Mandela and Amabokoboko: The political and linguistic nationalisation of South Africa?

Journal of Modern African Studies

Volumn 34, Issue 3, 1996, Pages 459-477

  Booth, Douglas ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF OTAGO   (New Zealand)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 5844230708     PISSN: 0022278X     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/s0022278x00055555     Document Type: Article

References (111)

1. Etienne Balibar, 'The Nation Form: history and ideology', in Balibar and Immanuel Wallerstein, Race, Nation, Class: ambiguous identities (London, 1991), p. 96.
2. Lincoln Allison, 'The Changing Context of Sporting Life', in Allison (ed.), The Changing Politics of Sport (Manchester, 1993), pp. 4-5. See also, Eric Hobsbawn, 'Mass Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870-1914', in Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 298-303.
3. Lincoln Allison, 'The Changing Context of Sporting Life', in Allison (ed.), The Changing Politics of Sport (Manchester, 1993), pp. 4-5. See also, Eric Hobsbawn, 'Mass Producing Traditions: Europe, 1870-1914', in Hobsbawm and Terence Ranger (eds.), The Invention of Tradition (Cambridge, 1983), pp. 298-303.
4. Grant Jarvie, 'Sport, Nationalism and Cultural Identity', in Allison (ed.), op. cit. p. 74.
5. Ibid.
6. Five organisations were then jockeying for a place in the emerging sports order: the antiaparthtid South African Non-Racial Olympic Committee (SAN-ROC), the South African Council on Sport (SACOS), and the National Sports Congress (NSC), as well as the establishment South African National Olympic Committee (SANOC) and the Confederation of South African Sport (CSAS). SAN-ROC was formed in the early 19605 but state harassment forced its leaders into exile. Under Sam Ramsamy's guidance it forged close links with the International Olympic Committee, the Organisation of African Unity, and the United Nations, and its lobbying resulted in the almost total isolation of South African sport. SACOS was formed in 1973 and became the internal wing of the sports liberation movement. In 1989 a number of officials split from SACOS and formed the NSC which aligned itself to the African National Congress. Establishment sport refers to the white dominated network of clubs, national associations, and umbrella federations intertwined with the apartheid state.
7. Pretoria News, 7 November 1991.
8. Sunday Tribune (Durban), 20 October 1991; Daily Dispatch (East London), 12 November 1991; The Star, 16 November 1991 ; and The Citizen (Johannesburg), 18 and 19 November 1991.
9. Sunday Tribune (Durban), 20 October 1991; Daily Dispatch (East London), 12 November 1991; The Star, 16 November 1991 ; and The Citizen (Johannesburg), 18 and 19 November 1991.
10. Sunday Tribune (Durban), 20 October 1991; Daily Dispatch (East London), 12 November 1991; The Star, 16 November 1991 ; and The Citizen (Johannesburg), 18 and 19 November 1991.
11. Sunday Tribune (Durban), 20 October 1991; Daily Dispatch (East London), 12 November 1991; The Star, 16 November 1991 ; and The Citizen (Johannesburg), 18 and 19 November 1991.
12. The Citizen, 8 November 1991.
13. The Star, 15 November 1991.
14. Sunday Times (Johannesburg), 17 November 1991.
15. The Star, 22 November 1991. This reported survey was based on 772 white and 762 black respondents.
16. The Citizen, 8 November 1991.
17. D. H. Craven, 'Springboks', in D. J. Potgeiter (ed.), Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa (Cape Town, 1974). Nearly 20 years later, however, Craven, a former Springbok and president of the establishment South African Rugby Board, claimed that the Springbok was registered as the national emblem in 1903. Diamond Fields Advertiser (Kimberley), 20 March 1992.
