Employers, unions and the state: The resurgence of concertation in Italy?

West European Politics

Volumn 20, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 210-230

  Regini, Marino ^a   Regalia, Ida ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 5844323444     PISSN: 01402382     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/01402389708425182     Document Type: Article

References (31)

1. For a discussion of this phenomenon see Marino Regini, Uncertain Boundaries. The Social and Political Construction of European Economies (Cambridge UP 1995) pp.111-25.
2. The discussion will now focus on the latter two, and most important, aspects of the revival of concertation (incomes policy and pensions), while the first (laws on civil service) will be examined in the next section.
3. Jonas Pontusson and Peter Swenson, 'Labor Markets, Production Strategies and Wage Bargaining Institutions: the Swedish Employer Offensive in Comparative Perspective', Comparative Political Studies 29 (1996) pp.223-50 ; Torben Iversen, 'Power, Flexibility and the Breakdown of Centralised Wage Bargaining: The Cases of Denmark and Sweden in Comparative Perspective', Comparative Politics 28 (1996) pp.399-436.
4. Jonas Pontusson and Peter Swenson, 'Labor Markets, Production Strategies and Wage Bargaining Institutions: the Swedish Employer Offensive in Comparative Perspective', Comparative Political Studies 29 (1996) pp.223-50 ; Torben Iversen, 'Power, Flexibility and the Breakdown of Centralised Wage Bargaining: The Cases of Denmark and Sweden in Comparative Perspective', Comparative Politics 28 (1996) pp.399-436.
5. The 'Clean Hands' investigation conducted by the Milan prosecutor's office against political corruption.
6. Stefano Patriarca and Fulvio Pellegrini, 'Contrattazione interconfederale', in CESOS (eds.) Le relazioni sindacali in Italia. Rapporto 1993/94 (Rome: Edizioni Lavoro 1995) p. 100.
7. According to figures issued by the OECD and the European Commission, quoted in La Repubblica Affari & Finanza XI, 15 (22 April 1966) pp.1-3, in 1993 overall social spending excluding education in Italy was 25.8 per cent of GDP compared with the 28.5 per cent average in the European Union (12 countries). However, spending on pensions amounted to a high 15.4 per cent of GDP compared with the average of 11.9 per cent in the 12 countries of the EU.
8. See on this point Peter Lange and Marino Regini (eds.) State, Market and Social Regulation. New Perspectives on Italy (Cambridge UP 1989) pp.249-72.
9. Gianprimo Cella, 'Criteria of Regulation in Italian Industrial relations: A Case of Weak Institutions', in Lange and Regini, supra, pp.167-85; Ida Regalia and Marino Regini, 'Between Voluntarism and Institutionalization: Industrial Relations and Human Resources Practices in Italy', in Richard Locke, Thomas Kochan and Michael Piore (eds.) Employment Relations in a Changing World Economy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1995) pp.131-63.
10. Gianprimo Cella, 'Criteria of Regulation in Italian Industrial relations: A Case of Weak Institutions', in Lange and Regini, supra, pp.167-85; Ida Regalia and Marino Regini, 'Between Voluntarism and Institutionalization: Industrial Relations and Human Resources Practices in Italy', in Richard Locke, Thomas Kochan and Michael Piore (eds.) Employment Relations in a Changing World Economy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press 1995) pp.131-63.
11. However, enrolments by pensioners rose in the same period, so that the overall result was an increase in union membership from 9,006,000 to 10,144,000. See Enrico Giacinto, 'La sindicalizzazione', in CESOS (note 5) pp.83-4.
12. According to the comparative data available, in 1980 rates of unionisation in the main European countries were as follows: UK 51 per cent, German Federal Republic 37 per cent, France 19 per cent, Italy 49 per cent. In 1989 they were: UK 42 per cent, German Federal Republic 34 per cent, France 12 per cent, Italy 40 per cent. See Jelle Visser, 'The Strength of Union Movements in Advanced Capital Democracies: Social and Organizational Variations', in Marino Regini (ed.) The Future of Labour Movements (London: Sage 1992) p.19.
13. In fact, there had been various attempts to introduce a single representative body in the 1970s, with limited success. For a general discussion of the problem see Ida Regalia, 'Italy: The Costs and Benefits of Informality' in Joel Rogers and Wolfgang Streeck (eds.) Works Councils, Consultation, Representation, and Cooperation in Industrial Relations (U. of Chicago Press 1995) pp.217-41; Mimmo Carrieri, L 'incerta rappresentanza. Sindacati e consenso negli anni '90: dal monopolio confederale alle rappresentanze sindacali unitarie (Bologna: Il Mulino 1995).
