'For the sake of the race ': Eugenic discourses of feeblemindedness and motherhood in the South African Medical Record, 1903-1926

Journal of Southern African Studies

Volumn 23, Issue 1, 1997, Pages 27-50

  Klausen, Susanne ^a  

^a QUEEN S UNIVERSITY   (Canada)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 5844269076     PISSN: 03057070     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/03057079708708521     Document Type: Article

References (189)

1. A. M.Moll, 'The Problem of the Mentally-Defective Child', South African Medical Record, 13, 22 (November 1915), p. 341.
2. G. P. Mathew, 'Woman's Responsibility to the Nation', South African Medical Record, 18, 6 (March 1920), p. 109.
3. E. Brink, 'Man-made Women: Gender, Class and the Ideology of the Volksmoeder', in C. Walker (ed), Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945 (Cape Town, 1990), p. 280.
4. Ibid., p. 282.
5. Original forms' refers to the phase of eugenics from the turn of the century until the end of World War II. After the horrors of the Nazi holocaust, scientists in the west distanced eugenics from the 'legitimate' sciences of genetics, microbiology, and medicine in general. However, eugenics as both a scientific project and social programme was never eliminated. An argument can be made that eugenic beliefs are embedded in the development and application of the so-called new reproductive technologies. One example is pre-implantation diagnosis, a process by which embryos can be 'diagnosed' for genetic diseases before implantation in a woman's womb, for the purpose of elimination if 'defects' are discovered. For an introduction to the complexities of genetics, eugenics, and reproductive technologies see Gwynne Basen, Margrit Eichler and Abby Lippman (eds), Misconceptions: The Social Construction of Choice and the New Reproductive and Genetic Technologies, (Hull, Quebec, 1993).
6. N. Stepan, 'The Hour of Eugenics': Race, Gender and Nation in Latin America (Ithaca, 1991), p. 10.
7. This is only a brief introduction to the nature and origins of eugenics. There is an extensive literature on eugenics and, in recent years, exciting research has emerged which focuses on eugenic movements outside of Britain and the United States. For further reading see the following. On the American and British experience: D. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York, 1985); M. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963); and D. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968). On Great Britain see; G. Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (Beckenham, 1986); P. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings (London, 1992); D. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); D. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1981); G. R. Searle, 'Eugenics and Class', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology. Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); and G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976). On Canada: A. McLaren, Our Own Master Race (Toronto, 1990). Books on eugenic movements outside Britain and the United States include: Mark B. Adams (ed) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, (Oxford, 1990). On Germany see: S. Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, 1987); P. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989); R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, 1988). On France: W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity (Cambridge, 1990). On Latin America: Stepan, 'The Hour Of Eugenics'. On Russia: M. Adams, 'Eugenics as Social Medicine: Prophets, Patrons, and the Dialectics of Discipline-Building', in Susan Gross Solomon and John Hutchinson (eds), Social Medicine in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington, 1989). On Scandinavia: B. Hansen, 'Eugenics in Denmark', Manuscript, 1987; G. Brobert, 'The Swedish Debate About Sterilization', Manuscript, 1987; M. Hietala, 'The Eugenics Movement in Finland', Manuscript, 1987.
8. This is only a brief introduction to the nature and origins of eugenics. There is an extensive literature on eugenics and, in recent years, exciting research has emerged which focuses on eugenic movements outside of Britain and the United States. For further reading see the following. On the American and British experience: D. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York, 1985); M. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963); and D. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968). On Great Britain see; G. Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (Beckenham, 1986); P. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings (London, 1992); D. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); D. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1981); G. R. Searle, 'Eugenics and Class', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology. Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); and G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976). On Canada: A. McLaren, Our Own Master Race (Toronto, 1990). Books on eugenic movements outside Britain and the United States include: Mark B. Adams (ed) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, (Oxford, 1990). On Germany see: S. Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, 1987); P. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989); R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, 1988). On France: W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity (Cambridge, 1990). On Latin America: Stepan, 'The Hour Of Eugenics'. On Russia: M. Adams, 'Eugenics as Social Medicine: Prophets, Patrons, and the Dialectics of Discipline-Building', in Susan Gross Solomon and John Hutchinson (eds), Social Medicine in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington, 1989). On Scandinavia: B. Hansen, 'Eugenics in Denmark', Manuscript, 1987; G. Brobert, 'The Swedish Debate About Sterilization', Manuscript, 1987; M. Hietala, 'The Eugenics Movement in Finland', Manuscript, 1987.
9. This is only a brief introduction to the nature and origins of eugenics. There is an extensive literature on eugenics and, in recent years, exciting research has emerged which focuses on eugenic movements outside of Britain and the United States. For further reading see the following. On the American and British experience: D. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York, 1985); M. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963); and D. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968). On Great Britain see; G. Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (Beckenham, 1986); P. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings (London, 1992); D. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); D. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1981); G. R. Searle, 'Eugenics and Class', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology. Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); and G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976). On Canada: A. McLaren, Our Own Master Race (Toronto, 1990). Books on eugenic movements outside Britain and the United States include: Mark B. Adams (ed) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, (Oxford, 1990). On Germany see: S. Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, 1987); P. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989); R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, 1988). On France: W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity (Cambridge, 1990). On Latin America: Stepan, 'The Hour Of Eugenics'. On Russia: M. Adams, 'Eugenics as Social Medicine: Prophets, Patrons, and the Dialectics of Discipline-Building', in Susan Gross Solomon and John Hutchinson (eds), Social Medicine in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington, 1989). On Scandinavia: B. Hansen, 'Eugenics in Denmark', Manuscript, 1987; G. Brobert, 'The Swedish Debate About Sterilization', Manuscript, 1987; M. Hietala, 'The Eugenics Movement in Finland', Manuscript, 1987.
10. This is only a brief introduction to the nature and origins of eugenics. There is an extensive literature on eugenics and, in recent years, exciting research has emerged which focuses on eugenic movements outside of Britain and the United States. For further reading see the following. On the American and British experience: D. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York, 1985); M. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963); and D. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968). On Great Britain see; G. Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (Beckenham, 1986); P. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings (London, 1992); D. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); D. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1981); G. R. Searle, 'Eugenics and Class', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology. Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); and G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976). On Canada: A. McLaren, Our Own Master Race (Toronto, 1990). Books on eugenic movements outside Britain and the United States include: Mark B. Adams (ed) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, (Oxford, 1990). On Germany see: S. Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, 1987); P. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989); R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, 1988). On France: W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity (Cambridge, 1990). On Latin America: Stepan, 'The Hour Of Eugenics'. On Russia: M. Adams, 'Eugenics as Social Medicine: Prophets, Patrons, and the Dialectics of Discipline-Building', in Susan Gross Solomon and John Hutchinson (eds), Social Medicine in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington, 1989). On Scandinavia: B. Hansen, 'Eugenics in Denmark', Manuscript, 1987; G. Brobert, 'The Swedish Debate About Sterilization', Manuscript, 1987; M. Hietala, 'The Eugenics Movement in Finland', Manuscript, 1987.
11. This is only a brief introduction to the nature and origins of eugenics. There is an extensive literature on eugenics and, in recent years, exciting research has emerged which focuses on eugenic movements outside of Britain and the United States. For further reading see the following. On the American and British experience: D. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York, 1985); M. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963); and D. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968). On Great Britain see; G. Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (Beckenham, 1986); P. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings (London, 1992); D. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); D. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1981); G. R. Searle, 'Eugenics and Class', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology. Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); and G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976). On Canada: A. McLaren, Our Own Master Race (Toronto, 1990). Books on eugenic movements outside Britain and the United States include: Mark B. Adams (ed) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, (Oxford, 1990). On Germany see: S. Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, 1987); P. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989); R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, 1988). On France: W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity (Cambridge, 1990). On Latin America: Stepan, 'The Hour Of Eugenics'. On Russia: M. Adams, 'Eugenics as Social Medicine: Prophets, Patrons, and the Dialectics of Discipline-Building', in Susan Gross Solomon and John Hutchinson (eds), Social Medicine in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington, 1989). On Scandinavia: B. Hansen, 'Eugenics in Denmark', Manuscript, 1987; G. Brobert, 'The Swedish Debate About Sterilization', Manuscript, 1987; M. Hietala, 'The Eugenics Movement in Finland', Manuscript, 1987.
12. This is only a brief introduction to the nature and origins of eugenics. There is an extensive literature on eugenics and, in recent years, exciting research has emerged which focuses on eugenic movements outside of Britain and the United States. For further reading see the following. On the American and British experience: D. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York, 1985); M. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963); and D. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968). On Great Britain see; G. Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (Beckenham, 1986); P. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings (London, 1992); D. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); D. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1981); G. R. Searle, 'Eugenics and Class', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology. Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); and G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976). On Canada: A. McLaren, Our Own Master Race (Toronto, 1990). Books on eugenic movements outside Britain and the United States include: Mark B. Adams (ed) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, (Oxford, 1990). On Germany see: S. Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, 1987); P. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989); R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, 1988). On France: W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity (Cambridge, 1990). On Latin America: Stepan, 'The Hour Of Eugenics'. On Russia: M. Adams, 'Eugenics as Social Medicine: Prophets, Patrons, and the Dialectics of Discipline-Building', in Susan Gross Solomon and John Hutchinson (eds), Social Medicine in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington, 1989). On Scandinavia: B. Hansen, 'Eugenics in Denmark', Manuscript, 1987; G. Brobert, 'The Swedish Debate About Sterilization', Manuscript, 1987; M. Hietala, 'The Eugenics Movement in Finland', Manuscript, 1987.
13. This is only a brief introduction to the nature and origins of eugenics. There is an extensive literature on eugenics and, in recent years, exciting research has emerged which focuses on eugenic movements outside of Britain and the United States. For further reading see the following. On the American and British experience: D. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York, 1985); M. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963); and D. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968). On Great Britain see; G. Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (Beckenham, 1986); P. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings (London, 1992); D. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); D. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1981); G. R. Searle, 'Eugenics and Class', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology. Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); and G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976). On Canada: A. McLaren, Our Own Master Race (Toronto, 1990). Books on eugenic movements outside Britain and the United States include: Mark B. Adams (ed) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, (Oxford, 1990). On Germany see: S. Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, 1987); P. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989); R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, 1988). On France: W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity (Cambridge, 1990). On Latin America: Stepan, 'The Hour Of Eugenics'. On Russia: M. Adams, 'Eugenics as Social Medicine: Prophets, Patrons, and the Dialectics of Discipline-Building', in Susan Gross Solomon and John Hutchinson (eds), Social Medicine in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington, 1989). On Scandinavia: B. Hansen, 'Eugenics in Denmark', Manuscript, 1987; G. Brobert, 'The Swedish Debate About Sterilization', Manuscript, 1987; M. Hietala, 'The Eugenics Movement in Finland', Manuscript, 1987.
