS FitzPatrick G van der Kraak CB Schreck 1986 Profiles of plasma sex steroids and gonadotropins in coho salmon, Oncorhynchus kisutch, during final maturation Gen Comp Endocrinol 62 437 451 10.1016/0016-6480(86)90054-7
46. Gordon JDM (1999) Management considerations of deepwater shark fisheries. In: Shotton R (ed) Case studies of the management of elasmobranch fisheries. FAO Fisheries Technical Paper No. 378, part 2. FAO, Rome, pp 774-818
47. Gorman TBS (1963) Biological and economic aspects of the elephant fish Callorhynchus milii Bory in Pegasus Bay and the Canterbury Bight. Department of Fisheries Technical Report 8, New Zealand
48. Grinols RB (1965) Check-list of the offshore marine fishes occurring in the northeastern Pacific Ocean, principally off the coasts of British Columbia, Washington, and Oregon. MS thesis. University of Washington, Washington
49. Grogan ED, Lund R (2004) The origin and relationships of early Chondrichthyes. In: Carrier JC, Musick JA, Heithaus MR (eds) Biology of sharks and their relatives. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 3-32
50. E Heibo C Magnhagen LA Vollestad 2005 Latitudinal variation in life-history traits in Eurasian perch Ecology 86 3377 3386 10.1890/04-1620
51. SA Heppell CV Sullivan 2000 Identification of gender and reproductive maturity in the absence of gonads: muscle tissue levels of sex steroids and vitellogenin in gag (Mycteroperca microlepis) Can J Fish Aquat Sci 57 148 159 10.1139/cjfas-57-1-148
52. T Hishida N Kawamoto 1970 Androgenic and male-inducing effects of 11-ketotestosterone on a teleost, the medaka (Oryzias latipes) J Exp Zool 173 279 284 10.1002/jez.1401730306
53. S Ho G Wulczyn IP Callard 1980 Induction of vitellogenin synthesis in the spiny dogfish, Squalus acanthias Bull Mt Desert Isl Biol Lab 19 37 38
54. Hoenig JM, Gruber SH (1990) Life history patterns in the elasmobranchs: implications for fisheries management. In: Pratt Jr HL, Gruber SH, Taniuchi T (eds) Elasmobranchs as living resources: advances in the biology, ecology, systematics, and the status of the fisheries. NOAA Technical Report 90, pp 1-16
55. Hoff GR (2007) Reproductive biology of the Alaska skate Bathyraja parmifera, with regard to nursery sites, embryo development and predation. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Washington
56. MJ Holden 1973 Are long-term sustainable fisheries for elasmobranchs possible? Rapp. P.-V. Reun CIESM 164 360 367
57. Holden MJ (1974) Problems in the rational exploitation of elasmobranch populations and some suggested solutions. In: Harden-Jones FR (ed) Sea fisheries research. Logos Press, London, pp 117-138
58. MJ Holden 1975 The fecundity of Raja clavata in British waters J Cons Int Explor Mer 36 110 118
59. MJ Holden DW Rout CN Humphreys 1971 The rate of egg laying by three species of ray J Cons Int Explor Mer 33 335 339
60. Hollander M, Wolfe DA (1999) Nonparametric statistical methods. Wiley, New York
61. T Hothorn K Hornik MA van de Wiel A Zeileis 2006 A lego system for conditional inference Am Stat 60 3 257 263 10.1198/000313006X118430
62. DR Idler II Bitners PJ Schmidt 1961 11-Ketotestosterone: an androgen for sockeye salmon Can J Biochem Physiol 39 1737 1742
63. AG Johnson HF Horton 1972 Length-weight relationship, food habits, parasites, and sex and age determination of the ratfish, Hydrolagus colliei (Lay and Bennett) Fish Bull (Wash DC) 70 421 429
64. DE Kime NJ Manning 1982 Seasonal patterns of free and conjugated androgens in the brown trout, Salmo trutta Gen Comp Endocrinol 48 222 231 10.1016/0016-6480(82)90020-X
65. PM Kindler JM Bahr DP Philipp 1991 The effect of exogenous 11-ketotestosterone, testosterone, and cyproterone acetate on prespawning and parental care behaviors of male bluegill Horm Behav 25 410 423 10.1016/0018-506X(91)90011-6
66. AP Klimley 1987 The determinants of sexual segregation in the scalloped hammerhead shark, Sphyrna lewini Environ Biol Fishes 18 27 40 10.1007/BF00002325
67. T Kokuho K Nakaya D Kitagawa 2003 Distribution and reproductive biology of the nine-spot ratfish Hydrolagus barbouri (Holocephali; Chimaeridae) Mem Grad Sch Fish Sci Hokkaido Univ 50 63 87
