Aetiology and risk factors related to traumatic dental injuries - A review of the literature

Dental Traumatology

Volumn 25, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 19-31

  Glendor, Ulf ^a  

^a LINKÖPING UNIVERSITY   (Sweden)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ADOLESCENT; BODY PIERCING; CHILD; DEMOGRAPHY; DEVELOPMENTAL DISORDER; FALLING; HIGH RISK BEHAVIOR; HUMAN; MALOCCLUSION; PRESCHOOL CHILD; REVIEW; RISK FACTOR; SPORT INJURY; STATISTICS; TOOTH INJURY; TRAFFIC ACCIDENT; VIOLENCE;

ACCIDENTAL FALLS; ACCIDENTS, TRAFFIC; ADOLESCENT; ATHLETIC INJURIES; BODY PIERCING; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES; HUMANS; MALOCCLUSION; RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS; RISK FACTORS; RISK-TAKING; TOOTH INJURIES; VIOLENCE;

EID: 58549111024     PISSN: 16004469     EISSN: 16009657     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-9657.2008.00694.x     Document Type: Review

References (145)

1. Glendor U, Marcenes W, Andreasen JO. Classification, epidemiology and etiology. In : Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM, Andersson L, editors. Textbook and color atlas of traumatic injuries to the teeth, 4th edn, Chapter 8. Oxford : Blackwell Munksgaard 2007. p. 228.
2. Canadian Fitness and Lifestyle Research Institute (CFLRI). http://www.cflri.ca, 1998.
3. Oneil DW, Clark MV, Lowf JW, Harrington MS. Oral trauma in children: a hospital survey. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1989 68 : 691 6.
4. Onetto JE, Flores MT, Garbarino ML. Dental trauma in children and adolescents in Valparaiso, Chile. Endod Dent Traumatol 1994 10 : 223 7.
5. Blinkhorn FA. The etiology of dento-alveolar injuries and factors influencing attendance for emergency care of adolescents in the north west of England. Endod Dent Traumatol 2000 16 : 162 5.
6. Skaare AB, Jacobsen I. Primary tooth injuries in Norwegian children (1-8 years). Dent Traumatol 2005 21 : 315 9.
7. Eilert-Petersson E, Andersson L, Sörensen S. Traumatic oral vs non-oral injuries. An epidemiological study during one year in a Swedish county. Swed Dent J 1997 21 : 55 68.
8. Skaare AB, Jacobsen I. Dental injuries in Norwegians aged 7-18 years. Dent Traumatol 2003 19 : 67 71.
9. Rodd HD, Chesham DJ. Sports-related oral injury and mouthguard use among Sheffield school children. Community Dent Health 1997 14 : 25 30.
10. Skaare AB, Jacobsen I. Etiological factors related to dental injuries in Norwegians aged 7-18 years. Dent Traumatol 2003 19 : 304 8.
11. Baghdady VS, Ghose LJ, Enke H. Traumatized anterior teeth in Iraqi and Sudanese children - a comparative study. J Dent Res 1981 60 : 677 80.
12. Uji T, Teramoto T. Occurrence of traumatic injuries in the oromaxillary region of children in a Japanese prefecture. Endod Dent Traumatol 1988 4 : 63 9.
13. Marcenes W, Alessi ON, Traebert J. Causes and prevalence of traumatic injuries to the permanent incisors of school children aged 12 years in Jaragua do Sul. Brazil Int Dent J 2000 50 : 87 92.
14. Nicolau B, Marcenes W, Sheiham A. Prevalence, causes and correlates of traumatic dental injuries among 13-year-olds in Brazil. Dent Traumatol 2001 17 : 213 7.
15. Burden DJ. An investigation of the association between overjet size, lip coverage, and traumatic injury to maxillary incisors. Eur J Orthod 1995 17 : 513 7.