18. D. H. Craven, 'Springboks', in D. J. Potgeiter (ed.), Standard Encyclopaedia of Southern Africa (Cape Town, 1974). Nearly 20 years later, however, Craven, a former Springbok and president of the establishment South African Rugby Board, claimed that the Springbok was registered as the national emblem in 1903. Diamond Fields Advertiser (Kimberley), 20 March 1992.
19. House of Assembly Debates (Pretoria), 1971, cols. 5031-2.
20. Robert Archer and Antoine Bouillon, The South African Game: sport and racism (London, 1982), pp. 121-2.
21. T. Dunbar Moodie, The Rise of Afrikanerdom (Berkeley, 1975), p. 246.
22. Archer and Bouillon, op. cit. p. 90.
23. George Nepia and Terry McLean, I, George Nepia : the golden years of rugby (Auckland, 1963).
24. Mary Draper, Sport and Race in South Africa Johannesburg, 1963), p. 6.
25. House of Assembly Debates, 1963, col. 753.
26. J. D. du P. Basson, in ibid. 1962, col. 5084.
27. Richard Lapchick, The Politics of Race and International Sport : the case of South Africa (Westport, CT, 1975), P. 3.
28. Archer and Bouillon, op. cit. p. 73.
29. Lapchick, op. cit. p. 10.
30. 'Sport and Apartheid', in Current Affairs Bulletin (Sydney), 46, 12, 1970, pp. 188-9.
31. For the first policy shift, see House of Assembly Debates, 1967, cols. 3959-68.
32. South African Institute of Race Relations (SAIRR), A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, 1975 Johannesburg, 1976), p. 279.
33. Ibid. 1976 (1977), p. 394.
34. Ibid. 1977 (1978), pp. 560 and 564.
35. Ibid. 1978 (1979), p. 491.
36. Ibid. 1980 (1981), p. 595.
37. The Future of Sport in Post-Apartheid South Africa', in Time (New York), 29 May 1995.
38. SAIRR, A Survey of Race Relations in South Africa, 1979 (Johannesburg, 1980), p. 588. SACOS expelled Norman Middleton on the grounds that the Labour Party collaborated in apartheid.
39. The Citizen, 1 July 1991.
40. Sunday Times, 10 February 1991.
41. City Press (Johannesburg), 19 May 1995.
42. Sunday Star (Johannesburg), 20 October 1991.
43. The Citizen, 31 July 1994.
44. Die Patriot (Pretoria), 5 July 1991.
45. Sunday Times, 22 September 1991.
46. City Press, 1 December 1991, which did not reveal the number of callers.
47. Sunday Star, 3 Novem ber 1991.
48. In the early hours of 17 June 1992, an Inkatha impi (battalion) from the KwaMadala hostel (Vanderbijlpark, Southern Transaal), allegedly assisted by South African police, massacred 42 residents in an adjacent squatter settlement known as Boipatong. On 7 September, 70,000 ANC supporters staged a protest march in Bisho, capital of Ciskei. The Homeland's troops, under the command of a colonel seconded from the South African Defence Force, opened fire and killed 28 People.
49. Janus Waluz, a Polish émigré linked with the Conservative Party and the paramilitary Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging (AWB), assassinated the popular and militant Chris Hani in April 1993.
50. Rapport (Johannesburg), 16 August 1992.
51. 'Score One for Bad Behaviour', in Newsweek (New York), 23 November 1992.
52. The Citizen, 1 April 1992.
53. New Nation (Johannesburg), 26 June 1992, and The Citizen, 25 June 1992.
54. New Nation (Johannesburg), 26 June 1992, and The Citizen, 25 June 1992.
55. Weekend Post (Durban), 5 October 1991.
56. Heribert Adam and Kogila Moodley, The Negotiated Revolution : society and politics in postapartheid South Africa (Johannesburg, 1993), p. 27.
57. The Star, 30 March 1992. Late the following year the NSC finally approved a white Protea on a green and gold background. Sunday Tribune, 31 October 1993. At successive meetings during 1993 the NSC reaffirmed its decision to adopt the Protea and demanded that affiliates comply.
58. The Star, 30 March 1992. Late the following year the NSC finally approved a white Protea on a green and gold background. Sunday Tribune, 31 October 1993. At successive meetings during 1993 the NSC reaffirmed its decision to adopt the Protea and demanded that affiliates comply.
59. The Star, 13 June 1994.
60. Sunday Times, 26 February 1995.
61. Sowetan (Johannesburg), 20 April 1995. See also, Sunday Times, 23 April 1995.
