Nationalist army officers during the Sino-Japanese War, 1937-1945

Modern Asian Studies

Volumn 30, Issue 4, 1996, Pages 1033-1056

  Jui Te, Chang ^a  

^a Institute of Modern History Academia Sinica   (Taiwan)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 5844374436     PISSN: 0026749X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0026749x00016887     Document Type: Article

References (61)

1. H. S. Ch'i, Nationalist China at War (Ann Arbor, 1982), p. 66.
2. Ibid.
3. Yang Xuefang, 'Luda yangeshi bianhou ganyan', Zhonghua minguo lujun daxue yangeshi, eds Yang Xuefang, Zhu Bingyi (Taipei, 1990), pp. 284-5.
4. Shenhe dierci shicha budui canmou baogaoshu', 1941, p. 2, Archives of the Department of Military Command, Second Historical Archives, Nanjing, China No. 769/2217.
5. Deguo junshi guwen focaier guanyu zhengdun zhongguo jundui zhi Jiang Jieshi chengwen liangjian', Minguo Dangan, 1988, vol. 4, p. 39.
6. Ch'i, War, p. 230.
7. C. Romanus, R. Sunderland, Stilwell's Mission to China (Washington, D.C., 1953), p. 153. Some people within military circles have already pointed out that Stilwell's criticisms were not valid. In battles, large and small, in the course of the War, an army or division commander usually positioned himself 5 to 6 Chinese miles from the line of combat so that he would be out of the range of enemy artillery. The headquarters of a group army was usually 19-20 Chinese miles from the line of combat, and the headquarters of a war zone was usually located in a major city or town 200 to 300 Chinese miles from the battlefront. See the personal letter by Mr Hu Jingru to the author, 7 Jan., 1993.
8. A. Wedemeyer, Wedmeyer Report (New York, 1958), p. 325.
9. Jiang Zhongzheng, 'Zhengjun de modi yu gaoji jiangling de zeren', Jiang zongtong sixiang yanlunji, 19:68-9 (Taipei, 1966).
10. Jiang Zhongzheng, 'Kangzhan jiantao yu bisheng yaojue: part 2', Jiang zongtong sixiang yanlunji, 14:72-3.
11. Li Zongren, Li Zongren huiyilu (Hong Kong, 1986), p. 539; Luo Youlun, Luo Youlun xiansheng fangwen jilu (Taipei, 1994), pp. 302-3.
12. Li Zongren, Li Zongren huiyilu (Hong Kong, 1986), p. 539; Luo Youlun, Luo Youlun xiansheng fangwen jilu (Taipei, 1994), pp. 302-3.
13. Jiang Zhongzheng, 'Weizuo shouyu', Wanan junshi huiyi yaolu, (Wanan, no date), p. 15; Yang Anming,'Dui bubing jiaoyu yingyou de renshi', Junshi zazhi, 166 (1945), p. 2.
14. Jiang Zhongzheng, 'Weizuo shouyu', Wanan junshi huiyi yaolu, (Wanan, no date), p. 15; Yang Anming,'Dui bubing jiaoyu yingyou de renshi', Junshi zazhi, 166 (1945), p. 2.
15. F. Liu, A Military History of Modern China (Princeton, 1956), pp. 150-1.
16. Kong Zuoren, 'Junlingbu disanci canmou shicha disijubaogaoshu', pp. 14-15 (manuscript), Department of Military Command, Second Historical Archives, No. 769/2220.
17. Ibid., pp. 18, 19, 38.
18. Jiang, 'Zhengjun xunci', Jiang Zangtong sixiang yanlunji, 18:208.
19. The proportion of graduates of the regular and special courses of Luda found among the general staff officers in the various military organizations and units of the country: 12.1% in Sept. 1939, 10.6% in Dec. 1940, 19.0% in Sept. 1944. See Junlingbu disanting diyichu (ed.), 'Canmou renyuan tongji tubiao', 1939, chart one, Archives of the Department of Military Command, Second Historical Archives, No. 769/310, 'Ershijiunian quanguo junshi jiguan gebudui canmou renyuan chushen tongjitu' No. 769/309, 'Canmou ren yuan gezhong tongjitu', 1944, chart four, No. 769/310.
20. Disanke zhuguan gezhanqu jituanjun shangjiao yishang canmou renyuan mingce', manuscript, Archives of the Department of Military Command, No. 769/ 280.
21. Zhang Ganping, Danhuo yushengshu (Hong Kong, 1968), 2:177.
22. A. Coox, 'The Effectiveness of the Japanese Military Establishment in the Second World War', Military Effectiveness, vol. 3 eds A. Millett, W. Murray (Boston, 1988), p. 10.