16. Marcenes W, Al Beiruti N, Tayfour D, Issa S. Epidemiology of traumatic injuries to the permanent incisors of 9-12-year-old schoolchildren in Damascus, Syria. Endod Dent Traumatol 1999 15 : 117 23.
17. Bauss O, Rohling J, Schwestka-Polly R. Prevalence of traumatic injuries to the permanent incisors in candidates for orthodontic treatment. Dent Traumatol 2004 20 : 61 6.
18. Årtun J, Behbehani F, Al-Jame B, Kerosuo H. Incisor trauma in an adolescent Arab population: prevalence, severity, and occlusal risk factors. Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop 2005 128 : 347 52.
19. Sgan-Cohen HD, Megnagi G, Jacobi Y. Dental trauma and its association with anatomic, behavioural, and social variables among fifth and sixth grade schoolchildren in Jerusalem. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2005 33 : 174 80.
20. Traebert J, Bittencourt DD, Peres KG, Peres MA, de Lacerda JT, Marcenes W. Aetiology and rates of treatment of traumatic dental injuries among 12-year-old school children in a town in southern Brazil. Dent Traumatol 2006 22 : 173 8.
21. Soriano EP, Caldas AF Jr., Carvalho MVD, Amorim Filho HA. Prevalence and risk factors related to traumatic dental injuries in Brazilian schoolchildren. Dent Traumatol 2007 23 : 232 40.
22. Oliveira LB, Marcenes W, Ardenghi TM, Sheiham A, Bönecker M. Traumatic dental injuries and associated factors among Brazilian preschool children. Dent Traumatol 2007 23 : 76 81.
23. Holm AK, Axelsson S, Bondemark L, Brattström V, Hansen K, Marké LÅ et al. Bettavvikelser och tandreglering i ett hälsoperspektiv. En systematisk litteraturöversikt. SBU Statens beredning för medicinsk utvärdering (The Swedish Council on Technology Assessment in Health Care). Stockholm : SBU 2005.
24. Shulman JD, Peterson J. The association between incisor trauma and occlusal characteristics in individuals 8-50 years of age. Dent Traumatol 2004 20 : 67 74.
25. Nguyen QV, Bezemer PD, Habets L, Prahl-Andersen B. A systematic review of the relationship between overjet size and traumatic dental injuries. Eur J Orthod 1999 21 : 503 15.
26. Andreasen JO, Andreasen FM, Andersson L. Textbook and color atlas of traumatic injuries to the teeth, 4th edn. Oxford : Blackwell Munksgaard 2007.
27. Hamilton FA, Hill FJ, Holloway PJ. An investigation of dento-alveolar trauma and its treatment in an adolescent population. Part 1: The prevalence and incidence of injuries and the extent and adequacy of treatment received. Br Dent J 1997 182 : 91 5.
28. Marcenes W, Murray S. Changes in prevalence and treatment need for traumatic dental injuries among 14-year-old children in Newham, London: a deprived area. Community Dent Health 2002 19 : 104 8.
29. O'Brien M. Children's dental health in the United Kingdom, 1993. London : Her Majesty's Stationary Office 1994.
30. Marcenes W, Murray S. Social deprivation and traumatic dental injuries among 14-year-old schoolchildren in Newham, London. Dent Traumatol 2001 17 : 17 21.
31. Odoi R, Croucher R, Wong F, Marcenes W. The relationship between problem behaviour and traumatic dental injury amongst children aged 7-15 years old. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002 30 : 392 6.
32. Lalloo R. Risk factors for major injuries to the face and teeth. Dent Traumatol 2003 19 : 12 4.
33. Davidson LL, Taylor EA, Sandberg ST, Thorley G. Hyperactivity in school-age boys and subsequent risk of injury. Pediatrics 1992 90 : 697 702.
34. Wazana A. Are there injury-prone children? A critical review of the literature. Can J Psychiatry 1997 42 : 602 10.
35. Nicolau B, Marcenes W, Sheiham A. The relationship between traumatic dental injuries and adolescents' development along the life course. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2003 31 : 306 13.