14. This is only a brief introduction to the nature and origins of eugenics. There is an extensive literature on eugenics and, in recent years, exciting research has emerged which focuses on eugenic movements outside of Britain and the United States. For further reading see the following. On the American and British experience: D. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York, 1985); M. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963); and D. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968). On Great Britain see; G. Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (Beckenham, 1986); P. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings (London, 1992); D. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); D. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1981); G. R. Searle, 'Eugenics and Class', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology. Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); and G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976). On Canada: A. McLaren, Our Own Master Race (Toronto, 1990). Books on eugenic movements outside Britain and the United States include: Mark B. Adams (ed) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, (Oxford, 1990). On Germany see: S. Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, 1987); P. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989); R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, 1988). On France: W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity (Cambridge, 1990). On Latin America: Stepan, 'The Hour Of Eugenics'. On Russia: M. Adams, 'Eugenics as Social Medicine: Prophets, Patrons, and the Dialectics of Discipline-Building', in Susan Gross Solomon and John Hutchinson (eds), Social Medicine in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington, 1989). On Scandinavia: B. Hansen, 'Eugenics in Denmark', Manuscript, 1987; G. Brobert, 'The Swedish Debate About Sterilization', Manuscript, 1987; M. Hietala, 'The Eugenics Movement in Finland', Manuscript, 1987.
15. This is only a brief introduction to the nature and origins of eugenics. There is an extensive literature on eugenics and, in recent years, exciting research has emerged which focuses on eugenic movements outside of Britain and the United States. For further reading see the following. On the American and British experience: D. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York, 1985); M. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963); and D. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968). On Great Britain see; G. Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (Beckenham, 1986); P. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings (London, 1992); D. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); D. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1981); G. R. Searle, 'Eugenics and Class', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology. Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); and G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976). On Canada: A. McLaren, Our Own Master Race (Toronto, 1990). Books on eugenic movements outside Britain and the United States include: Mark B. Adams (ed) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, (Oxford, 1990). On Germany see: S. Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, 1987); P. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989); R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, 1988). On France: W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity (Cambridge, 1990). On Latin America: Stepan, 'The Hour Of Eugenics'. On Russia: M. Adams, 'Eugenics as Social Medicine: Prophets, Patrons, and the Dialectics of Discipline-Building', in Susan Gross Solomon and John Hutchinson (eds), Social Medicine in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington, 1989). On Scandinavia: B. Hansen, 'Eugenics in Denmark', Manuscript, 1987; G. Brobert, 'The Swedish Debate About Sterilization', Manuscript, 1987; M. Hietala, 'The Eugenics Movement in Finland', Manuscript, 1987.
16. This is only a brief introduction to the nature and origins of eugenics. There is an extensive literature on eugenics and, in recent years, exciting research has emerged which focuses on eugenic movements outside of Britain and the United States. For further reading see the following. On the American and British experience: D. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York, 1985); M. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963); and D. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968). On Great Britain see; G. Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (Beckenham, 1986); P. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings (London, 1992); D. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); D. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1981); G. R. Searle, 'Eugenics and Class', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology. Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); and G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976). On Canada: A. McLaren, Our Own Master Race (Toronto, 1990). Books on eugenic movements outside Britain and the United States include: Mark B. Adams (ed) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, (Oxford, 1990). On Germany see: S. Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, 1987); P. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989); R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, 1988). On France: W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity (Cambridge, 1990). On Latin America: Stepan, 'The Hour Of Eugenics'. On Russia: M. Adams, 'Eugenics as Social Medicine: Prophets, Patrons, and the Dialectics of Discipline-Building', in Susan Gross Solomon and John Hutchinson (eds), Social Medicine in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington, 1989). On Scandinavia: B. Hansen, 'Eugenics in Denmark', Manuscript, 1987; G. Brobert, 'The Swedish Debate About Sterilization', Manuscript, 1987; M. Hietala, 'The Eugenics Movement in Finland', Manuscript, 1987.
17. This is only a brief introduction to the nature and origins of eugenics. There is an extensive literature on eugenics and, in recent years, exciting research has emerged which focuses on eugenic movements outside of Britain and the United States. For further reading see the following. On the American and British experience: D. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York, 1985); M. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963); and D. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968). On Great Britain see; G. Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (Beckenham, 1986); P. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings (London, 1992); D. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); D. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1981); G. R. Searle, 'Eugenics and Class', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology. Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); and G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976). On Canada: A. McLaren, Our Own Master Race (Toronto, 1990). Books on eugenic movements outside Britain and the United States include: Mark B. Adams (ed) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, (Oxford, 1990). On Germany see: S. Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, 1987); P. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989); R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, 1988). On France: W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity (Cambridge, 1990). On Latin America: Stepan, 'The Hour Of Eugenics'. On Russia: M. Adams, 'Eugenics as Social Medicine: Prophets, Patrons, and the Dialectics of Discipline-Building', in Susan Gross Solomon and John Hutchinson (eds), Social Medicine in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington, 1989). On Scandinavia: B. Hansen, 'Eugenics in Denmark', Manuscript, 1987; G. Brobert, 'The Swedish Debate About Sterilization', Manuscript, 1987; M. Hietala, 'The Eugenics Movement in Finland', Manuscript, 1987.
18. This is only a brief introduction to the nature and origins of eugenics. There is an extensive literature on eugenics and, in recent years, exciting research has emerged which focuses on eugenic movements outside of Britain and the United States. For further reading see the following. On the American and British experience: D. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York, 1985); M. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963); and D. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968). On Great Britain see; G. Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (Beckenham, 1986); P. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings (London, 1992); D. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); D. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1981); G. R. Searle, 'Eugenics and Class', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology. Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); and G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976). On Canada: A. McLaren, Our Own Master Race (Toronto, 1990). Books on eugenic movements outside Britain and the United States include: Mark B. Adams (ed) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, (Oxford, 1990). On Germany see: S. Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, 1987); P. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989); R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, 1988). On France: W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity (Cambridge, 1990). On Latin America: Stepan, 'The Hour Of Eugenics'. On Russia: M. Adams, 'Eugenics as Social Medicine: Prophets, Patrons, and the Dialectics of Discipline-Building', in Susan Gross Solomon and John Hutchinson (eds), Social Medicine in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington, 1989). On Scandinavia: B. Hansen, 'Eugenics in Denmark', Manuscript, 1987; G. Brobert, 'The Swedish Debate About Sterilization', Manuscript, 1987; M. Hietala, 'The Eugenics Movement in Finland', Manuscript, 1987.
19. This is only a brief introduction to the nature and origins of eugenics. There is an extensive literature on eugenics and, in recent years, exciting research has emerged which focuses on eugenic movements outside of Britain and the United States. For further reading see the following. On the American and British experience: D. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York, 1985); M. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963); and D. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968). On Great Britain see; G. Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (Beckenham, 1986); P. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings (London, 1992); D. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); D. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1981); G. R. Searle, 'Eugenics and Class', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology. Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); and G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976). On Canada: A. McLaren, Our Own Master Race (Toronto, 1990). Books on eugenic movements outside Britain and the United States include: Mark B. Adams (ed) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, (Oxford, 1990). On Germany see: S. Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, 1987); P. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989); R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, 1988). On France: W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity (Cambridge, 1990). On Latin America: Stepan, 'The Hour Of Eugenics'. On Russia: M. Adams, 'Eugenics as Social Medicine: Prophets, Patrons, and the Dialectics of Discipline-Building', in Susan Gross Solomon and John Hutchinson (eds), Social Medicine in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington, 1989). On Scandinavia: B. Hansen, 'Eugenics in Denmark', Manuscript, 1987; G. Brobert, 'The Swedish Debate About Sterilization', Manuscript, 1987; M. Hietala, 'The Eugenics Movement in Finland', Manuscript, 1987.
20. This is only a brief introduction to the nature and origins of eugenics. There is an extensive literature on eugenics and, in recent years, exciting research has emerged which focuses on eugenic movements outside of Britain and the United States. For further reading see the following. On the American and British experience: D. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York, 1985); M. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963); and D. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968). On Great Britain see; G. Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (Beckenham, 1986); P. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings (London, 1992); D. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); D. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1981); G. R. Searle, 'Eugenics and Class', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology. Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); and G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976). On Canada: A. McLaren, Our Own Master Race (Toronto, 1990). Books on eugenic movements outside Britain and the United States include: Mark B. Adams (ed) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, (Oxford, 1990). On Germany see: S. Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, 1987); P. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989); R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, 1988). On France: W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity (Cambridge, 1990). On Latin America: Stepan, 'The Hour Of Eugenics'. On Russia: M. Adams, 'Eugenics as Social Medicine: Prophets, Patrons, and the Dialectics of Discipline-Building', in Susan Gross Solomon and John Hutchinson (eds), Social Medicine in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington, 1989). On Scandinavia: B. Hansen, 'Eugenics in Denmark', Manuscript, 1987; G. Brobert, 'The Swedish Debate About Sterilization', Manuscript, 1987; M. Hietala, 'The Eugenics Movement in Finland', Manuscript, 1987.
21. This is only a brief introduction to the nature and origins of eugenics. There is an extensive literature on eugenics and, in recent years, exciting research has emerged which focuses on eugenic movements outside of Britain and the United States. For further reading see the following. On the American and British experience: D. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York, 1985); M. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963); and D. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968). On Great Britain see; G. Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (Beckenham, 1986); P. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings (London, 1992); D. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); D. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1981); G. R. Searle, 'Eugenics and Class', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology. Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); and G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976). On Canada: A. McLaren, Our Own Master Race (Toronto, 1990). Books on eugenic movements outside Britain and the United States include: Mark B. Adams (ed) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, (Oxford, 1990). On Germany see: S. Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, 1987); P. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989); R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, 1988). On France: W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity (Cambridge, 1990). On Latin America: Stepan, 'The Hour Of Eugenics'. On Russia: M. Adams, 'Eugenics as Social Medicine: Prophets, Patrons, and the Dialectics of Discipline-Building', in Susan Gross Solomon and John Hutchinson (eds), Social Medicine in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington, 1989). On Scandinavia: B. Hansen, 'Eugenics in Denmark', Manuscript, 1987; G. Brobert, 'The Swedish Debate About Sterilization', Manuscript, 1987; M. Hietala, 'The Eugenics Movement in Finland', Manuscript, 1987.
