The equatorial F-layer: Progress and puzzles

Annales Geophysicae

Volumn 18, Issue 7, 2000, Pages 730-739

  Rishbeth, H ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHAMPTON   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Ionosphere (equatorial ionosphere)

Indexed keywords

EID: 5844237828     PISSN: 09927689     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1007/s00585-000-0730-6     Document Type: Article

References (76)

1. Abur-Robb, M. F. K., and D. W. Windle, On the day and night reversal in NmF2 north-south asymmetry, Planet. Space Sci., 19, 97-106, 1969.
2. Appleton, E. V., Two anomalies in the ionosphere, Nature, 157, 691, 1946.
3. Bailey, D. K., The geomagnetic nature of the F2 layer longitude effect. Terr. Magn. Atmos. Elect., 53, 35-39, 1948.
4. Balsley, B. B., E-region dynamics, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 39, 1087-1096, 1977.
5. Barbier, D., Interprétation de la luminescence nocturne de la raie rouge d'oxygène, Comptes Rendus, Acad. Sciénces Paris, 244, 2077-2080, 1957.
6. Becker, W., The temperature of the F region deduced from electron number density profiles, J. Geophys. Res., 72, 2001-2006, 1967.
7. Bramley, E. N., and M. Peart, Diffusion and electromagnetic drift in the equatorial F2-region, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 27, 1201-1211, 1965.
8. Bramley, E. N., and M. Young, Winds and electromagnetic drifts in the equatorial F2-region, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 30, 99-111, 1968.
9. Chan, H. F., and G. O. Walker, Computer simulation of the ionospheric equatorial anomaly in East Asia for equinoctial, solar minimum conditions. Part I - Formulation of model, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 46, 1103-1112, 1984a.
10. Chan, H. F., and G. O. Walker, Computer simulation of the ionospheric equatorial anomaly in East Asia for equinoctial. solar minimum conditions. Part II - Results and discussion of wind effects, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 46, 1113-1120. 1984b.
11. Chiu, Y. T., An improved phenomenological model of ionospheric density, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 37, 1563-1570, 1975.
12. Croom, S. A., A. R. Robbins, and J. O. Thomas, Tables of ionospheric electron density, Watheroo, Maui, Huancayo, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, 1959.
13. Duncan, R. A., The equatorial F-region of the ionosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 18, 89-100, 1960.
14. Dunford, E., The relationship between the ionospheric equatorial anomaly and the E-region current system, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 29, 1489-1498, 1967.
15. Egedal, J., Daily variation of the horizontal magnetic force at the geomagnetic equator, Nature, 161, 443-444, 1948.
16. Fagundes, P. R., Y. Sahai, J. A. Bittencourt, and H. Takahashi, Plasma drifts inferred from thermospheric neutral winds and temperature gradients observed at low latitudes, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 58, 1219-1228, 1996.
17. Farley, D. T., Early incoherent scatter observations at Jicamarca, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 53, 665-675, 1991.
18. Fejer, B. G., The equatorial ionospheric electric fields. A review, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 43, 377-386, 1981.
19. Fejer, B. G., Low latitude electrodynamic plasma drifts: a review, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 53, 677-695, 1991.
20. Fejer, B. G., The electrodynamics of the low latitude ionosphere: recent results and future challenges, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 59, 1465-1482, 1997.
21. Ferraro, V. C. A., Diffusion in the ionosphere, Terr. Magn. Atmos. Elect., 50, 215-222, 1945.
22. Fuller-Rowell, T. J., The "thermospheric spoon": a mechanism for the semiannual density variation, J. Geophys. Res., 103, 3951-3956, 1998.
23. Fuller-Rowell, T. J., and D. S. Evans, Height-integrated Pedersen and Hall conductivity patterns inferred from the TIROS-NOAA satellite data, J. Geophys. Res., 92, 7606-7618, 1987.
24. Fuller-Rowell, T. J., M. V. Codrescu, R. J. Moffett, and S. Quegan, Response of the thermosphere and ionosphere to geomagnetic storms, J. Geophys. Res., 99, 3893-3914, 1994.
25. Fuller-Rowell, T. J., M. V. Codrescu, B. G. Fejer, W. Boror, F. Marcos, and D. N. Anderson, Dynamics of the low-latitude thermosphere: quiet and disturbed conditions, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 59, 1533-1540, 1997.