36. Sabuncuoglu O, Taser H, Berkem M. Relationship between traumatic dental injuries and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: proposal of an explanatory model. Dent Traumatol 2005 21 : 249 53.
37. Sabuncuoglu O. Traumatic dental injuries and attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder: is there a link? Dent Traumatol 2007 23 : 137 42.
38. Petti S, Tarsitani G. Traumatic injuries to anterior teeth in Italian schoolchildren: prevalence and risk factors. Endod Dent Traumatol 1996 12 : 294 7.
39. Granville-Garcia AF, de Menezes VA, de Lira PIC. Dental trauma and associated factors in Brazilian preschoolers. Dent Traumatol 2007 22 : 318 22.
40. Perheentupa U, Laukkanen P, Veijola J, Joukamaa M, Jarvelin MR, Laitinen J et al. Increased lifetime prevalence of dental trauma is associated with previous non-dental injuries, mental distress and high alcohol consumption. Dent Traumatol 2001 17 : 10 6.
41. Bessermann K. Frequency of maxillo-facial injuries in a hospital population of patients with epilepsy. Bull Nord Soc Dent Handicap 1978 5 : 2 26.
42. Chapman PJ. Medical emergencies in dental practice and choice of emergency drugs and equipment: a survey of Australian dentists. Aust Dental J 1997 42 : 103 8.
43. Girdler NM, Smith DG. Prevalence of emergency events in British dental practice and emergency management skills of British dentists. Resuscitation 1999 41 : 159 67.
44. Holan G, Peretz B, Efrat J, Shapira Y. Traumatic injuries to the teeth in young individuals with cerebral palsy. Dent Traumatol 2005 21 : 65 9.
45. Johnson JE. Causes of accidental injuries to the teeth and jaws. J Public Health Dent 1975 35 : 123 31.
46. Snyder JR, Knoops JJ, Jordan WA. Dental problems of non-institutionalized mentally retarded children. NorthWest Dent 1960 39 : 123 33.
47. Alsarheed M, Bedi R, Hunt NP. Traumatised permanent teeth in 11-16-year-old Saudi Arabian children with a sensory impairment attending special schools. Dent Traumatol 2003 19 : 123 5.
48. Malikaew P, Watt RG, Sheiham A. Prevalence and factors associated with traumatic dental injuries (TDI) to anterior teeth of 11-13 year old Thai children. Community Dent Health 2006 23 : 222 7.
49. Tapias MA. Prevalence of traumatic crown fractures to permanent incisors in a childhood population: Mostoles, Spain. Dent Traumatol 2003 19 : 119 22.
50. Traebert J, Peres MA, Blank V, Boell RD, Pietruza JA. Prevalence of traumatic dental injury and associated factors among 12-year-old school children in Florianópolis, Brazil. Dent Traumatol 2003 19 : 15 8.
51. Stirn A. Body piercing: medical consequences and psychological motivations. Lancet 2003 361 : 1205 15.
52. Armstrong ML. You pierced what? Ped-Ners 1996 22 : 236 8.
53. Reichl RB, Dailey JC. Intraoral body piercing: a case report. Gent Dent 1996 44 : 346 7.
54. Botchway C, Kuc I. Tongue piercing and associated tooth fracture. J Can Dent Assoc 1998 64 : 803 5.
55. De Moore RJG, De Witte AMJC, De Bruyne MAA. Tongue piercing and associated oral and dental complications. Endod Dent Traumatol 2000 16 : 232 7.
56. DiAngelis AJ. The lingual barbell: a new etiology for the cracked tooth syndrome. J Am Dent Assoc 1997 128 : 1438 9.
57. Perkins CS, Meisner J, Harrison JM. A complication of tongue piercing. Br Dent J 1997 182 : 147 8.
58. Farah CS, Harmon D. Tongue piercing: a case report and review of current practice. Aust Dent J 1998 43 : 387 9.
59. American Dental Association. ADA statement on intraoral/perioral piercing. http://www.ada.org/prof/resources/positions/statements/piercing.asp (accessed 14 May 1999).