68. TJ Koob IP Callard 1999 Reproductive endocrinology of female elasmobranchs: Lessons from the little skate (Raja erinacea) and spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) J Exp Zool 284 557 574 10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19991001)284: 5<557::AID-JEZ12>3.0.CO;2-P
69. TJ Koob JJ Laffan IP Callard 1984 Effects of relaxin and insulin on reproductive tract size and early fetal loss in Squalus acanthias Biol Reprod 31 231 238 10.1095/biolreprod31.2.231
70. TJ Koob P Tsang IP Callard 1986 Plasma estradiol, testosterone, and progesterone levels during the ovulatory cycle of the skate (Raja erinacea) Biol Reprod 35 267 275 10.1095/biolreprod35.2.267
71. LA Lombardi-Carlson E Cortés GR Parsons CA Manire 2003 Latitudinal variation in life-history traits of bonnethead sharks, Sphyrna tiburo (Carcharhiniformes: Sphyrnidae) from the eastern Gulf of Mexico Mar Freshw Res 54 875 883 10.1071/MF03023
72. R Lund ED Grogan 1997 Relationships of the Chimaeriformes and the basal radiation of the Chondrichthyes Rev Fish Biol Fish 7 65 123 10.1023/A: 1018471324332
73. JG Maisey 1984 Chondrichthyan phylogeny: a look at the evidence J Vert Paleontol 4 359 371
74. JG Maisey 1986 Heads and tails: a chordate phylogeny Cladistics 2 201 256 10.1111/j.1096-0031.1986.tb00462.x
75. CA Manire LEL Rasmussen TS Gross 1999 Serum steroid hormones including 11-ketotestosterone, 11-ketoandrostenedione, and dihydroprogesterone in juvenile and adult bonnethead sharks, Sphyrna tiburo J Exp Zool 284 595 603 10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19991001)284:5<595::AID-JEZ15>3.0.CO;2-6
76. KP Maruska EG Cowie TC Tricas 1996 Periodic gonadal activity and protracted mating in elasmobranch fishes J Exp Zool 276 219 232 10.1002/(SICI)1097-010X(19961015)276:3<219::AID-JEZ6>3.0.CO;2-Q
77. M Matsubara PM Lokman A Senaha Y Kazeto S Ijiri A Kambegawa T Hirai G Young T Todo S Adachi K Yamauchi 2003 Synthesis and possible function of 11-ketotestosterone during oogenesis in eel (Anguilla spp.) Fish Physiol Biochem 28 353 354 10.1023/B:FISH.0000030585.22093.7a
78. Matta EM (2006) Aspects of the life history of the Alaska skate, Bathyraja parmifera, in the eastern Bering Sea. MS. Thesis, University of Washington
79. I Mayer M Schmitz B Borg R Schulz 1992 Seasonal endocrine changes in male and female Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus). I. Plasma levels of three androgens, 17α-hydroxy-20β-dihydroxy-progesterone, and 17β-estradiol Can J Zool 70 37 42 10.1139/z92-006
80. Miller DJ, Lea RN (1972) Guide to the coastal marine fishes of California. California Department of Fish and Game, University of California Sea Grant Marine Advisory Program and Division of Agricultural Sciences, Sacramento
81. HF Mollet G Cliff HL Pratt Jr JD Stevens 2000 Reproductive biology of the female shortfin mako, Isurus oxyrinchus Rafinesque, 1810, with comments on the embryonic development of lamnoids Fish Bull (Wash DC) 98 299 318
82. T Moura I Figueiredo PB Machado LS Gordo 2004 Growth pattern and reproductive strategy of the holocephalan Chimaera monstrosa along the Portuguese continental slope J Mar Biol Assoc UK 84 801 804 10.1017/ S002531540400997Xh
83. T Moura I Figueiredo P Bordalo-Machado C Almeida LS Gordo 2005 A new deep-water chimaerid species, Hydrolagus lusitanicus n. sp., from off mainland Portugal with a proposal of a new identification key for the genus Hydrolagus (Holocephali: Chimaeridae) in the north-east Atlantic J Fish Biol 67 742 751 10.1111/j.0022-1112.2005.00774.x
84. Musick JA, Ellis JK (2005) Reproductive evolution of chondrichthyans. In: Hamlett WC (ed) Reproductive biology and phylogeny of chondrichthyans: sharks, batoids, and chimaeras. Science Publishers, Inc., Enfield, pp 45-71
85. JA Neer GM Cailliet 2001 Aspects of the life history of the Pacific electric ray, Torpedo californica (Ayres) Copeia 2001 842 847 10.1643/0045-8511(2001)001[0842:AOTLHO]2.0.CO;2