22. This is only a brief introduction to the nature and origins of eugenics. There is an extensive literature on eugenics and, in recent years, exciting research has emerged which focuses on eugenic movements outside of Britain and the United States. For further reading see the following. On the American and British experience: D. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York, 1985); M. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963); and D. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968). On Great Britain see; G. Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (Beckenham, 1986); P. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings (London, 1992); D. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); D. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1981); G. R. Searle, 'Eugenics and Class', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology. Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); and G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976). On Canada: A. McLaren, Our Own Master Race (Toronto, 1990). Books on eugenic movements outside Britain and the United States include: Mark B. Adams (ed) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, (Oxford, 1990). On Germany see: S. Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, 1987); P. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989); R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, 1988). On France: W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity (Cambridge, 1990). On Latin America: Stepan, 'The Hour Of Eugenics'. On Russia: M. Adams, 'Eugenics as Social Medicine: Prophets, Patrons, and the Dialectics of Discipline-Building', in Susan Gross Solomon and John Hutchinson (eds), Social Medicine in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington, 1989). On Scandinavia: B. Hansen, 'Eugenics in Denmark', Manuscript, 1987; G. Brobert, 'The Swedish Debate About Sterilization', Manuscript, 1987; M. Hietala, 'The Eugenics Movement in Finland', Manuscript, 1987.
23. This is only a brief introduction to the nature and origins of eugenics. There is an extensive literature on eugenics and, in recent years, exciting research has emerged which focuses on eugenic movements outside of Britain and the United States. For further reading see the following. On the American and British experience: D. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York, 1985); M. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963); and D. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968). On Great Britain see; G. Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (Beckenham, 1986); P. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings (London, 1992); D. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); D. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1981); G. R. Searle, 'Eugenics and Class', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology. Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); and G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976). On Canada: A. McLaren, Our Own Master Race (Toronto, 1990). Books on eugenic movements outside Britain and the United States include: Mark B. Adams (ed) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, (Oxford, 1990). On Germany see: S. Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, 1987); P. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989); R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, 1988). On France: W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity (Cambridge, 1990). On Latin America: Stepan, 'The Hour Of Eugenics'. On Russia: M. Adams, 'Eugenics as Social Medicine: Prophets, Patrons, and the Dialectics of Discipline-Building', in Susan Gross Solomon and John Hutchinson (eds), Social Medicine in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington, 1989). On Scandinavia: B. Hansen, 'Eugenics in Denmark', Manuscript, 1987; G. Brobert, 'The Swedish Debate About Sterilization', Manuscript, 1987; M. Hietala, 'The Eugenics Movement in Finland', Manuscript, 1987.
24. This is only a brief introduction to the nature and origins of eugenics. There is an extensive literature on eugenics and, in recent years, exciting research has emerged which focuses on eugenic movements outside of Britain and the United States. For further reading see the following. On the American and British experience: D. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York, 1985); M. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963); and D. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968). On Great Britain see; G. Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (Beckenham, 1986); P. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings (London, 1992); D. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); D. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1981); G. R. Searle, 'Eugenics and Class', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology. Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); and G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976). On Canada: A. McLaren, Our Own Master Race (Toronto, 1990). Books on eugenic movements outside Britain and the United States include: Mark B. Adams (ed) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, (Oxford, 1990). On Germany see: S. Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, 1987); P. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989); R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, 1988). On France: W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity (Cambridge, 1990). On Latin America: Stepan, 'The Hour Of Eugenics'. On Russia: M. Adams, 'Eugenics as Social Medicine: Prophets, Patrons, and the Dialectics of Discipline-Building', in Susan Gross Solomon and John Hutchinson (eds), Social Medicine in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington, 1989). On Scandinavia: B. Hansen, 'Eugenics in Denmark', Manuscript, 1987; G. Brobert, 'The Swedish Debate About Sterilization', Manuscript, 1987; M. Hietala, 'The Eugenics Movement in Finland', Manuscript, 1987.
25. This is only a brief introduction to the nature and origins of eugenics. There is an extensive literature on eugenics and, in recent years, exciting research has emerged which focuses on eugenic movements outside of Britain and the United States. For further reading see the following. On the American and British experience: D. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York, 1985); M. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963); and D. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968). On Great Britain see; G. Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (Beckenham, 1986); P. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings (London, 1992); D. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); D. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1981); G. R. Searle, 'Eugenics and Class', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology. Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); and G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976). On Canada: A. McLaren, Our Own Master Race (Toronto, 1990). Books on eugenic movements outside Britain and the United States include: Mark B. Adams (ed) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, (Oxford, 1990). On Germany see: S. Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, 1987); P. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989); R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, 1988). On France: W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity (Cambridge, 1990). On Latin America: Stepan, 'The Hour Of Eugenics'. On Russia: M. Adams, 'Eugenics as Social Medicine: Prophets, Patrons, and the Dialectics of Discipline-Building', in Susan Gross Solomon and John Hutchinson (eds), Social Medicine in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington, 1989). On Scandinavia: B. Hansen, 'Eugenics in Denmark', Manuscript, 1987; G. Brobert, 'The Swedish Debate About Sterilization', Manuscript, 1987; M. Hietala, 'The Eugenics Movement in Finland', Manuscript, 1987.
26. This is only a brief introduction to the nature and origins of eugenics. There is an extensive literature on eugenics and, in recent years, exciting research has emerged which focuses on eugenic movements outside of Britain and the United States. For further reading see the following. On the American and British experience: D. Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics (New York, 1985); M. Haller, Eugenics: Hereditarian Attitudes in American Thought (New Brunswick, 1963); and D. Pickens, Eugenics and the Progressives (Nashville, 1968). On Great Britain see; G. Jones, Social Hygiene in Twentieth Century Britain (Beckenham, 1986); P. Mazumdar, Eugenics, Human Genetics and Human Failings (London, 1992); D. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology, Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); D. MacKenzie, Statistics in Britain, 1865-1930: The Social Construction of Scientific Knowledge (Edinburgh, 1981); G. R. Searle, 'Eugenics and Class', in Charles Webster (ed), Biology. Medicine and Society 1840-1940 (Cambridge, 1981); and G. R. Searle, Eugenics and Politics in Britain 1900-1914 (Leyden, 1976). On Canada: A. McLaren, Our Own Master Race (Toronto, 1990). Books on eugenic movements outside Britain and the United States include: Mark B. Adams (ed) The Wellborn Science: Eugenics in Germany, France, Brazil, and Russia, (Oxford, 1990). On Germany see: S. Weiss, Race Hygiene and National Efficiency: The Eugenics of Wilhelm Schallmayer (Berkeley, 1987); P. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge, 1989); R. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, 1988). On France: W. Schneider, Quality and Quantity (Cambridge, 1990). On Latin America: Stepan, 'The Hour Of Eugenics'. On Russia: M. Adams, 'Eugenics as Social Medicine: Prophets, Patrons, and the Dialectics of Discipline-Building', in Susan Gross Solomon and John Hutchinson (eds), Social Medicine in Revolutionary Russia (Bloomington, 1989). On Scandinavia: B. Hansen, 'Eugenics in Denmark', Manuscript, 1987; G. Brobert, 'The Swedish Debate About Sterilization', Manuscript, 1987; M. Hietala, 'The Eugenics Movement in Finland', Manuscript, 1987.
27. Schneider, Quality and Quantity, p. 4.
28. H. Adams, 'Preface', in Adams (ed), The Wellborn Science, p. v.
29. W. Schneider, 'The Eugenics Movement in France, 1890-1940', in Adams (ed), The Wellborn Science, p. 69.
30. In 1927, the two rival medical associations, the British Medical Association and the South African Association, merged into the South African Medical Association (British Medical Association). For an overview of the development of medical organization in South Africa see: E. Burrows, A History of Medicine in South Africa (Cape Town, 1958); and M. Gelfand and P. W. Laidler, South Africa: Its Medical History 1862-1898 (Cape Town, 1971).
31. In 1927, the two rival medical associations, the British Medical Association and the South African Association, merged into the South African Medical Association (British Medical Association). For an overview of the development of medical organization in South Africa see: E. Burrows, A History of Medicine in South Africa (Cape Town, 1958); and M. Gelfand and P. W. Laidler, South Africa: Its Medical History 1862-1898 (Cape Town, 1971).
32. W. E. de Korte, 'A Chip of the Old Block', South African Medical Record, 10, 14 (July 1912), p. 304.
33. Ibid.
34. N. Stepan, 'Eugenics in Brazil, 1917-1940', in Adams (ed). The Wellborn Science, p. 129.
35. D. Traill, 'The Evolution of a Disease-Resisting Race', South African Medical Record, 11, 1 (January 1913),p. 7.
36. Ibid.
37. S. Dubow, Racial Segregation and Apartheid in South Africa, 1919-1936 (London, 1989), p. 7.
38. S. Dubow, 'Race, civilisation and culture', in S. Marks and S. Trapido (eds), The Politics of Race, Class and Nationalism in Twentieth Century South Africa (London, 1987), p. 74.
39. Ibid., p. 72.
40. S. Dubow, Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa (Cambridge, 1995), p. 154.
41. Ibid., pp. 197-245.
42. Ibid., pp. 141-154.
43. Ibid., p. 141.
44. T. James, 'An Editorial Anccdote', South African Medical Journal (1976), p. 52.
45. Articles sent in to the SAMR originated from the following regional branches of the British Medical Association: the Grahamstown Branch; Natal Branch; Cape of Good Hope (Western) Branch; Pretoria Branch; Eastern Province Branch; Orange Free State and Basutoland Branch; Griqualand West Branch. Medical Officers of Health also submitted to the SAMR. They include: in 1924, J. A. Mitchell, Chief Health Officer, Union of South Africa; and in 1926, A. J. Milne, Medical Officer of Health, Johannesburg.