62. Sowetan (Johannesburg), 20 April 1995. See also, Sunday Times, 23 April 1995.
63. Injured during the Test against Western Samoa, Coloured player Chester Williams only returned to the Springbok side midway through the tournament.
64. The Citizen, 25 May 1995.
65. Cape Times (Cape Town), 19 October 1991, and The Citizen, 25 May 1995.
66. Cape Times (Cape Town), 19 October 1991, and The Citizen, 25 May 1995.
67. Adam and Moodley, op. cit. p. 43.
68. Cape Times, 4 September 1993, and personal interview, 22 December 1994.
69. 'Score One for Bad Behaviour', op. cit. and Tommy Bedford, 'New Body, Same Old Face', in Guardian Weekly (London), 27 November 1992.
70. 'Score One for Bad Behaviour', op. cit. and Tommy Bedford, 'New Body, Same Old Face', in Guardian Weekly (London), 27 November 1992.
71. Recounted by Tim Noakes, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, public lecture, 25 October 1995.
72. Cape Times, 30 May 1995.
73. Editorial, Sowetan, 25 May 1995.
74. Balibar, loc. cit. pp. 93-5.
75. Sowetan, 26 and 29 May 1995.
76. 'Bok Emblem Gets Steve Tshwete's Vote', in Weekend Post, 12 October 1991, and Eastern Province Herald (Port Elizabeth), 10 December 1991.
77. 'Bok Emblem Gets Steve Tshwete's Vote', in Weekend Post, 12 October 1991, and Eastern Province Herald (Port Elizabeth), 10 December 1991.
78. Kadar Asmal, 'Let's Steal the Springbok from Verwoerd', in Weekly Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg), 28 July 1995. President Mandela made the same point in support of the Springbok, noting that he too lived and worked in buildings constructed during apartheid. The Citizen, 26 June 1995.
79. Kadar Asmal, 'Let's Steal the Springbok from Verwoerd', in Weekly Mail and Guardian (Johannesburg), 28 July 1995. President Mandela made the same point in support of the Springbok, noting that he too lived and worked in buildings constructed during apartheid. The Citizen, 26 June 1995.
80. Balibar, loc. cit. pp. 98-9. See also, Barry Hindess, 'Actors and Social Relations', in Mark Wardell and Stephen Turner (eds.), Sociological Theory in Transition (Boston, 1988), p. 118.
81. Balibar, loc. cit. pp. 98-9. See also, Barry Hindess, 'Actors and Social Relations', in Mark Wardell and Stephen Turner (eds.), Sociological Theory in Transition (Boston, 1988), p. 118.
82. Immanuel Wallerstein, 'The Construction of Peoplehood : racism, nationalism, ethnicity', in Balibar and Wallerstein, op. cit. p. 73.
83. Ibid.
84. Home of Assembly Debates, 1995, cols. 2745 and 2756.
85. Cosmas Desmond, 'But What About the RDP?', in Daily News, 12 June 1995.
86. City Press, 4 June 1995.
87. The Citizen, 20 June 1995.
88. Sowetan, 26 June 1995.
89. City Press, 25 June 1995.
90. The Star, 26 June 1995.
91. Ibid, and Cape Times, 17 August 1995.
92. Ibid, and Cape Times, 17 August 1995.
93. The Citizen, 26 June 1995.
94. Ibid. 8 March 1996. The emblems commission comprised senior sports officials from both the old establishment and the anti-aparlheid movement.
95. Saturday Star, 9 March 1996, and Sowetan, 12 March 1996.
96. Saturday Star, 9 March 1996, and Sowetan, 12 March 1996.
97. Tshwete, for example, attempted to stifle ANC MPs who criticised the Springbok emblem during a public committee debate on his department's budget allocation. House of Assembly Debates, 1995, col. 2772.
98. Eastern Province Herald, 24 June 1995.
99. The Citizen, 29 June 1995.
100. Goran Therborn, The Ideology of Power and the Power of Ideology (London, 1980), p. 78.
101. Sowelan, 20 April 1995.
102. Colin Tatz, Obstacle Race: aborigines in sport (Sydney, 1995), p. 109.
103. Sowetan, 9 January 1995.
104. Business Day (Johannesburg), 27 June 1995.
105. Balibar, loc. cit. p. 97.
106. Ibid. pp. 98-9.
107. Pierre Bourdieu, Outline of a Theory of Practice (Cambridge, 1977), p. 94.
108. Jarvie, loc. cit. p. 73.
109. City Press, 2 July 1995.
110. Sowetan, 29 June 1995.
111. Editorial, New Nation, 30 June 1995.