60. Keogh IJ, O'Leary G. Serious complication of tongue piercing. J Laryngol Otol 2001 128 : 233 4.
61. Greif J, Hewitt W, Armstrong ML. Tattooing and body piercing: body art practices among college students. Clin Nurs Res 1999 8 : 368 75.
62. Mayers LB, Judelson D, Moriarty B, Rundell K. Prevalence of body art (body piercing and tattooing) in university undergraduates and incidence of medical complications. Mayo Clin Proc 2002 77 : 29 43.
63. Levin L, Zadik Y, Becker T. Oral and dental complications of intra-oral piercing. Dent Traumatol 2005 21 : 341 3.
64. Kieser JA, Thomson WM, Koopu P, Quick AN. Oral piercing and oral trauma in a New Zealand sample. Dent Traumatol 2005 21 : 254 7.
65. Leichter JW, Monteith BD. Prevalence and risk of traumatic gingival recession following elective lip piercing. Dent Traumatol 2006 22 : 7 13.
66. Campbell A, Moore A, Williams E, Stephens J, Tatakis DN. Tongue piercing: impact of time and barbell stem length on lingual gingival recession and tooth chipping. J Periodontol 2002 73 : 289 97.
67. Chadwick RG, Lindsay SM. Dental injuries during general anaesthesia. Br Dent J 1996 180 : 255 8.
68. Chadwick RG, Lindsay SM. Dental injuries during general anaesthesia: can the dentist help the anaesthetist? Dent Update 1998 25 : 76 8.
69. Gassner R, Tuli T, Hachl O, Moreira R, Ulmer H. Craniomaxillofacial trauma in children: a review of 3,385 cases with 6,060 injuries in 10 years. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004 62 : 399 407.
70. Fasola AO, Lawoyin JO, Obiechina AE, Arotiba FT. Inner city maxillofacial fractures due to road traffic accidents. Dent Traumatol 2003 19 : 2 5.
71. Roccia F, Servadio F, Gerbino G. Maxillofacial fractures following airbag deployment. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 1999 27 : 335 8.
72. Mouzakes J, Koltai PJ, Kuhar S, Bernstein DS, Wing P, Salsberg E. The impact of airbags and seat belts on the incidence and severity of maxillofacial injuries in automobile accidents in New York State. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2001 127 : 1189 93.
73. Cox D, Vincent DG, McGwin G, MacLennan PA, Holmes JD, Rue LW 3rd. Effect of restraint systems on maxillofacial injury in frontal motor vehicle collisions. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004 62 : 571 5.
74. Acton CH, Nixon JW, Clark RC. Bicycle riding and oral/maxillofacial trauma in young children. Med J Aust 1996 165 : 249 51.
75. Thompson DC, Rivara FP, Thompson R. Helmets for preventing head and facial injuries in bicyclists (Cochrane review). The Cochrane library, Issue 1, Oxford : Update Software 2003.
76. Chapman HR, Curran AL. Bicycle helmets - does the dental profession have a role in promoting their use? Br Dent J 2004 196 : 555 60 discussion 539.
77. Linn S, Smith D, Sheps S. Epidemiology of bicycle injury, head injury, and helmet use among children in British Columbia: a five year descriptive study. Canadian hospitals Injury, Reporting and Prevention Program (CHIRPP). Inj Prev 1998 4 : 122 5.
78. Kumamoto DP, Maeda Y. A literature review of sports-related orofacial trauma. Gen Dent 2004 52 : 270 81.
79. US Department of Health and Human Services. Understanding and improving health and objectives for improving health, 2nd edn. Washington, DC : US Department of Health and Human Services, Healthy People 2010 2000.
80. US Department of Health and Human Services. Oral health in America: a report of the surgeon general. Rockville, MD : US Department of Health and Human Services; National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research 2000.