46. Some examples of doctors who specialized in some form and who promoted eugenics in the SAMR include T. Duncan Greenlees, Medical Superintendent of Grahamstown Asylum; J. T. Dunston, Medical Superintendent of the Pretoria Asylum; A. Simpson Wells, Lecturer on Clinical Obstetrics, University of Cape Town; William Darley-Hartley, editor of the SAMR. Eugenists who were presidents of local branches of the British Medical Association include: C. T. Anderson, President of the Cape of Good Hope (Western) Branch, 1916; G. Porter Mathew, President of the Eastern Province Branch in 1920; C. H. Bidwell, President of the Orange Free State and Basutoland Branch, 1924; and A. Simpson Wells, President of the Cape of Good Hope (Western) Branch, 1919. Eugenic articles which were first presented to South African Medical Congresses include one by Wilfred Watkins-Pitchford, President of the Public Health Section of Congress at East London, 3 September 1908.
47. I would like to thank Reader 'A' from Journal of Southern African Studies for bringing this to my attention.
48. Standard Encyclopedia of Southern Africa (Cape Town, 1971), p. 564.
49. James, 'An Editorial Anecdote', p. 51.
50. Burrows, A History of Medicine, p. 362.
51. Ibid.
52. Standard Encyclopedia of Southern Africa, p. 564.
53. W. Darley-Hartley, 'Medico-Sociology', South African Medical Record, 7, 5 (March 1909), p. 75.
54. W. Darley-Hartley, 'Editorial', South African Medical Record, 1, 1 (March 1903), p. 162. As this passage noted, most physicians in South Africa were men, although by the early twentieth-century, a handful of women physicians practiced.
55. W. Darley-Hartley, 'An Urgent Question of Sociology', South African Medical Record, 10, 10 (May 1912), p. 201.
56. Darley-Hartley, 'Medico-Sociology', p. 73.
57. W. Darley-Hartley, 'Dr Tomory on Free State Eugenies', South African Medical Record, 9, 19 (October 1911), p. 273.
58. Darley-Hartley, 'Editorial', p. 74.
59. Ibid.
60. Darley-Hartley, 'Dr Tomory on Free State Eugenics', p. 273.
61. Articles written by Darley-Hartley which refer to these topics include the following: 'Age of Consent', South African Medical Record, 12 (April 1914),pp. 105-106; The Age of Consent Act', South African Medical Record, 14, 7 (April 1916), pp. 97-99; 'Age of Consent Again', South African Medical Record, 12, 9 (May 1914), pp. 137-139; 'Age of Consent and Similar Matters', South African Medical Record, 12, 10 (May 1914), pp. 153-155; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion', South African Medical Record, 14, 11 (June 1916), pp. 169-171; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion Against a Medical Practitioner', South African Medical Record, 14, 5 (March 1916), pp. 77-79; 'Child Life Conscience', South African Medical Record, 15, 24 (December 1917), pp. 369-372; 'A Discussion of 'Empty Cradles' ', South African Medical Record, 14, 21 (November 1916), pp. 329-331; 'Dr. Tomory on Free State Eugenics', pp. 273-274; 'Legislation Against Contra-ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 6 (March 1917), pp. 81-84; 'Male Sexual Continence', South African Medical Record, 15, 10 (May 1917), pp. 145-148; 'National Degeneracy?, South African Medical Record, 13, 17 (September 1915), pp. 249-251; The Public Attitude Towards Abortion', South African Medical Record, 8, 20 (October 1910), pp. 241-242; 'The Raison d'Être of the Empty Cradle', South African Medical Record, 14, 22 (November 1916), pp. 345-347; 'Sexual Enlightenment', South African Medical Record, 14, 15 (August 1917), pp. 225-228; 'The Traffic in Contra-Ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 2 January 1917), pp. 17-18. For a more detailed analysis of Darley-Hartley's eugenic thought, particularly its sexual/gender aspects, see Susanne Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses, South African Medical Record, 1903-1926 and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1927-1931, MA thesis (Queen's University, Kingston, 1994), pp. 48-84.
62. Articles written by Darley-Hartley which refer to these topics include the following: 'Age of Consent', South African Medical Record, 12 (April 1914),pp. 105-106; The Age of Consent Act', South African Medical Record, 14, 7 (April 1916), pp. 97-99; 'Age of Consent Again', South African Medical Record, 12, 9 (May 1914), pp. 137-139; 'Age of Consent and Similar Matters', South African Medical Record, 12, 10 (May 1914), pp. 153-155; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion', South African Medical Record, 14, 11 (June 1916), pp. 169-171; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion Against a Medical Practitioner', South African Medical Record, 14, 5 (March 1916), pp. 77-79; 'Child Life Conscience', South African Medical Record, 15, 24 (December 1917), pp. 369-372; 'A Discussion of 'Empty Cradles' ', South African Medical Record, 14, 21 (November 1916), pp. 329-331; 'Dr. Tomory on Free State Eugenics', pp. 273-274; 'Legislation Against Contra-ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 6 (March 1917), pp. 81-84; 'Male Sexual Continence', South African Medical Record, 15, 10 (May 1917), pp. 145-148; 'National Degeneracy?, South African Medical Record, 13, 17 (September 1915), pp. 249-251; The Public Attitude Towards Abortion', South African Medical Record, 8, 20 (October 1910), pp. 241-242; 'The Raison d'Être of the Empty Cradle', South African Medical Record, 14, 22 (November 1916), pp. 345-347; 'Sexual Enlightenment', South African Medical Record, 14, 15 (August 1917), pp. 225-228; 'The Traffic in Contra-Ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 2 January 1917), pp. 17-18. For a more detailed analysis of Darley-Hartley's eugenic thought, particularly its sexual/gender aspects, see Susanne Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses, South African Medical Record, 1903-1926 and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1927-1931, MA thesis (Queen's University, Kingston, 1994), pp. 48-84.
63. Articles written by Darley-Hartley which refer to these topics include the following: 'Age of Consent', South African Medical Record, 12 (April 1914),pp. 105-106; The Age of Consent Act', South African Medical Record, 14, 7 (April 1916), pp. 97-99; 'Age of Consent Again', South African Medical Record, 12, 9 (May 1914), pp. 137-139; 'Age of Consent and Similar Matters', South African Medical Record, 12, 10 (May 1914), pp. 153-155; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion', South African Medical Record, 14, 11 (June 1916), pp. 169-171; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion Against a Medical Practitioner', South African Medical Record, 14, 5 (March 1916), pp. 77-79; 'Child Life Conscience', South African Medical Record, 15, 24 (December 1917), pp. 369-372; 'A Discussion of 'Empty Cradles' ', South African Medical Record, 14, 21 (November 1916), pp. 329-331; 'Dr. Tomory on Free State Eugenics', pp. 273-274; 'Legislation Against Contra-ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 6 (March 1917), pp. 81-84; 'Male Sexual Continence', South African Medical Record, 15, 10 (May 1917), pp. 145-148; 'National Degeneracy?, South African Medical Record, 13, 17 (September 1915), pp. 249-251; The Public Attitude Towards Abortion', South African Medical Record, 8, 20 (October 1910), pp. 241-242; 'The Raison d'Être of the Empty Cradle', South African Medical Record, 14, 22 (November 1916), pp. 345-347; 'Sexual Enlightenment', South African Medical Record, 14, 15 (August 1917), pp. 225-228; 'The Traffic in Contra-Ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 2 January 1917), pp. 17-18. For a more detailed analysis of Darley-Hartley's eugenic thought, particularly its sexual/gender aspects, see Susanne Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses, South African Medical Record, 1903-1926 and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1927-1931, MA thesis (Queen's University, Kingston, 1994), pp. 48-84.
64. Articles written by Darley-Hartley which refer to these topics include the following: 'Age of Consent', South African Medical Record, 12 (April 1914),pp. 105-106; The Age of Consent Act', South African Medical Record, 14, 7 (April 1916), pp. 97-99; 'Age of Consent Again', South African Medical Record, 12, 9 (May 1914), pp. 137-139; 'Age of Consent and Similar Matters', South African Medical Record, 12, 10 (May 1914), pp. 153-155; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion', South African Medical Record, 14, 11 (June 1916), pp. 169-171; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion Against a Medical Practitioner', South African Medical Record, 14, 5 (March 1916), pp. 77-79; 'Child Life Conscience', South African Medical Record, 15, 24 (December 1917), pp. 369-372; 'A Discussion of 'Empty Cradles' ', South African Medical Record, 14, 21 (November 1916), pp. 329-331; 'Dr. Tomory on Free State Eugenics', pp. 273-274; 'Legislation Against Contra-ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 6 (March 1917), pp. 81-84; 'Male Sexual Continence', South African Medical Record, 15, 10 (May 1917), pp. 145-148; 'National Degeneracy?, South African Medical Record, 13, 17 (September 1915), pp. 249-251; The Public Attitude Towards Abortion', South African Medical Record, 8, 20 (October 1910), pp. 241-242; 'The Raison d'Être of the Empty Cradle', South African Medical Record, 14, 22 (November 1916), pp. 345-347; 'Sexual Enlightenment', South African Medical Record, 14, 15 (August 1917), pp. 225-228; 'The Traffic in Contra-Ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 2 January 1917), pp. 17-18. For a more detailed analysis of Darley-Hartley's eugenic thought, particularly its sexual/gender aspects, see Susanne Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses, South African Medical Record, 1903-1926 and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1927-1931, MA thesis (Queen's University, Kingston, 1994), pp. 48-84.