14. In fact, there had been various attempts to introduce a single representative body in the 1970s, with limited success. For a general discussion of the problem see Ida Regalia, 'Italy: The Costs and Benefits of Informality' in Joel Rogers and Wolfgang Streeck (eds.) Works Councils, Consultation, Representation, and Cooperation in Industrial Relations (U. of Chicago Press 1995) pp.217-41; Mimmo Carrieri, L 'incerta rappresentanza. Sindacati e consenso negli anni '90: dal monopolio confederale alle rappresentanze sindacali unitarie (Bologna: Il Mulino 1995).
15. For this purpose the 1993 agreement made explicit reference to the understanding reached by CGIL, CISL and UIL in March 1991, which thus obtained official recognition.
16. The figures, which refer to Feb. 1995, are quoted in Carrieri (note 11) pp.46-8.
17. Anthony Ferner and Richard Hyman, 'Italy: Between Political Exchange and MicroCorporatism', in idem (eds.) Industrial Relations in the New Europe (Oxford: Basil Blackwell 1992) pp.524-600.
18. Confindustria is the principal organisation for privately-owned enterprises. It has an extremely heterogeneous base in which small firms exert increasing influence. Intersind and Asap are much more homogeneous and comprise state-owned industrial - and mainly large - enterprises.
19. Significantly, Intersind defended itself against the charge of free riding by explaining - in a statement by its chairman - that its 'logic is that of a large company because [its] associates are large', and that there is no doubt that 'the large private companies understand very well indeed'. See Intersind, 'La posizione dell'Intersind sulla questione della scala mobile', Panorama sindacale 6 (1990) pp.8-9.
20. On the difficulties of this period see Massimo Mascini, 'Le organizzazioni imprenditoriali', in CESOS (note 5) pp. 199-207.
21. Marco Barbieri, 'Le politiche contrattuali dopo il Protocollo di luglio: continuitá e discontinuità degli assetti contrattuali nel pubblico impiego', in CESOS (note 5) pp.295-307. See also Mario Giovanni Garofalo, 'Legislazione e contrattazione collettiva nel 1992', Giomale di diritto del lavoro e di relazioni industriali XVII, 61 (1994) pp.163-95.
22. Marco Barbieri, 'Le politiche contrattuali dopo il Protocollo di luglio: continuitá e discontinuità degli assetti contrattuali nel pubblico impiego', in CESOS (note 5) pp.295-307. See also Mario Giovanni Garofalo, 'Legislazione e contrattazione collettiva nel 1992', Giomale di diritto del lavoro e di relazioni industriali XVII, 61 (1994) pp.163-95.
23. See Franco Carinci, 'Lattività della commissione di garanzia (L.N. 146/1990)', ibid. XIV, 55 (1992) pp.435-59.
24. See Lorenzo Bordogna, 'Laconflittualità', in CESOS (note 5) pp.75-81. See also Lorenzo Bordogna, Pluralisme senza mercato (Milan: Franco Angeli 1994).
25. See Lorenzo Bordogna, 'Laconflittualità', in CESOS (note 5) pp.75-81. See also Lorenzo Bordogna, Pluralisme senza mercato (Milan: Franco Angeli 1994).
26. Tiziano Treu, 'Procedures and Institutions of Income Policies in Italy', in Ronald Dore, Robert Boyer and Zoë Mars (eds.) The Return to Incomes Policy (London: Pinter 1994) p. 172; Lauralba Bellardi, 'La contrattazione collettiva nel 1993', Giornale del diritto del lavoro e di relazioni industriali XVII, 65 (1995) p.164.
27. Tiziano Treu, 'Procedures and Institutions of Income Policies in Italy', in Ronald Dore, Robert Boyer and Zoë Mars (eds.) The Return to Incomes Policy (London: Pinter 1994) p. 172; Lauralba Bellardi, 'La contrattazione collettiva nel 1993', Giornale del diritto del lavoro e di relazioni industriali XVII, 65 (1995) p.164.
28. Richard Locke and Lucio Baccaro, 'Learning from Past Mistakes? Recent Reforms in Italian Industrial Relations', Industrial Relations Journal 27/4 (1996) pp.289-303. See also Carrieri, L 'incerta rappresentanza (note 11).
29. Richard Locke and Lucio Baccaro, 'Learning from Past Mistakes? Recent Reforms in Italian Industrial Relations', Industrial Relations Journal 27/4 (1996) pp.289-303. See also Carrieri, L 'incerta rappresentanza (note 11).
30. Michele Salvati, 'The Crisis of Government in Italy', New Left Review 213 (Sep./Oct. 1995) p.84. See also Bellardi (note 22) pp.162-3.
31. Cella (note 8) pp.167-85; Regalia and Regini (note 8) pp.131-63.