86. EM Olsen M Heino GR Lilly MJ Morgan J Brattey B Ernande U Dieckmann 2004 Maturation trends indicative of rapid evolution preceded the collapse of northern cod Nature 428 932 935 10.1038/nature02430
87. Pankhurst NW (2008) Gonadal steroids: functions and patters of change. In: Rocha MJ, Arukwe A, Kapoor BG (eds) Fish reproduction. Science Publishers, Enfield, pp 67-111
88. NW Pankhurst PJ McMillan DM Tracey 1987 Seasonal reproductive cycles in three commercially exploited fishes from the slope waters off New Zealand J Fish Biol 30 193 211 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1987.tb05745.x
89. GR Parsons 1993 Geographic variation in reproduction between two populations of the bonnethead shark, Sphyrna tiburo Environ Biol Fishes 38 25 35 10.1007/BF00842901
90. GR Parsons HJ Grier 1992 Seasonal changes in shark testicular structure and spermatogenesis J Exp Zool 261 173 184 10.1002/jez.1402610208
91. TG Pottinger AD Pickering 1985 The effects of 11-ketotestosterone and testosterone on the skin structure of brown trout, Salmo trutta L Gen Comp Endocrinol 59 335 342 10.1016/0016-6480(85)90389-2
92. KL Quaranta DA Didier DJ Long DA Ebert 2006 A new species of chimaeroid, Hydrolagus alphus sp. nov. (Chimaeriformes: Chimaeridae) from the Galapagos Islands Zootaxa 1377 33 45
93. R Development Core Team (2007) R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Version 2.4.1. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria
94. LEL Rasmussen DL Hess CA Luer 1999 Alterations in serum steroid concentrations in the clearnose skate, Raja eglanteria: Correlations with season and reproductive status J Exp Zool 284 575 585 10.1002/(SICI)1097- 010X(19991001)284:5<575::AID-JEZ13>3.0.CO;2-I
95. R Roa B Ernst F Tapia 1999 Estimation of size at sexual maturity: an evaluation of analytical and resampling procedures Fish Bull (Wash DC) 97 570 580
96. CM Roberts 2002 Deep impact: the rising toll of fishing in the deep sea Trends Ecol Evol 17 242 245 10.1016/S0169-5347(02)02492-8
97. Roff DA (2002) Life history evolution. Sinauer Associates, Sunderland
98. HA Ruhl KL Smith Jr 2004 Shifts in deep-sea community structure linked to climate and food supply Science 305 513 515 10.1126/science.1099759
99. AJH de Ruiter CG Mein 1982 Testosterone-dependent changes in vivo and in vitro Gen Comp Endocrinol 47 70 83
100. Sathyanesan AG (1966) Egg-laying of the chimaeroid fish Hydrolagus collei. Copeia (1):132-134. doi: 10.2307/1440776
101. B Schaeffer 1981 The xenacanth shark neurocranium with comments on the elasmobranch phylogeny Bull Am Mus Nat Hist 169 3 66
102. MP Schreibman H Margolis-Nunno LR Halpern-Sebold HJT Goos PW Perlman 1986 The influence of androgen administration on the structure and function of the brain-pituitary-gonad axis of sexually immature platyfish, Xiphophorus maculatus Cell Tissue Res 245 519 524 10.1007/BF00218552
103. TB Semenkova AVM Canario LV Bayunova E Couto NN Kolmakov IA Barannikova 2006 Sex steroids and oocyte maturation in the sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus L.) J Appl Ichthyol 22 340 345
104. CA Simpfendorfer 1992 Biology of tiger sharks (Galeocerdo cuvier) caught by the Queensland Shark Meshing Program off Townsville, Australia Aust J Mar Freshwater Res 43 33 43 10.1071/MF9920033
105. CH Slater CB Schreck P Swanson 1994 Plasma profiles of the sex steroids and gonadotropins in maturing female spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Comp Biochem Physiol 109A 167 175 10.1016/0300-9629(94)90323-9
106. RM Smith TI Walker WC Hamlett 2004 Microscopic organisation of the oviducal gland of the holocephalan elephant fish, Callorhynchus milii Mar Freshw Res 55 155 164 10.1071/MF01078
107. KA Sosebee 2005 Are density-dependent effects on elasmobranch maturity possible? J Northwest Atl Fish Sci 35 115 124 10.2960/J.v35.m492
108. Springer S (1967) Social organization of shark populations. In: Gilbert PW, Mathewson RF, Rall DP (eds) Sharks, skates and rays. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp 149-174
109. Stanley HP (1961) Studies on the genital systems and reproduction in the chimaeroid fish Hydrolagus colliei (Lay and Bennett). Ph.D. Thesis, Oregon State University