65. Articles written by Darley-Hartley which refer to these topics include the following: 'Age of Consent', South African Medical Record, 12 (April 1914),pp. 105-106; The Age of Consent Act', South African Medical Record, 14, 7 (April 1916), pp. 97-99; 'Age of Consent Again', South African Medical Record, 12, 9 (May 1914), pp. 137-139; 'Age of Consent and Similar Matters', South African Medical Record, 12, 10 (May 1914), pp. 153-155; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion', South African Medical Record, 14, 11 (June 1916), pp. 169-171; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion Against a Medical Practitioner', South African Medical Record, 14, 5 (March 1916), pp. 77-79; 'Child Life Conscience', South African Medical Record, 15, 24 (December 1917), pp. 369-372; 'A Discussion of 'Empty Cradles' ', South African Medical Record, 14, 21 (November 1916), pp. 329-331; 'Dr. Tomory on Free State Eugenics', pp. 273-274; 'Legislation Against Contra-ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 6 (March 1917), pp. 81-84;
66. Articles written by Darley-Hartley which refer to these topics include the following: 'Age of Consent', South African Medical Record, 12 (April 1914),pp. 105-106; The Age of Consent Act', South African Medical Record, 14, 7 (April 1916), pp. 97-99; 'Age of Consent Again', South African Medical Record, 12, 9 (May 1914), pp. 137-139; 'Age of Consent and Similar Matters', South African Medical Record, 12, 10 (May 1914), pp. 153-155; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion', South African Medical Record, 14, 11 (June 1916), pp. 169-171; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion Against a Medical Practitioner', South African Medical Record, 14, 5 (March 1916), pp. 77-79; 'Child Life Conscience', South African Medical Record, 15, 24 (December 1917), pp. 369-372; 'A Discussion of 'Empty Cradles' ', South African Medical Record, 14, 21 (November 1916), pp. 329-331; 'Dr. Tomory on Free State Eugenics', pp. 273-274; 'Legislation Against Contra-ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 6 (March 1917), pp. 81-84; 'Male Sexual Continence', South African Medical Record, 15, 10 (May 1917), pp. 145-148; 'National Degeneracy?, South African Medical Record, 13, 17 (September 1915), pp. 249-251; The Public Attitude Towards Abortion', South African Medical Record, 8, 20 (October 1910), pp. 241-242; 'The Raison d'Être of the Empty Cradle', South African Medical Record, 14, 22 (November 1916), pp. 345-347; 'Sexual Enlightenment', South African Medical Record, 14, 15 (August 1917), pp. 225-228; 'The Traffic in Contra-Ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 2 January 1917), pp. 17-18. For a more detailed analysis of Darley-Hartley's eugenic thought, particularly its sexual/gender aspects, see Susanne Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses, South African Medical Record, 1903-1926 and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1927-1931, MA thesis (Queen's University, Kingston, 1994), pp. 48-84.
67. Articles written by Darley-Hartley which refer to these topics include the following: 'Age of Consent', South African Medical Record, 12 (April 1914),pp. 105-106; The Age of Consent Act', South African Medical Record, 14, 7 (April 1916), pp. 97-99; 'Age of Consent Again', South African Medical Record, 12, 9 (May 1914), pp. 137-139; 'Age of Consent and Similar Matters', South African Medical Record, 12, 10 (May 1914), pp. 153-155; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion', South African Medical Record, 14, 11 (June 1916), pp. 169-171; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion Against a Medical Practitioner', South African Medical Record, 14, 5 (March 1916), pp. 77-79; 'Child Life Conscience', South African Medical Record, 15, 24 (December 1917), pp. 369-372; 'A Discussion of 'Empty Cradles' ', South African Medical Record, 14, 21 (November 1916), pp. 329-331; 'Dr. Tomory on Free State Eugenics', pp. 273-274; 'Legislation Against Contra-ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 6 (March 1917), pp. 81-84; 'Male Sexual Continence', South African Medical Record, 15, 10 (May 1917), pp. 145-148; 'National Degeneracy?, South African Medical Record, 13, 17 (September 1915), pp. 249-251; The Public Attitude Towards Abortion', South African Medical Record, 8, 20 (October 1910), pp. 241-242; 'The Raison d'Être of the Empty Cradle', South African Medical Record, 14, 22 (November 1916), pp. 345-347; 'Sexual Enlightenment', South African Medical Record, 14, 15 (August 1917), pp. 225-228; 'The Traffic in Contra-Ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 2 January 1917), pp. 17-18. For a more detailed analysis of Darley-Hartley's eugenic thought, particularly its sexual/gender aspects, see Susanne Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses, South African Medical Record, 1903-1926 and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1927-1931, MA thesis (Queen's University, Kingston, 1994), pp. 48-84.
68. Articles written by Darley-Hartley which refer to these topics include the following: 'Age of Consent', South African Medical Record, 12 (April 1914),pp. 105-106; The Age of Consent Act', South African Medical Record, 14, 7 (April 1916), pp. 97-99; 'Age of Consent Again', South African Medical Record, 12, 9 (May 1914), pp. 137-139; 'Age of Consent and Similar Matters', South African Medical Record, 12, 10 (May 1914), pp. 153-155; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion', South African Medical Record, 14, 11 (June 1916), pp. 169-171; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion Against a Medical Practitioner', South African Medical Record, 14, 5 (March 1916), pp. 77-79; 'Child Life Conscience', South African Medical Record, 15, 24 (December 1917), pp. 369-372; 'A Discussion of 'Empty Cradles' ', South African Medical Record, 14, 21 (November 1916), pp. 329-331; 'Dr. Tomory on Free State Eugenics', pp. 273-274; 'Legislation Against Contra-ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 6 (March 1917), pp. 81-84; 'Male Sexual Continence', South African Medical Record, 15, 10 (May 1917), pp. 145-148; 'National Degeneracy?, South African Medical Record, 13, 17 (September 1915), pp. 249-251; The Public Attitude Towards Abortion', South African Medical Record, 8, 20 (October 1910), pp. 241-242; 'The Raison d'Être of the Empty Cradle', South African Medical Record, 14, 22 (November 1916), pp. 345-347; 'Sexual Enlightenment', South African Medical Record, 14, 15 (August 1917), pp. 225-228; 'The Traffic in Contra-Ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 2 January 1917), pp. 17-18. For a more detailed analysis of Darley-Hartley's eugenic thought, particularly its sexual/gender aspects, see Susanne Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses, South African Medical Record, 1903-1926 and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1927-1931, MA thesis (Queen's University, Kingston, 1994), pp. 48-84.
69. Articles written by Darley-Hartley which refer to these topics include the following: 'Age of Consent', South African Medical Record, 12 (April 1914),pp. 105-106; The Age of Consent Act', South African Medical Record, 14, 7 (April 1916), pp. 97-99; 'Age of Consent Again', South African Medical Record, 12, 9 (May 1914), pp. 137-139; 'Age of Consent and Similar Matters', South African Medical Record, 12, 10 (May 1914), pp. 153-155; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion', South African Medical Record, 14, 11 (June 1916), pp. 169-171; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion Against a Medical Practitioner', South African Medical Record, 14, 5 (March 1916), pp. 77-79; 'Child Life Conscience', South African Medical Record, 15, 24 (December 1917), pp. 369-372; 'A Discussion of 'Empty Cradles' ', South African Medical Record, 14, 21 (November 1916), pp. 329-331; 'Dr. Tomory on Free State Eugenics', pp. 273-274; 'Legislation Against Contra-ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 6 (March 1917), pp. 81-84; 'Male Sexual Continence', South African Medical Record, 15, 10 (May 1917), pp. 145-148; 'National Degeneracy?, South African Medical Record, 13, 17 (September 1915), pp. 249-251; The Public Attitude Towards Abortion', South African Medical Record, 8, 20 (October 1910), pp. 241-242; 'The Raison d'Être of the Empty Cradle', South African Medical Record, 14, 22 (November 1916), pp. 345-347; 'Sexual Enlightenment', South African Medical Record, 14, 15 (August 1917), pp. 225-228; 'The Traffic in Contra-Ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 2 January 1917), pp. 17-18. For a more detailed analysis of Darley-Hartley's eugenic thought, particularly its sexual/gender aspects, see Susanne Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses, South African Medical Record, 1903-1926 and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1927-1931, MA thesis (Queen's University, Kingston, 1994), pp. 48-84.
70. Articles written by Darley-Hartley which refer to these topics include the following: 'Age of Consent', South African Medical Record, 12 (April 1914),pp. 105-106; The Age of Consent Act', South African Medical Record, 14, 7 (April 1916), pp. 97-99; 'Age of Consent Again', South African Medical Record, 12, 9 (May 1914), pp. 137-139; 'Age of Consent and Similar Matters', South African Medical Record, 12, 10 (May 1914), pp. 153-155; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion', South African Medical Record, 14, 11 (June 1916), pp. 169-171; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion Against a Medical Practitioner', South African Medical Record, 14, 5 (March 1916), pp. 77-79; 'Child Life Conscience', South African Medical Record, 15, 24 (December 1917), pp. 369-372; 'A Discussion of 'Empty Cradles' ', South African Medical Record, 14, 21 (November 1916), pp. 329-331; 'Dr. Tomory on Free State Eugenics', pp. 273-274; 'Legislation Against Contra-ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 6 (March 1917), pp. 81-84; 'Male Sexual Continence', South African Medical Record, 15, 10 (May 1917), pp. 145-148; 'National Degeneracy?, South African Medical Record, 13, 17 (September 1915), pp. 249-251; The Public Attitude Towards Abortion', South African Medical Record, 8, 20 (October 1910), pp. 241-242; 'The Raison d'Être of the Empty Cradle', South African Medical Record, 14, 22 (November 1916), pp. 345-347; 'Sexual Enlightenment', South African Medical Record, 14, 15 (August 1917), pp. 225-228; 'The Traffic in Contra-Ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 2 January 1917), pp. 17-18. For a more detailed analysis of Darley-Hartley's eugenic thought, particularly its sexual/gender aspects, see Susanne Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses, South African Medical Record, 1903-1926 and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1927-1931, MA thesis (Queen's University, Kingston, 1994), pp. 48-84.