81. Burt CW, Overpeck MD. Emergency visits for sports-related injuries. Ann Emerg Med 2001 37 : 301 8.
82. Billings RJ, Berkowitz RJ, Watson G. Teeth. Pediatrics 2004 113 : 1120 7.
83. Tuli T, Hachl O, Rasse M, Kloss F, Gassner R. Dentoalveolar trauma. Analysis of 4763 patients with 6237 injuries in 10 years. Mund Kiefer Gesichtschir 2005 9 : 324 9.
84. Federation Dentaire International (FDI). Commission on dental products, Working Party No. 7 : 1990.
85. Sorli JM. Equestrian injuries: a five year review of hospital admissions in British Columbia, Canada. Inj Prev 2000 6 : 59 61.
86. Thomas KE, Annest JL, Gilchrist J, Bixby-Hammet DM. Non-fatal horse related injuries treated in emergency departments in the United States, 2001-2003. Br Sports Med 2006 40 : 619 26.
87. Ueeck BA, Dierks EJ, Homer LD, Potter B. Patterns of maxillofacial injuries related to interaction with horses. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2004 62 : 693 6.
88. Glendor U, Svensson LI, Andersson L. Tand- och käkskador vid idrott [Dental and oral injuries in sport]. En Folksam-studie om 5 000 försäkringsanmälda tand-och käkskador under åren 1994-1997. Folksam 2002 (in Swedish).
89. Nowjack-Raymer RE, Gift HC. Use of mouthguards and headgear in organized sports by school-aged children. Public Health Rep 1996 111 : 82 6.
90. Mourouzis C, Koumoura F. Sports-related maxillofacial fractures: a retrospective study of 125 patients. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2005 34 : 635 8.
91. Lim J, Puttaswamy V, Gizzi M, Christie L, Croker W, Crowe P. Pattern of equestrian injuries presenting to a Sydney teaching hospital. ANZ J Surg 2003 73 : 567 71.
92. da Fonseca MA, Feigal RJ, ten Bensel RW. Dental aspects of 1248 cases of child maltreatment on file at a major county hospital. Pediatr Dent 1992 14 : 152 7.
93. McDowell JD, Kassebaum DK, Fryer GE Jr. Recognizing and reporting dental violence: a survey of dental practitioners. Spec Care Dentist 1994 14 : 49 53.
94. Ramos-Gomez F, Rothman D, Blain S. Knowledge and attitudes among California dental care providers regarding child abuse and neglect. J Am Dent Assoc 1998 129 : 340 8.
95. Bewly S, Friend J, Mezey G. Violence against women. London : Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Study Group, 1997.
96. Cairns AM, Mok JY, Welbury RR. The dental practitioner and child protection in Scotland. Br Dent J 2005 199 : 517 20.
97. Mirrlees-Black C. Domestic violence: findings from a new British crime survey self-completion questionnaire. Home office research study 191. London : Home Office 1999.
98. Coulthard P, Yong S, Adamson L, Warburton A, Worthington HV, Esposito M. Domestic violence screening and intervention programmes for adults with dental or facial injury. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2004 Issue 2. Art. No CD004486. doi :.
99. Dimitroulis G, Eyre J. A 7-year review of maxillofacial trauma in a central London hospital. Br Dent J 1991 170 : 300 2.
100. Kontio R, Suuronen R, Ponkkonen H, Lindqvist C, Laine P. Have the causes of maxillofacial fractures changed over the last 16 years in Finland? An epidemiological study of 725 fractures Dent Traumatol 2005 21 : 14 9.
101. Moysés ST, Moysés SJ, Watt R, Sheiham A. Associations between health promoting schools' polices and indicators of oral health in Brazil. Health Promot Int 2003 18 : 209 18.
102. Moysés SJ, Moysés ST, McCarthy M, Sheiham A. Intra-urban differentials in child dental trauma in relation to Healthy Cities policies in Curitiba, Brazil. Health Place 2006 12 : 48 64.