23. Jiang Jieshi had once compared the quality of the general staff corps of the Chinese army and the Japanese army in a meeting of the chiefs of staff, 'Let us look at the enemy: if they send a staff officer with the rank of captain to the battlefront, he will be able to take responsibility for a brigade or a regiment. I do not even have to say anything more about how good the Japanese staff officers are at logistical work. For us now, are our middle-echelon staff officers, or even our high-ranking chiefs of staff and general staff section heads, comparable to their staff officers with the mere rank of captain, in terms of leadership ability and the ability to manage military affairs? If we do not strive for improvement in this area, we will not be able to score victories! The reason why foreign armies are so militarily effective, and why they are able to continuously improve their training and know-how within the organization, is precisely due to the fact that they have a strong and intelligent general staff corps behind the scene!' See Jiang Zongzheng, 'Canmouzhang huiyi xunci, 2', Jiang Zongtong sixiang yanlunji, 15:308.
24. The American President Roosevelt once criticized Stilwell for Obviously hating the Chinese'. One of Stilwell's proposals regarding the training of the Chinese army in India was to replace officers above the rank of battalion commander with Americans and assign many liaison officers to control the Chinese troops. See Luo Rongqu, 'China and East Asia in America's Global Strategy, 1931-1949', American, Chinese, and Japanese Perspectives on Wartime Asia 1931-1949 eds A. Iriye, W. Cohen (Wilmington, 1990), p. 279.
25. Liu, 'Kangzhan', 1:466. Regarding the statistics on the strength of the army before the war, also see Chen Cheng, Banian kangzhan jingguo gaiyao (n.p, 1946), p. 2, 3. He yingqin, Rijun qinhua banian kmgzhanshi (Taipei, 1982), pp. 24-7.
26. Liu, 'Kangzhan', 1:466. Regarding the statistics on the strength of the army before the war, also see Chen Cheng, Banian kangzhan jingguo gaiyao (n.p, 1946), p. 2, 3. He yingqin, Rijun qinhua banian kmgzhanshi (Taipei, 1982), pp. 24-7.
27. Liu, 'Kangzhan', 1:466. Regarding the statistics on the strength of the army before the war, also see Chen Cheng, Banian kangzhan jingguo gaiyao (n.p, 1946), p. 2, 3. He yingqin, Rijun qinhua banian kmgzhanshi (Taipei, 1982), pp. 24-7.
28. C. Chennault, Way of a Fighter (New York, 1949), p. 40.
29. Liu, Military History, pp. 147-8.
30. Bai Chongxi, 'Wunianlai junxun zhongyao sheshi zhi jiantao', Junshi zazhi, 149 (June, 1943), pp. 5-6.
31. Liu, Military History, p. 148.
32. See my own work, 'Kangzhan shiqi lujun de jiaoyu yu xunlian', taolunji ed. weiyuanhui.
33. Report: Statement on Commissioned Personnel Strength and Classification as to Training', 28 Jan. 1936, U.S. Military Intelligence Reports: China, 1911-1941, Reel 5, pp. 521-4. The percentages for each category are my own calculations.
34. Report', p. 521.
35. Guofangbu shizheng bianyiju (ed.), Kangri zhanzheng-zhanqian shijie dashi ji zhongri guoshi gaiyao (Taipei, 1966), p. 62.
36. Feng Yuxiang, Feng Yuxiang huiyilu (Shanghai, 1949), p. 152; Feng Yuxiang, Jiangfengshujian (Shanghai, 1946), p. 123.
37. Feng Yuxiang, Feng Yuxiang huiyilu (Shanghai, 1949), p. 152; Feng Yuxiang, Jiangfengshujian (Shanghai, 1946), p. 123.
38. Report', p. 524. For the psychological gap between the officers from military schools and those who came from ranks, see Xu Zhen, Amao congjunji (Taipei, 1987), p. 130.
39. Feng, Jiangfeng, p. 123; Xu, Amao, p. 131.
40. Feng, Jiangfeng, p. 123; Xu, Amao, p. 131.
41. Chen Suian 'Kangri zhanzheng de Chen mingren jiangjun', Hunan Wenshi Ziliao, 28:130-1.