26. Hanson, W. B., and R. J. Moffett, Ionization transport effects in the equatorial F region, J. Geophys. Res., 71, 5559-5572, 1966.
27. Heelis, R. A., P. C. Kendall, R. J. Moffett, D.W. Windle, and H. Rishbeth, Electrical coupling of the E- and F- regions and its effect on F-resion drifts and winds, Planet. Space Sci., 22, 743-756, 1974.
28. Hedin, A. E., and H. G. Mayr, Magnetic control of the near equatorial neutral thermosphere, J. Geophys. Res., 78, 1688-1691, 1973.
29. Herrero, F. A., H. G. Mayr, N. W. Spencer, A. E. Hedin, B. G. Fejer, Interaction of zonal winds with the equatorial midnight pressure bulge in the Earth's thermosphere: empirical check of momentum balance, Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 491-494, 1985.
30. Kelley, M. C., The Earth's ionosphere, Academic Press, San Diego, California, 1989.
31. Kelley, M. C., and U. L. Hysell, Equatorial spread-F and neutral atmospheric turbulence: a review and comparative anatomy, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 53, 695-708, 1991.
32. Kelley, M. C., B. G. Fejer, and C. A. Gonzales, An explanation for anomalous equatorial ionospheric electric fields associated with a northward turning of the interplanetary magnetic field, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 301-304, 1979.
33. Kendall, P. C., Geomagnetic control of diffusion in the F2 region of the ionosphere. I. The form of the diffusion operator, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 24, 805-811, 1962.
34. Kendall, P. C., and W. M. Pickering, Magnetoplasma diffusion at F2-region altitudes, Planet. Space Sci., 15, 825-833, 1977.
35. King-Hele, D. G., The rotational speed of the upper atmosphere, determined from changes in satellite orbits, Planet. Space Sci., 12, 835-853, 1964.
36. King-Hele, D. G., and D. M. C. Walker, Upper-atmosphere zonal winds from satellite orbit analysis: an update. Planet. Space Sci., 36, 1085-1093, 1988.
37. Kohl, H., and J. W. King, Atmospheric winds between 100 and 700 km and their effects on the ionosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 29, 1045-1062, 1967.
38. Kohl, H., J. W. King, and D. Eccles, An explanation of the magnetic declination effect in the ionospheric F2-layer, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 31, 1011-1016, 1969.
39. Lyon, A. J., and L. Thomas, The F2-region equatorial anomaly in the African, American and East Asian sectors during sunspot minimum, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 25, 373-386, 1963.
40. McNish, A. G., Institute of Atmospheric and Terrestrial Magnetism and Electricity, Bulletin 10, 271-280, 1937.
41. McNish, A. G., and T. N. Gautier, Theory of lunar effects and midday decrease in F2 ion-density at Huancayo, Peru, Terr. Magn. Atmos. Elect., 54, 303-304, 1949.
42. Martyn, D. F., Atmospheric tides in the ionosphere. I. Solar tides in the F2 region, Proc. R. Soc. London, A189, 241-260, 1947.
43. Meriwether, J. W., M. A. Biondi, and D. N. Anderson, Equatorial airglovv depletions induced by thermospheric winds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 12, 487-490, 1985.
44. Meriwether, J. W., M. A. Biondi, F. A. Herrero, C. G. Fesen, and D. C. Hallenback, Optical interferometric studies of the night-time equatorial thermosphere: enhanced temperatures and zonal wind gradients, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 20 041-20 058, 1997.
45. Mitra, S. K., Geomagnetic control of region F2 of the ionosphere, Nature, 158, 668-669, 1946.
46. Moffett, R. J., The equatorial anomaly in the electron distribution of the terrestrial F-region, Fund. Cosmic Phys., 4, 313-391, 1979.
47. Namba, S., and K.-I. Maeda, Radio wave propagation, Corona Publishing, Tokyo, p. 86, 1939.
48. Raghavarao, R., J. N. Desai, B. G. Anandarao, R. Narayanan, R. Sekar, and R. Gupta, Evidence for a large scale electric field gradient at the onset of equatorial spread-F, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 46, 355-362, 1984.
49. Raghavarao, R., L. E. Wharton, N. W. Spencer, H. G. Mayr, and L. H. Brace, An equatorial temperature and wind anomaly (ETWA), Geophys. Res. Lett., 18, 1193-1196, 1991.
50. Raghavarao, R., W. R. Hoegy, N. W. Spencer, and L. E. Wharton, Neutral temperature anomaly in the equatorial thermosphere - a source of vertical winds, Geophys. Res. Lett., 20, 1027-1030, 1993.