103. Meeuwisse WH. Assessing causation in sports injury: a multi-factorial model. Clin J Sport Med 1994 4 : 166 70.
104. van Mechelen W, Twisk J, Molendijk A, Blom B, Snel J, Kemper HC. Subject-related risk factors for sports injuries: a 1-yr prospective study in young adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1996 28 : 1171 9.
105. Lett R, Kobusingye O, Sehti D. A unified framework for injury control: the Public Health Approach and Haddon's Matrix combined. Inj Control Saf Promot 2002 9 : 199 205.
106. Gissane C, White J, Kerr K, Jennings D. An operational model to investigate contact sports injuries. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001 33 : 1999 2003.
107. Weaver J, Moore CK, Howe WB. Injury prevention. In : Caine CG, Caine DJ, Lindner KJ, editors. Epidemiology of sports injuries. Champaign, IL : Human Kinetics Publishers Inc 1996.
108. MacKay M, Scanlan A, Olsen L, Reid D, Clark M, McKim K et al. Looking for the evidence: a systematic review of prevention strategies addressing sport and recreational injury among children and youth. J Sci Med Sport 2004 7 : 58 73 (review).
109. Goldstein G, Kickbusch I. WHO Healthy Cities Programme. Urban Health Newsl 1996 28 : 7 13.
110. World Health Organisation. Health promoting schools: a healthy setting for living, learning and working. Geneva : WHO 1998.
111. Sheiham A, Watt RG. The common risk factor approach: a rational basis for promoting oral health. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2000 28 : 399 406.
112. Yagot KH, Nazhat NY, Kuder SA. Traumatic dental injuries in nursery schoolchildren from Baghdad. Iraq Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1988 16 : 292 3.
113. Forsberg CM, Tedestam G. Traumatic injuries to teeth in Swedish children living in an urban area. Swed Dent J 1990 14 : 115 22.
114. Bijella MF, Yared FN, Bijella VT, Lopes ES. Occurrence of primary incisor traumatism in Brazilian children: a house-by-house survey. ASDC J Dent Child 1990 57 : 424 7.
115. Hargreaves JA, Cleaton-Jones PE, Roberts GJ, Williams S, Matejka JM. Trauma to primary teeth of South African pre-school children. Endod Dent Traumatol 1999 15 : 73 6.
116. Cunha RF, Pugliese DM, de MelloVieira AE. Oral trauma in Brazilian patients aged 0-3 years. Dent Traumatol 2001 17 : 210 2.
117. Kaste LM, Gift HC, Bhat M, Swango PA. Prevalence of incisor trauma in persons 6 to 50 years of age: United States, 1988-1991. J Dent Res 1996 75 : 696 705.
118. Glendor U. On dental trauma in children and adolescents. Swed Dent J Suppl 2000 140 : 1 52.
119. Borum MK, Andreasen JO. Therapeutic and economic implications of traumatic dental injuries in Denmark: an estimate based on 7549 patients treated at a major trauma centre. Int J Paediatr Dent 2001 11 : 249 58.
120. Solli E, Nossum G, Molven O. Resursbruk ved behandling av tannskader hos norske 6-18 åringer (in Norwegian). Nor Tannlaegeforen Tid 1996 106 : 328 33.
121. Glendor U, Halling A, Andersson L, Andreasen JO, Klitz I. Type of treatment and estimation of time spent on dental trauma. A longitudinal and retrospective study. Swed Dent J 1998 22 : 47 60.
122. Nguyen P-MT, Kenny DJ, Barret EJ. Socio-economic burden of permanent incisor replantation on children and parents. Dent Traumatol 2004 20 : 123 33.
123. Lindqvist KS, Brodin H. One-year economic consequences of accidents in a Swedish municipality. Accid Anal Prev 1996 28 : 209 19.