71. Articles written by Darley-Hartley which refer to these topics include the following: 'Age of Consent', South African Medical Record, 12 (April 1914),pp. 105-106; The Age of Consent Act', South African Medical Record, 14, 7 (April 1916), pp. 97-99; 'Age of Consent Again', South African Medical Record, 12, 9 (May 1914), pp. 137-139; 'Age of Consent and Similar Matters', South African Medical Record, 12, 10 (May 1914), pp. 153-155; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion', South African Medical Record, 14, 11 (June 1916), pp. 169-171; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion Against a Medical Practitioner', South African Medical Record, 14, 5 (March 1916), pp. 77-79; 'Child Life Conscience', South African Medical Record, 15, 24 (December 1917), pp. 369-372; 'A Discussion of 'Empty Cradles' ', South African Medical Record, 14, 21 (November 1916), pp. 329-331; 'Dr. Tomory on Free State Eugenics', pp. 273-274; 'Legislation Against Contra-ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 6 (March 1917), pp. 81-84; 'Male Sexual Continence', South African Medical Record, 15, 10 (May 1917), pp. 145-148; 'National Degeneracy?, South African Medical Record, 13, 17 (September 1915), pp. 249-251; The Public Attitude Towards Abortion', South African Medical Record, 8, 20 (October 1910), pp. 241-242; 'The Raison d'Être of the Empty Cradle', South African Medical Record, 14, 22 (November 1916), pp. 345-347; 'Sexual Enlightenment', South African Medical Record, 14, 15 (August 1917), pp. 225-228; 'The Traffic in Contra-Ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 2 January 1917), pp. 17-18. For a more detailed analysis of Darley-Hartley's eugenic thought, particularly its sexual/gender aspects, see Susanne Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses, South African Medical Record, 1903-1926 and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1927-1931, MA thesis (Queen's University, Kingston, 1994), pp. 48-84.
72. Articles written by Darley-Hartley which refer to these topics include the following: 'Age of Consent', South African Medical Record, 12 (April 1914),pp. 105-106; The Age of Consent Act', South African Medical Record, 14, 7 (April 1916), pp. 97-99; 'Age of Consent Again', South African Medical Record, 12, 9 (May 1914), pp. 137-139; 'Age of Consent and Similar Matters', South African Medical Record, 12, 10 (May 1914), pp. 153-155; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion', South African Medical Record, 14, 11 (June 1916), pp. 169-171; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion Against a Medical Practitioner', South African Medical Record, 14, 5 (March 1916), pp. 77-79; 'Child Life Conscience', South African Medical Record, 15, 24 (December 1917), pp. 369-372; 'A Discussion of 'Empty Cradles' ', South African Medical Record, 14, 21 (November 1916), pp. 329-331; 'Dr. Tomory on Free State Eugenics', pp. 273-274; 'Legislation Against Contra-ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 6 (March 1917), pp. 81-84; 'Male Sexual Continence', South African Medical Record, 15, 10 (May 1917), pp. 145-148; 'National Degeneracy?, South African Medical Record, 13, 17 (September 1915), pp. 249-251; The Public Attitude Towards Abortion', South African Medical Record, 8, 20 (October 1910), pp. 241-242; 'The Raison d'Être of the Empty Cradle', South African Medical Record, 14, 22 (November 1916), pp. 345-347; 'Sexual Enlightenment', South African Medical Record, 14, 15 (August 1917), pp. 225-228; 'The Traffic in Contra-Ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 2 January 1917), pp. 17-18. For a more detailed analysis of Darley-Hartley's eugenic thought, particularly its sexual/gender aspects, see Susanne Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses, South African Medical Record, 1903-1926 and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1927-1931, MA thesis (Queen's University, Kingston, 1994), pp. 48-84.
73. Articles written by Darley-Hartley which refer to these topics include the following: 'Age of Consent', South African Medical Record, 12 (April 1914),pp. 105-106; The Age of Consent Act', South African Medical Record, 14, 7 (April 1916), pp. 97-99; 'Age of Consent Again', South African Medical Record, 12, 9 (May 1914), pp. 137-139; 'Age of Consent and Similar Matters', South African Medical Record, 12, 10 (May 1914), pp. 153-155; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion', South African Medical Record, 14, 11 (June 1916), pp. 169-171; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion Against a Medical Practitioner', South African Medical Record, 14, 5 (March 1916), pp. 77-79; 'Child Life Conscience', South African Medical Record, 15, 24 (December 1917), pp. 369-372; 'A Discussion of 'Empty Cradles' ', South African Medical Record, 14, 21 (November 1916), pp. 329-331; 'Dr. Tomory on Free State Eugenics', pp. 273-274; 'Legislation Against Contra-ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 6 (March 1917), pp. 81-84; 'Male Sexual Continence', South African Medical Record, 15, 10 (May 1917), pp. 145-148; 'National Degeneracy?, South African Medical Record, 13, 17 (September 1915), pp. 249-251; The Public Attitude Towards Abortion', South African Medical Record, 8, 20 (October 1910), pp. 241-242; 'The Raison d'Être of the Empty Cradle', South African Medical Record, 14, 22 (November 1916), pp. 345-347; 'Sexual Enlightenment', South African Medical Record, 14, 15 (August 1917), pp. 225-228; 'The Traffic in Contra-Ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 2 January 1917), pp. 17-18. For a more detailed analysis of Darley-Hartley's eugenic thought, particularly its sexual/gender aspects, see Susanne Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses, South African Medical Record, 1903-1926 and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1927-1931, MA thesis (Queen's University, Kingston, 1994), pp. 48-84.
74. Articles written by Darley-Hartley which refer to these topics include the following: 'Age of Consent', South African Medical Record, 12 (April 1914),pp. 105-106; The Age of Consent Act', South African Medical Record, 14, 7 (April 1916), pp. 97-99; 'Age of Consent Again', South African Medical Record, 12, 9 (May 1914), pp. 137-139; 'Age of Consent and Similar Matters', South African Medical Record, 12, 10 (May 1914), pp. 153-155; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion', South African Medical Record, 14, 11 (June 1916), pp. 169-171; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion Against a Medical Practitioner', South African Medical Record, 14, 5 (March 1916), pp. 77-79; 'Child Life Conscience', South African Medical Record, 15, 24 (December 1917), pp. 369-372; 'A Discussion of 'Empty Cradles' ', South African Medical Record, 14, 21 (November 1916), pp. 329-331; 'Dr. Tomory on Free State Eugenics', pp. 273-274; 'Legislation Against Contra-ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 6 (March 1917), pp. 81-84; 'Male Sexual Continence', South African Medical Record, 15, 10 (May 1917), pp. 145-148; 'National Degeneracy?, South African Medical Record, 13, 17 (September 1915), pp. 249-251; The Public Attitude Towards Abortion', South African Medical Record, 8, 20 (October 1910), pp. 241-242; 'The Raison d'Être of the Empty Cradle', South African Medical Record, 14, 22 (November 1916), pp. 345-347; 'Sexual Enlightenment', South African Medical Record, 14, 15 (August 1917), pp. 225-228; 'The Traffic in Contra-Ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 2 January 1917), pp. 17-18. For a more detailed analysis of Darley-Hartley's eugenic thought, particularly its sexual/gender aspects, see Susanne Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses, South African Medical Record, 1903-1926 and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1927-1931, MA thesis (Queen's University, Kingston, 1994), pp. 48-84.
75. Articles written by Darley-Hartley which refer to these topics include the following: 'Age of Consent', South African Medical Record, 12 (April 1914),pp. 105-106; The Age of Consent Act', South African Medical Record, 14, 7 (April 1916), pp. 97-99; 'Age of Consent Again', South African Medical Record, 12, 9 (May 1914), pp. 137-139; 'Age of Consent and Similar Matters', South African Medical Record, 12, 10 (May 1914), pp. 153-155; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion', South African Medical Record, 14, 11 (June 1916), pp. 169-171; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion Against a Medical Practitioner', South African Medical Record, 14, 5 (March 1916), pp. 77-79; 'Child Life Conscience', South African Medical Record, 15, 24 (December 1917), pp. 369-372; 'A Discussion of 'Empty Cradles' ', South African Medical Record, 14, 21 (November 1916), pp. 329-331; 'Dr. Tomory on Free State Eugenics', pp. 273-274; 'Legislation Against Contra-ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 6 (March 1917), pp. 81-84; 'Male Sexual Continence', South African Medical Record, 15, 10 (May 1917), pp. 145-148; 'National Degeneracy?, South African Medical Record, 13, 17 (September 1915), pp. 249-251; The Public Attitude Towards Abortion', South African Medical Record, 8, 20 (October 1910), pp. 241-242; 'The Raison d'Être of the Empty Cradle', South African Medical Record, 14, 22 (November 1916), pp. 345-347; 'Sexual Enlightenment', South African Medical Record, 14, 15 (August 1917), pp. 225-228; 'The Traffic in Contra-Ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 2 January 1917), pp. 17-18. For a more detailed analysis of Darley-Hartley's eugenic thought, particularly its sexual/gender aspects, see Susanne Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses, South African Medical Record, 1903-1926 and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1927-1931, MA thesis (Queen's University, Kingston, 1994), pp. 48-84.
76. Articles written by Darley-Hartley which refer to these topics include the following: 'Age of Consent', South African Medical Record, 12 (April 1914),pp. 105-106; The Age of Consent Act', South African Medical Record, 14, 7 (April 1916), pp. 97-99; 'Age of Consent Again', South African Medical Record, 12, 9 (May 1914), pp. 137-139; 'Age of Consent and Similar Matters', South African Medical Record, 12, 10 (May 1914), pp. 153-155; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion', South African Medical Record, 14, 11 (June 1916), pp. 169-171; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion Against a Medical Practitioner', South African Medical Record, 14, 5 (March 1916), pp. 77-79; 'Child Life Conscience', South African Medical Record, 15, 24 (December 1917), pp. 369-372; 'A Discussion of 'Empty Cradles' ', South African Medical Record, 14, 21 (November 1916), pp. 329-331; 'Dr. Tomory on Free State Eugenics', pp. 273-274; 'Legislation Against Contra-ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 6 (March 1917), pp. 81-84; 'Male Sexual Continence', South African Medical Record, 15, 10 (May 1917), pp. 145-148; 'National Degeneracy?, South African Medical Record, 13, 17 (September 1915), pp. 249-251; The Public Attitude Towards Abortion', South African Medical Record, 8, 20 (October 1910), pp. 241-242; 'The Raison d'Être of the Empty Cradle', South African Medical Record, 14, 22 (November 1916), pp. 345-347; 'Sexual Enlightenment', South African Medical Record, 14, 15 (August 1917), pp. 225-228; 'The Traffic in Contra-Ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 2 January 1917), pp. 17-18. For a more detailed analysis of Darley-Hartley's eugenic thought, particularly its sexual/gender aspects, see Susanne Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses, South African Medical Record, 1903-1926 and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1927-1931, MA thesis (Queen's University, Kingston, 1994), pp. 48-84.