110. HP Stanley 1963 Urogenital morphology in the chimaeroid fish Hydrolagus colliei (Lay and Bennett) J Morphol 112 99 127 10.1002/jmor.1051120202
111. Stearns SC (1992) The evolution of life histories. Oxford University Press, New York
112. GA Steven 1933 Rays and skates of Devon and Cornwall III. The proportions of the sexes in nature and in commercial landings, and their significance to the fishery J Mar Biol Assoc UK 18 611 625
113. JD Stevens R Bonfil NK Dulvy PA Walker 2000 The effects of fishing on sharks, rays, and chimeras (chondrichthyans), and the implications for marine ecosystems ICES J Mar Sci 57 476 494 10.1006/jmsc.2000.0724
114. DW Strasburg 1958 Distribution, abundance, and habits of pelagic sharks in the central Pacific Ocean Fish Bull (Wash DC) 138 335 361
115. JA Sulikowski PCW Tsang W Huntting Howell 2004 An annual cycle of steroid hormone concentrations and gonad development in the winter skate, Leucoraja ocellata, from the western Gulf of Maine Mar Biol (Berl) 144 845 853 10.1007/s00227-003-1264-8
116. JP Sumpter JM Dodd 1979 The annual reproductive cycle of the female lesser spotted dogfish, Scyliorhinus canicula L., and its endocrine control J Fish Biol 15 687 695 10.1111/j.1095-8649.1979.tb03678.x
117. A Takemura BH Kim 2001 Effects of estradiol-17[beta] treatment on in vitro and in vivo synthesis of two distinct vitellogenins in tilapia Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 129 641 651 10.1016/S1095-6433(01)00328-2
118. N Tolimieri 2007 Patterns in species richness, species density, and evenness in groundfish assemblages on the continental slope of the U.S. Pacific coast Environ Biol Fishes 78 241 256 10.1007/s10641-006-9093-5
119. Tovar-Ávila J (2006) Reproduction, age validation, growth determination and effects of fishing on the Port Jackson shark (Heterodontus portjacksoni) in South-Eastern Australia. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Melbourne
120. J Tovar-Ávila TI Walker RW Day 2007 Reproduction of Heterodontus portusjacksoni in Victoria, Australia: evidence of two populations and reproductive parameters for the eastern population Mar Freshwat Res 58 956 965
121. Vu-Tan-Tue 1972 Variations cycliques des gonades et de quelques glandes endocrines chez Chimaera montrosa Linne (Pisces: Holocephali) Sci Nat Zool 14 49 94
122. TI Walker 1998 Can shark resources be harvested sustainably? A question revisited with a review of shark fisheries Mar Freshwater Res 49 553 572 10.1071/MF98017
123. TI Walker 2007 Spatial and temporal variation in the reproductive biology of gummy shark Mustelus antarcticus (Chondrichthyes : Triakidae) harvested off southern Australia Mar Freshw Res 58 67 97 10.1071/MF06074
124. SA Walmsley-Hart WHH Sauer CD Buxton 1999 The biology of the skates Raja wallacei and R. pullopunctata (Batoidea: Rajidae) on the Agulhas Bank, South Africa S Afr J Mar Sci 21 165 179
125. Whittier JM, Crews D (1987) Seasonal reproduction: patterns and control. In: Norris DO, Jones RE (eds) Hormones and reproduction in fishes, amphibians, and reptiles. Plenum Press, New York, pp 385-409
126. NJ Wilimovsky 1954 List of the fishes of Alaska Stanf Ichthyol Bull 4 279 294
127. PMJ Woodhead 1969 Effects of estradiol and thyroxine upon the plasma calcium content of a shark Scyliorhinus canicula Gen Comp Endocrinol 13 310 312 10.1016/0016-6480(69)90254-8
128. JP Wourms 1977 Reproduction and development in chondrichthyan fishes Am Zool 17 379 410
129. JP Wourms J Lombardi 1992 Reflections on the evolution of piscine viviparity Am Zool 32 276 293
130. A Yamaguchi T Taniuchi M Shimizu 2000 Geographic variations in reproductive parameters of the starspotted dogfish, Mustelus manazo, from five localities in Japan and in Taiwan Environ Biol Fishes 57 221 233 10.1023/A:1007558324902
131. K Yano 1995 Reproductive biology of the black dogfish, Centroscyllium fabricii, collected from waters off western Greenland J Mar Biol Assoc UK 75 285 310
132. Zar JH (1996) Biostatistical Analysis, 3rd edn edn. Prentice-Hall, Upper Saddle River