124. Cortes MIS, Marcenes W, Sheiham A. Impact of traumatic injuries to the permanent teeth on the oral health-related quality of life in 12-14-year-old children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2002 30 : 193 8.
125. Chen YL, Tsai TP, See LC. Survey of incisor trauma in second grade students of Central Taiwan. Chan Gung Med J 1999 22 : 212 9.
126. Garćia-Godoy F, Sanchez R, Sanchez JR. Traumatic dental injuries in a sample of Dominican school children. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1981 9 : 193 7.
127. Garćia-Godoy F. Prevalence and distribution of traumatic injuries to the permanent teeth of Dominican children from private schools. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1984 12 : 136 9.
128. Teo CS, Stokes AN, Loh T, Bagramian RA. A survey of tooth injury experience and attitudes to prevention in a group of Singapore schoolboys. Ann Acad Med Singapore 1995 24 : 23 5.
129. Yamada T, Sawaki Y, Tomida S, Tohnai I, Ueda M. Oral injury and mouthguard usage by athletes in Japan. Endod Dent Traumatol 1998 14 : 84 7.
130. Jolly KA, Messer LB, Manton D. Promotion of mouthguards among amateur football players in Victoria. Aust N Z J Public Health 1996 20 : 630 9.
131. Cornwell H, Messer LB, Speed H. Use of mouthguards by basketball players in Victoria, Australia. Dent Traumatol 2003 19 : 193 203.
132. Kujala UM, Taimela S, Antti-Poika I, Orava S, Tuominen R, Myllynen P. Acute injuries in soccer, ice hockey, volleyball, basketball, judo, and karate: analysis of national registry data. BMJ 1995 311 : 1465 8.
133. Emshoff R, Schoning H, Rothler G, Waldhart E. Trends in the incidence and cause of sport related mandibular fractures: a retrospective analysis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1997 55 : 585 92.
134. Gábris K, Tarjan I, Rozsa N. Dental trauma in children presenting for treatment at the Department of Dentistry for Children and Orthodontics, Budapest, 1985-1999. Dent Traumatol 2001 17 : 103 8.
135. Lang B, Pohl Y, Filippi A. Knowledge and prevention of dental trauma in team handball in Switzerland and Germany. Dent Traumatol 2002 18 : 329 34.
136. Muller-Bolla M, Lupi-Pegurier L, Pedeutour P, Bolla M. Orofacial trauma and rugby in France: epidemiological survey. Dent Traumatol 2003 19 : 183 92.
137. Çaglar E, Kargul B, Tanboga I. Dental trauma and mouthguard usage among ice hockey players in Turkey premier league. Dent Traumatol 2005 21 : 29 31.
138. Keçeci AD, Eroglu E, Baydar ML. Dental trauma incidence and mouthguard use in elite athletes in Turkey. Dent Traumatol 2005 21 : 76 9.
139. Perunski S, Lang B, Pohl Y, Filippi A. Level of information concerning dental injuries and their prevention in Swiss basketball - a survey among players and coaches. Dent Traumatol 2005 21 : 195 200.
140. Levin L, Friedlander LD, Geiger SB. Dental and oral trauma and mouthguard use during sport activities in Israel. Dent Traumatol 2003 19 : 237 42.
141. Gomez E, DeLee JC, Farney WC. Incidence of injury in Texas girls' high school basketball. Am J Sports Med 1996 24 : 684 7.
142. Diab N, Mourino AP. Parental attitudes toward mouthguards. Pediatr Dent 1997 19 : 455 60.
143. Kvittem B, Hardie NA, Roettger M, Conry J. Incidence of orofacial injuries in high school sports. J Public Health Dent 1998 58 : 288 93.
144. Ferrari CH, Ferreira de Medeiros JM. Dental trauma and level of information: mouthguard use in different contact sports. Dent Traumatol 2002 18 : 144 7.
145. Glendor U. Epidemiology of traumatic dental injuries - a 12 year review of the literature. Dent Traumatol 2008 in press.