77. Articles written by Darley-Hartley which refer to these topics include the following: 'Age of Consent', South African Medical Record, 12 (April 1914),pp. 105-106; The Age of Consent Act', South African Medical Record, 14, 7 (April 1916), pp. 97-99; 'Age of Consent Again', South African Medical Record, 12, 9 (May 1914), pp. 137-139; 'Age of Consent and Similar Matters', South African Medical Record, 12, 10 (May 1914), pp. 153-155; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion', South African Medical Record, 14, 11 (June 1916), pp. 169-171; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion Against a Medical Practitioner', South African Medical Record, 14, 5 (March 1916), pp. 77-79; 'Child Life Conscience', South African Medical Record, 15, 24 (December 1917), pp. 369-372; 'A Discussion of 'Empty Cradles' ', South African Medical Record, 14, 21 (November 1916), pp. 329-331; 'Dr. Tomory on Free State Eugenics', pp. 273-274; 'Legislation Against Contra-ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 6 (March 1917), pp. 81-84; 'Male Sexual Continence', South African Medical Record, 15, 10 (May 1917), pp. 145-148; 'National Degeneracy?, South African Medical Record, 13, 17 (September 1915), pp. 249-251; The Public Attitude Towards Abortion', South African Medical Record, 8, 20 (October 1910), pp. 241-242; 'The Raison d'Être of the Empty Cradle', South African Medical Record, 14, 22 (November 1916), pp. 345-347; 'Sexual Enlightenment', South African Medical Record, 14, 15 (August 1917), pp. 225-228; 'The Traffic in Contra-Ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 2 January 1917), pp. 17-18. For a more detailed analysis of Darley-Hartley's eugenic thought, particularly its sexual/gender aspects, see Susanne Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses, South African Medical Record, 1903-1926 and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1927-1931, MA thesis (Queen's University, Kingston, 1994), pp. 48-84.
78. Articles written by Darley-Hartley which refer to these topics include the following: 'Age of Consent', South African Medical Record, 12 (April 1914),pp. 105-106; The Age of Consent Act', South African Medical Record, 14, 7 (April 1916), pp. 97-99; 'Age of Consent Again', South African Medical Record, 12, 9 (May 1914), pp. 137-139; 'Age of Consent and Similar Matters', South African Medical Record, 12, 10 (May 1914), pp. 153-155; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion', South African Medical Record, 14, 11 (June 1916), pp. 169-171; 'Charge of Illegal Abortion Against a Medical Practitioner', South African Medical Record, 14, 5 (March 1916), pp. 77-79; 'Child Life Conscience', South African Medical Record, 15, 24 (December 1917), pp. 369-372; 'A Discussion of 'Empty Cradles' ', South African Medical Record, 14, 21 (November 1916), pp. 329-331; 'Dr. Tomory on Free State Eugenics', pp. 273-274; 'Legislation Against Contra-ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 6 (March 1917), pp. 81-84; 'Male Sexual Continence', South African Medical Record, 15, 10 (May 1917), pp. 145-148; 'National Degeneracy?, South African Medical Record, 13, 17 (September 1915), pp. 249-251; The Public Attitude Towards Abortion', South African Medical Record, 8, 20 (October 1910), pp. 241-242; 'The Raison d'Être of the Empty Cradle', South African Medical Record, 14, 22 (November 1916), pp. 345-347; 'Sexual Enlightenment', South African Medical Record, 14, 15 (August 1917), pp. 225-228; 'The Traffic in Contra-Ceptives', South African Medical Record, 15, 2 January 1917), pp. 17-18. For a more detailed analysis of Darley-Hartley's eugenic thought, particularly its sexual/gender aspects, see Susanne Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses, South African Medical Record, 1903-1926 and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa, 1927-1931, MA thesis (Queen's University, Kingston, 1994), pp. 48-84.
79. During the Anglo-Boer War it was made public in Britain that a high proportion of working-class recruits were judged to be either physically or mentally unfit to fight. In Manchester it was reported that three out of five recruits had been rejected. See: McLaren, Our Own Master Race, p. 75; Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, p. 73. A similar panic erupted during the First World War in South Africa, when once again an unexpectedly high rate of rejections were reported by Darley-Hartley in 'Rules for the Medical Inspection', South African Medical Record, 13, 17 (September 1915), pp. 256-258.
80. During the Anglo-Boer War it was made public in Britain that a high proportion of working-class recruits were judged to be either physically or mentally unfit to fight. In Manchester it was reported that three out of five recruits had been rejected. See: McLaren, Our Own Master Race, p. 75; Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, p. 73. A similar panic erupted during the First World War in South Africa, when once again an unexpectedly high rate of rejections were reported by Darley-Hartley in 'Rules for the Medical Inspection', South African Medical Record, 13, 17 (September 1915), pp. 256-258.
81. During the Anglo-Boer War it was made public in Britain that a high proportion of working-class recruits were judged to be either physically or mentally unfit to fight. In Manchester it was reported that three out of five recruits had been rejected. See: McLaren, Our Own Master Race, p. 75; Kevles, In the Name of Eugenics, p. 73. A similar panic erupted during the First World War in South Africa, when once again an unexpectedly high rate of rejections were reported by Darley-Hartley in 'Rules for the Medical Inspection', South African Medical Record, 13, 17 (September 1915), pp. 256-258.
82. Discussion at the CGH (Western) Branch of the BMA. 'The Treatment of the Feeble-minded', South African Medical Record, 15, 23 (December 1917), p. 360.
83. S. Marks and S. Trapido, 'The politics of race, class and nationalism', in Marks and Trapido (eds), The Politics of Race, Class and Nationalism, p. 8.
84. Discussion at the CGH (Western) Branch of the BMA, 'The Treatment of the Feeble-minded', p. 362.
85. T. D. Greenlees, 'Medical, Social and Legal Aspects of Insanity', South African Medical Record, 1, 8 (October 1903), p. 123.
86. Ibid.
87. T. D. Greenlees, The Etiology, Symptoms and Treatment of Idiocy and Imbecility', South African Medical Record, 5, 2 (January 1907), p. 21.
88. Ibid., p. 20.
89. Ibid.
90. Ibid.
91. Ibid., p. 21.
92. W. Watkins-Pitchford, 'Hygiene in South Africa', South African Medical Record, 6, 19 (October 1908), p. 293.
93. Ibid.
94. Ibid.
95. Ibid., p. 294.
96. Ibid.
97. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition., p. 275.
98. W. Darley-Hartley, Introduction to, 'Report on Mentally Defective Children in the Transvaal Government Schools for the Years 1915, 1916, and 1917', South African Medical Record, 17, 19 (October 1919), p. 292.
99. Moll, 'The Problem of the Mentally-Defective Child', p. 339.
100. Ibid.
101. MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', p. 275.
102. Ibid., p. 122.
103. Ibid.
104. Ibid.
105. De Korte, 'A Chip off the Old Block', p. 304.
106. Ibid.
107. G. K. Chesterton, Eugenics and Other Evils (London, 1922), p. 137; cited in MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', p. 275.
108. G. K. Chesterton, Eugenics and Other Evils (London, 1922), p. 137; cited in MacKenzie, 'Sociobiologies in Competition', p. 275.
109. Moll, The Problem of the Mentally-Defective Child', p. 341.
110. Ibid., p. 339.
111. Another example of this discourse of danger is found in a discussion among doctors at the Western Branch of the BMA which was reported in full in the SAMR under the title, The Treatment of the Feebleminded', 1917. In it we find, among other significant comments, that Dr Murray called the question one of 'absolutely vital concern, socially and nationally', a 'national danger [which is] very dangerous, and, if mated, always breed their like, saving by some lucky chance, as certainly as grass bred grass', p. 360.
112. J. T. Dunston, 'The Problem of the Feeble-Minded', South African Medical Record, 12, 19 (October 1914), p. 331.
113. ibid.
114. Ibid.
115. Ibid., p. 339.
116. Ibid.
117. Ibid., p. 337.
118. Dunston was also in favour of sterilizing the 'defectives', especially female defectives whom he said were three times as likely to reproduce as males (interesting given the biological differences between the sexes in reproduction which actually makes males far more efficient at reproducing 'undesirable' germ-plasm: another example of gender-bias). He acknowledged that eugenists were divided on the question of sterilization, and that in Britain the procedure was never legislated (as it was in the United States and Canada). See also Dubow's reference to the debate between doctors over sterilization laws in Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa, pp. 149-154.
119. J. T. Dunston, 'The Problem of the Feeble-Minded', p. 337.
120. C. F. K. Murray, The Care of the Feeble-Minded', South African Medical Record, 12, 23 (December 1914), p. 400.
121. Ibid.
122. Ibid.
123. Ibid.
124. Ibid., p. 402.
125. Citation from the Report of the Royal Commission on the Care and Control of the Feeble-minded, found in Murray, 'The Care of the Feeble-Minded', p. 401.
126. Ibid.
127. C. H. Bidwell, 'The Question of Sterilization of the 'Mental Defect' ', South African Medical Record, 22, 8 (April 1924), p. 176.
128. M. J. Cohen, 'Moral Imbecility', South African Medical Record, 24, 16 (August 1926), pp. 355-356.
129. Ibid., p. 357.
130. Ibid.
131. Ibid., p. 358.
132. A. Davin, 'Imperialism and Motherhood', History Workshop Journal, 5 (Spring 1978), p. 10.
133. J. A. Mitchell, [to be completed at proofs].
134. As J. J, Van-Helten and K. Williams show, this desire to increase the size and strength of the British population in the country was also manifested in an effort to encourage the mass immigration of single British women for both domestic service and imperial motherhood. J. J. Van-Helten and K. Williams ' "The Crying Need of South Africa": The Emigration of Single British Women to the Transvaal, 1901-1910', Journal of Southern African Studies, 10, 1 (October 1983), pp. 17-38.
135. Mathew, 'Woman's Responsibility to the Nation', p. 109.
136. Ibid., p. 273.
137. Ibid., p. 274.
138. Davin, 'Imperialism and Motherhood', p. 13.
139. C. Walker, Women and Resistance in South Africa (New York, 1991), p. 10.
140. For an overview of the white women's movement in early twentieth century South Africa see Walker, Women and Resistance in South Africa, pp. 19-22; J. A. Berkman, Olive Schreiner: Feminism on the Frontier (Vermont, 1979); Carol Barash (ed), An Olive Schreiner Reader (London 1987); special edition of Journal of Southern African Studies, 10, 1 (October 1983); and B. Bozzoli, 'Marxism, Feminism and South African Studies', Journal of Southern African Studies, 9, 2 (April 1983), pp. 139-171.