51. Raghavarao, R., R. Suhasini, W. R. Hoegy, H. G. Mayr, and L. Wharton, Local time variation of equatorial temperature and zonal wind anomaly (ETWA), J. Atmos. Solar-Terr. Phys., 60, 631-642, 1998.
52. Rajaram, G., Structure of the equatorial F-region, topside and bottomside - a review, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 39, 1125-1144, 1977.
53. Rajaram, G., and R. G. Rastogi, Low-latitude F-region anomalies and the equatorial electric field, Indian J. Radio Space Phys., 3, 323-331, 1974.
54. Rajaram, G., and P. R. Pisharoty, The Earth's magnetic field, Oxford & IBH Publishing, New Delhi, Chapter 7, 1998.
55. Rastogi, R. G., H. Chandra, R. P. Sharma, and G. Rajaram, Ground-based measurements of ionospheric phenomena associated with the equatorial electrojet, Indian J. Radio Space Phys., 1, 119-135, 1972.
56. Ratcliffe, J. A., The formation of the ionospheric layers F-1 and F-2, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 8, 260-269, 1956.
57. Richmond, A. D., Modeling equatorial ionospheric electric fields, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 57, 1103-1115, 1995.
58. Richmond, A. D., E. C. Ridley, and R. G. Roble, A thermosphere/ ionosphere general circulation model with coupled electrodynamics, Geophys. Res. Lett., 19, 601-604, 1992.
59. Richmond, A. D., M. Blanc, B. A. Emery, R. H. Wand, B. G. Fejer, R. F. Woodman, S. Ganguly, P. Amayenc, R. A. Behnke, C. Calderon, and J. V. Evans, An empirical model of quiet-day ionospheric electric fields at middle and low latitudes, J. Geophys. Res., 85, 4658-4664, 1980.
60. Rishbeth, H., Dynamics of the equatorial F-region, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 39, 1159-1168, 1977.
61. Rishbeth, H., Ion-drag effects in the thermosphere, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 39, 885-894, 1979.
62. Rishbeth, H., A, J. Lyon, and M. Peart, Diffusion in the equatorial F-layer, J. Geophys. Res., 68, 2559-2569, 1963.
63. Rishbeth, H., I. C. F. Müller-Wodarg, L. Zou, T. J. Fuller-Rowell, G. H. Millward, R. J. Moffett, D. W. Idenden, and A. D. Aylward, Annual and semiannual variations in the ionospheric F2-layer: II. Physical discussion, Ann. Geophysicae, (in press), 2000.
64. Rüster, R., and J. R. Dudeney, The importance of the non-linear term in the equation of motion of the neutral atmosphere. J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 34, 1075-1083, 1972.
65. Shimazaki, T., World-wide variations in the height of maximum electron density of the ionospheric F2-layer, J. Radio. Res. Labs, 2(7), 85-97, 1955.
66. Spencer, N. W., G. R. Carignan, H. G. Mayr, H. B. Niemann, R. F. Theis, and L. E. Wharton, The midnight temperature maximum in the earth's equatorial thermosphere, Geophys. Res. Lett., 6, 444-446, 1979.
67. Sterling, D. L., W. B. Hanson, R. J. Moffett, and R. G. Baxter, Influence of electromagnetic drifts and neutral air winds on some features of the F2 region, Radio Sci., 4, 1005-1023, 1969.
68. Sterling, D. L., W. B. Hanson, and R. F. Woodman, Synthesis of data obtained at Jicamarca, Peru, during the September 11, 1969, eclipse, Radio Sci., 7, 279-289, 1972.
69. Tinsley, B. A., Neutral atom precipitation - a review, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 43, 617-632, 1981.
70. Thomas, L., The F2-region equatorial anomaly during solstice periods at sunspot maximum, J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 30, 1631-1640, 1968.
71. Van Zandt, T. E., R. B. Norton, and G. H. Stonehocker, Photochemical rates in the equatorial F2 region from the 1958 eclipse, J. Geophys. Res., 65, 2003-2009, 1960.
72. Van Zandt, T. E., W. L. Clark, and J. M. Warnock, Magnetic apex coordinates: a magnetic coordinate system for the ionospheric F2 layer, J. Geophys. Res., 77, 2406-2411, 1972.
73. Wharton, L. E., N. W. Spencer, and H. G. Mayr, The Earth's thermospheric superrotation from Dynamics Explorer 2, Geophys. Res. Lett., 11, 531-533, 1984.
74. Woodman, R. F., Vertical drifts and east-west electric fields at the magnetic equator, J. Geophys. Res., 75, 6249-6259, 1970.
75. Yonezawa, T., On the seasonal, non-seasonal and semi-annual variations in the peak electron density of the F2-layer at noon in the equatorial zone, J. Radio Res. Labs., 14, 1-25, 1967.
76. Yonezawa, T., Semi-annual variation in the true height of the F2-peak in low latitudes (at Puerto Rico), J. Atmos. Terr. Phys., 35, 1181-1186, 1973.