42. Another source points out that in 1943, there were about 140,000 middle- and lower-echelon officers in the Nationalist army; 37,587 (or 27%) of them were graduates of formal military schools, and the rest were either graduates of local unorthodox military schools or had come from the ranks. See He Yingqin, 'Dui wujie shiyi zhongguanhui junshi baogao (Nov. 1944 to Aug. 1945)', He shangjiang kangzhan qijian junshi baogao, 2:562.
43. Junshi weiyuanhui guanxuting (ed.), Diyiqi diyijie luhaikongjun guanzuo guanminqbu (Nanjing, 1936), 1:41-247.
44. Liu Fuxiang, 'Xiaoweiyuanzhang Chen Cheng', Jiang Jieshi de wenchen wujiang, ed. Wang Weili (Kaifeng, 1989), p. 239.
45. Guofangbu shizheng bianyiju (ed.), Huangpu junguan xuexiao xiaoski jianbian (Taipei, 1986), p. 180.
46. Liu, Military History, p. 149.
47. Xu Naili, 'Kangzhan shiqi guojun bingyuan buchong yu suzhi de bianhua', Kangri zhanzheng yanjiu (1992, vol. 3), p. 53. For an appraisal of the fighting ability of the various units in the National Army before the War, see also Boei Kenshujo Senshishitsu (ed.), Shina jihen rikugun sakusen, (Tokyo, 1975-76) 1:104-5; Liu Fenghan, 'Lun kangzhanqian riren dui zhongguo junshi zhi tiaocha', Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindaishi yanjiusuo jikan, 17 (December 1988), pp. 368-83; E. Carlson, The Chinese Amy, (New York, 1940), chp. 6.
48. Xu Naili, 'Kangzhan shiqi guojun bingyuan buchong yu suzhi de bianhua', Kangri zhanzheng yanjiu (1992, vol. 3), p. 53. For an appraisal of the fighting ability of the various units in the National Army before the War, see also Boei Kenshujo Senshishitsu (ed.), Shina jihen rikugun sakusen, (Tokyo, 1975-76) 1:104-5; Liu Fenghan, 'Lun kangzhanqian riren dui zhongguo junshi zhi tiaocha', Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindaishi yanjiusuo jikan, 17 (December 1988), pp. 368-83; E. Carlson, The Chinese Amy, (New York, 1940), chp. 6.
49. Xu Naili, 'Kangzhan shiqi guojun bingyuan buchong yu suzhi de bianhua', Kangri zhanzheng yanjiu (1992, vol. 3), p. 53. For an appraisal of the fighting ability of the various units in the National Army before the War, see also Boei Kenshujo Senshishitsu (ed.), Shina jihen rikugun sakusen, (Tokyo, 1975-76) 1:104-5; Liu Fenghan, 'Lun kangzhanqian riren dui zhongguo junshi zhi tiaocha', Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindaishi yanjiusuo jikan, 17 (December 1988), pp. 368-83; E. Carlson, The Chinese Amy, (New York, 1940), chp. 6.
50. Xu Naili, 'Kangzhan shiqi guojun bingyuan buchong yu suzhi de bianhua', Kangri zhanzheng yanjiu (1992, vol. 3), p. 53. For an appraisal of the fighting ability of the various units in the National Army before the War, see also Boei Kenshujo Senshishitsu (ed.), Shina jihen rikugun sakusen, (Tokyo, 1975-76) 1:104-5; Liu Fenghan, 'Lun kangzhanqian riren dui zhongguo junshi zhi tiaocha', Zhongyang yanjiuyuan jindaishi yanjiusuo jikan, 17 (December 1988), pp. 368-83; E. Carlson, The Chinese Amy, (New York, 1940), chp. 6.
51. Tang Enbo, 'Budui de quedian zia nali', Tang Enbo xiansheng jinianji (Taipei, 1964), p. 61.
52. Zhang, Danhuo, 2:177.
53. Bai Chongxi, 'Bai zhuren weiyuan xunci', Luhaikong junxiao yueshoubu, p. 61. See the interviews of Bai by Jia Tingshi et al, Bai Chongxi xiansheng fangwen jilu (Taipei, 1984), PP. 535-6.
54. Bai Chongxi, 'Bai zhuren weiyuan xunci', Luhaikong junxiao yueshoubu, p. 61. See the interviews of Bai by Jia Tingshi et al, Bai Chongxi xiansheng fangwen jilu (Taipei, 1984), PP. 535-6.
55. Huang Renyu, 'Que Hanqian he ta de buxia', Dibei tiannan xu gujin (Taipei, 1991), p. 130.
56. Chen Xianzong, 'Fuwu shizhounian huiyilu', Junxu xuexiao diqiqi xueshengban tongxun, No. 9 (Jan. 1947), p. 25.
57. Huang, 'Que', p. 144.
58. Huang Renyu, Hexunhepan tan zhongguo lishi (Taipei, 1989), p. 320.
59. Liang Jingchun, Shidiwei shijian (Taipei, 1971).
60. Romanus, Stilwell, p. 153.
61. Wedemeyer, Wedemeyer Report, p. 325.