141. For an overview of the white women's movement in early twentieth century South Africa see Walker, Women and Resistance in South Africa, pp. 19-22; J. A. Berkman, Olive Schreiner: Feminism on the Frontier (Vermont, 1979); Carol Barash (ed), An Olive Schreiner Reader (London 1987); special edition of Journal of Southern African Studies, 10, 1 (October 1983); and B. Bozzoli, 'Marxism, Feminism and South African Studies', Journal of Southern African Studies, 9, 2 (April 1983), pp. 139-171.
142. For an overview of the white women's movement in early twentieth century South Africa see Walker, Women and Resistance in South Africa, pp. 19-22; J. A. Berkman, Olive Schreiner: Feminism on the Frontier (Vermont, 1979); Carol Barash (ed), An Olive Schreiner Reader (London 1987); special edition of Journal of Southern African Studies, 10, 1 (October 1983); and B. Bozzoli, 'Marxism, Feminism and South African Studies', Journal of Southern African Studies, 9, 2 (April 1983), pp. 139-171.
143. For an overview of the white women's movement in early twentieth century South Africa see Walker, Women and Resistance in South Africa, pp. 19-22; J. A. Berkman, Olive Schreiner: Feminism on the Frontier (Vermont, 1979); Carol Barash (ed), An Olive Schreiner Reader (London 1987); special edition of Journal of Southern African Studies, 10, 1 (October 1983); and B. Bozzoli, 'Marxism, Feminism and South African Studies', Journal of Southern African Studies, 9, 2 (April 1983), pp. 139-171.
144. For an overview of the white women's movement in early twentieth century South Africa see Walker, Women and Resistance in South Africa, pp. 19-22; J. A. Berkman, Olive Schreiner: Feminism on the Frontier (Vermont, 1979); Carol Barash (ed), An Olive Schreiner Reader (London 1987); special edition of Journal of Southern African Studies, 10, 1 (October 1983); and B. Bozzoli, 'Marxism, Feminism and South African Studies', Journal of Southern African Studies, 9, 2 (April 1983), pp. 139-171.
145. C. T. Anderson, 'The Training of Our Girls', South African Medical Record, 14, 10 (May 1916), p. 147.
146. Ibid.
147. Ibid.
148. Ibid., p. 150.
149. Ibid.
150. Ibid.
151. Ibid.
152. Ibid., p. 151.
153. A. S. Wells, 'New Zealand Child Welfare Methods', South African Medical Record, 22, 18 (September 1924), p. 430.
154. L. Robinson, 'Some Problems of Child Welfare', South African Medical Record, 15, 22 (November 1917), p. 341.
155. J. A. Mitchell, 'The Avoidable Wastage of Child Life in South Africa', South African Medical Record, 22, 15 (August 1924), p. 359.
156. Ibid., p. 340.
157. Working with female volunteers in the Child Life Protection Society on 'women's issues' such as the bearing of, and raising, children, Robinson may have been attempting to legitimate a female presence in the traditionally male fields of medicine and municipal governance. In this way, eugenics provided opportunities for women wishing to participate in 'scientific' activities. Adams notes that 'by contemporary standards eugenics was one of the least sexist fields of the day'. Adams, 'Toward a Comparative History of Eugenics', in Adams (ed), The Wellborn Science, p. 220. Scholars have noted similar roles for women in eugenic movements elsewhere. See, for example, McLaren's discussion of Dr Helen MacMurchy, prominent early twentieth-century eugenist in Canada, in Our Own Master Race, pp. 28-45.
158. Working with female volunteers in the Child Life Protection Society on 'women's issues' such as the bearing of, and raising, children, Robinson may have been attempting to legitimate a female presence in the traditionally male fields of medicine and municipal governance. In this way, eugenics provided opportunities for women wishing to participate in 'scientific' activities. Adams notes that 'by contemporary standards eugenics was one of the least sexist fields of the day'. Adams, 'Toward a Comparative History of Eugenics', in Adams (ed), The Wellborn Science, p. 220. Scholars have noted similar roles for women in eugenic movements elsewhere. See, for example, McLaren's discussion of Dr Helen MacMurchy, prominent early twentieth-century eugenist in Canada, in Our Own Master Race, pp. 28-45.
159. Robinson, 'Some Problems of Child Welfare', p. 342. Emphasis added.
160. Ibid., p. 341.
161. Ibid.
162. Ibid., p. 343.
163. J. J. Boyd, 'Infantile Mortality in South Africa and New Zealand', South African Medical Record, 22, 14 (July 1924), pp. 321-331.
164. Mitchell, 'The Avoidable Wastage of Child Life in South Africa', p. 359.
165. Boyd, 'Infantile Mortality in South Africa and New Zealand', p. 331.
166. A. S. Wells, 'Some Problems of Maternal and Antenatal Mortality', South African Medical Record, 17, 8 (April 1919), p. 116.
167. ibid.
168. Ibid.
169. Ibid.
170. Ibid., p. 122.
171. Mathew, 'Woman's Responsibility to the Nation', p. 109.
172. Ibid.
173. Ibid.
174. Ibid., p. 110.
175. Ibid.
176. Ibid.
177. Ibid.
178. Ibid., p. 111.
179. See earlier discussion on Darley-Hartley for further references to articles by him on this subject.
180. Darley-Hartley, 'Medico-Sociology', p. 76.
181. The most intensely racist and vitriolic attack on blacks in eugenic terms is by A. G. H. Michel, 'The Colour Problem in South Africa: A Bio-Sociological Survey of its National and Survival Values', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 2. 12 (June 1928), pp. 324-332. Also see Hay-Michel, 'Native Medical Practitioners and European Patients: Some Ethical and Biological Aspects of the Question', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 1, 19 (October 1927), pp. 494-497.
182. The most intensely racist and vitriolic attack on blacks in eugenic terms is by A. G. H. Michel, 'The Colour Problem in South Africa: A Bio-Sociological Survey of its National and Survival Values', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 2. 12 (June 1928), pp. 324-332. Also see Hay-Michel, 'Native Medical Practitioners and European Patients: Some Ethical and Biological Aspects of the Question', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 1, 19 (October 1927), pp. 494-497.
183. Articles advocating sterilization of the feebleminded include: C. H. Bidwell, 'Eugenics', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 2, 6 (March 1928), pp. 143-148; R. A. Forster, 'Sterilization of the Mentally Unfit', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 4, 20 (October 1930), pp. 611-616; and H. Bodkin, 'The Sterilization of the More or Less Unfit', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 5, 7 (April 1931), pp. 211-212. Letters about sterilization are also found in 1929 and 1930. For a closer examination of this material, see Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses in the South African Medical Record (1903-1926) and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA) (1927-1931), pp. 137-158. Also see Dubow, Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa, pp. 149-154.
184. Articles advocating sterilization of the feebleminded include: C. H. Bidwell, 'Eugenics', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 2, 6 (March 1928), pp. 143-148; R. A. Forster, 'Sterilization of the Mentally Unfit', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 4, 20 (October 1930), pp. 611-616; and H. Bodkin, 'The Sterilization of the More or Less Unfit', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 5, 7 (April 1931), pp. 211-212. Letters about sterilization are also found in 1929 and 1930. For a closer examination of this material, see Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses in the South African Medical Record (1903-1926) and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA) (1927-1931), pp. 137-158. Also see Dubow, Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa, pp. 149-154.
185. Articles advocating sterilization of the feebleminded include: C. H. Bidwell, 'Eugenics', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 2, 6 (March 1928), pp. 143-148; R. A. Forster, 'Sterilization of the Mentally Unfit', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 4, 20 (October 1930), pp. 611-616; and H. Bodkin, 'The Sterilization of the More or Less Unfit', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 5, 7 (April 1931), pp. 211-212. Letters about sterilization are also found in 1929 and 1930. For a closer examination of this material, see Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses in the South African Medical Record (1903-1926) and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA) (1927-1931), pp. 137-158. Also see Dubow, Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa, pp. 149-154.
186. Articles advocating sterilization of the feebleminded include: C. H. Bidwell, 'Eugenics', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 2, 6 (March 1928), pp. 143-148; R. A. Forster, 'Sterilization of the Mentally Unfit', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 4, 20 (October 1930), pp. 611-616; and H. Bodkin, 'The Sterilization of the More or Less Unfit', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 5, 7 (April 1931), pp. 211-212. Letters about sterilization are also found in 1929 and 1930. For a closer examination of this material, see Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses in the South African Medical Record (1903-1926) and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA) (1927-1931), pp. 137-158. Also see Dubow, Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa, pp. 149-154.
187. Articles advocating sterilization of the feebleminded include: C. H. Bidwell, 'Eugenics', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 2, 6 (March 1928), pp. 143-148; R. A. Forster, 'Sterilization of the Mentally Unfit', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 4, 20 (October 1930), pp. 611-616; and H. Bodkin, 'The Sterilization of the More or Less Unfit', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 5, 7 (April 1931), pp. 211-212. Letters about sterilization are also found in 1929 and 1930. For a closer examination of this material, see Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses in the South African Medical Record (1903-1926) and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA) (1927-1931), pp. 137-158. Also see Dubow, Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa, pp. 149-154.
188. Articles advocating sterilization of the feebleminded include: C. H. Bidwell, 'Eugenics', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 2, 6 (March 1928), pp. 143-148; R. A. Forster, 'Sterilization of the Mentally Unfit', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 4, 20 (October 1930), pp. 611-616; and H. Bodkin, 'The Sterilization of the More or Less Unfit', The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA), 5, 7 (April 1931), pp. 211-212. Letters about sterilization are also found in 1929 and 1930. For a closer examination of this material, see Klausen, 'For the Sake of the Race': Eugenic Discourses in the South African Medical Record (1903-1926) and The Journal of the Medical Association of South Africa (BMA) (1927-1931), pp. 137-158. Also see Dubow, Scientific Racism in Modern South Africa, pp. 149-154.
189. H. Phillips, The Local State and Public Health Reform in South Africa: Bloemfontein and the Consequences of the Spanish 'Flu Epidemic of 1918', Journal of Southern African Studies, 13, 2 (January 1987), p. 210.