What's in a map? Regional restructuring and the state in independent Namibia

Regional Development Dialogue

Volumn 17, Issue 2, 1996, Pages

  Simon, David ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 5844223833     PISSN: 02506505     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (85)

1. For most nontechnical staff, this was the Ministry of Local Government and Housing (later renamed the Ministry of Regional and Local Government and Housing or MRLGH).
2. They were Judge Johan Strydom (Chair), Gerhard K. H. Tötemeyer (University of Namibia), and Martin Shipanga (prominent businessman and former inspector of schools). They were able to draw extensively on civil servants in relevant ministries and were served by a professional secretary and two expatriate expert advisors, including the present author.
3. See, for example, Walter B. Stöhr and Derek R. F. Taylor, eds., Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries (Chichester: Wiley, 1981); J. L. Coraggio, "Social Spaceness and the Concept of Region" in F. Moulaert and P. W. Salinas, eds., Regional Development and the New International Division of Labour (Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff, 1983); David Dewar, Alison Todes, and Vanessa Watson, Regional Development and Settlement Policy (London: Allen and Unwin, 1986); D. A. Rondinelli et al., "Analysing Decentralization Policies in Developing Countries: A Political Economy Framework," Development and Change 20 (1:1989):57-87; David Slater, "Territorial Power and the Peripheral State: The Issue of Decentralization," Development and Change 20 (3:1989):501-31 ; and David Simon, "The Question of Regions" in David Simon, ed., Third World Regional Development: A Reappraisal (London: Paul Chapman, 1990).
4. See, for example, Walter B. Stöhr and Derek R. F. Taylor, eds., Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries (Chichester: Wiley, 1981); J. L. Coraggio, "Social Spaceness and the Concept of Region" in F. Moulaert and P. W. Salinas, eds., Regional Development and the New International Division of Labour (Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff, 1983); David Dewar, Alison Todes, and Vanessa Watson, Regional Development and Settlement Policy (London: Allen and Unwin, 1986); D. A. Rondinelli et al., "Analysing Decentralization Policies in Developing Countries: A Political Economy Framework," Development and Change 20 (1:1989):57-87; David Slater, "Territorial Power and the Peripheral State: The Issue of Decentralization," Development and Change 20 (3:1989):501-31 ; and David Simon, "The Question of Regions" in David Simon, ed., Third World Regional Development: A Reappraisal (London: Paul Chapman, 1990).
5. See, for example, Walter B. Stöhr and Derek R. F. Taylor, eds., Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries (Chichester: Wiley, 1981); J. L. Coraggio, "Social Spaceness and the Concept of Region" in F. Moulaert and P. W. Salinas, eds., Regional Development and the New International Division of Labour (Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff, 1983); David Dewar, Alison Todes, and Vanessa Watson, Regional Development and Settlement Policy (London: Allen and Unwin, 1986); D. A. Rondinelli et al., "Analysing Decentralization Policies in Developing Countries: A Political Economy Framework," Development and Change 20 (1:1989):57-87; David Slater, "Territorial Power and the Peripheral State: The Issue of Decentralization," Development and Change 20 (3:1989):501-31 ; and David Simon, "The Question of Regions" in David Simon, ed., Third World Regional Development: A Reappraisal (London: Paul Chapman, 1990).
6. See, for example, Walter B. Stöhr and Derek R. F. Taylor, eds., Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries (Chichester: Wiley, 1981); J. L. Coraggio, "Social Spaceness and the Concept of Region" in F. Moulaert and P. W. Salinas, eds., Regional Development and the New International Division of Labour (Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff, 1983); David Dewar, Alison Todes, and Vanessa Watson, Regional Development and Settlement Policy (London: Allen and Unwin, 1986); D. A. Rondinelli et al., "Analysing Decentralization Policies in Developing Countries: A Political Economy Framework," Development and Change 20 (1:1989):57-87; David Slater, "Territorial Power and the Peripheral State: The Issue of Decentralization," Development and Change 20 (3:1989):501-31 ; and David Simon, "The Question of Regions" in David Simon, ed., Third World Regional Development: A Reappraisal (London: Paul Chapman, 1990).
7. See, for example, Walter B. Stöhr and Derek R. F. Taylor, eds., Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries (Chichester: Wiley, 1981); J. L. Coraggio, "Social Spaceness and the Concept of Region" in F. Moulaert and P. W. Salinas, eds., Regional Development and the New International Division of Labour (Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff, 1983); David Dewar, Alison Todes, and Vanessa Watson, Regional Development and Settlement Policy (London: Allen and Unwin, 1986); D. A. Rondinelli et al., "Analysing Decentralization Policies in Developing Countries: A Political Economy Framework," Development and Change 20 (1:1989):57-87; David Slater, "Territorial Power and the Peripheral State: The Issue of Decentralization," Development and Change 20 (3:1989):501-31 ; and David Simon, "The Question of Regions" in David Simon, ed., Third World Regional Development: A Reappraisal (London: Paul Chapman, 1990).
8. See, for example, Walter B. Stöhr and Derek R. F. Taylor, eds., Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries (Chichester: Wiley, 1981); J. L. Coraggio, "Social Spaceness and the Concept of Region" in F. Moulaert and P. W. Salinas, eds., Regional Development and the New International Division of Labour (Boston: Kluwer-Nijhoff, 1983); David Dewar, Alison Todes, and Vanessa Watson, Regional Development and Settlement Policy (London: Allen and Unwin, 1986); D. A. Rondinelli et al., "Analysing Decentralization Policies in Developing Countries: A Political Economy Framework," Development and Change 20 (1:1989):57-87; David Slater, "Territorial Power and the Peripheral State: The Issue of Decentralization," Development and Change 20 (3:1989):501-31 ; and David Simon, "The Question of Regions" in David Simon, ed., Third World Regional Development: A Reappraisal (London: Paul Chapman, 1990).
9. Republic of Namibia, Report by the First Delimitation Commission of Namibia on the Determination of Regions, Constituencies and Local Authorities (Windhoek, 1991); Gerhard K. H. Tötemeyer, "The Reconstruction of the Namibian National, Regional and Local State" (Research Report 7) (Windhoek: Namibian Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Namibia, no date); James D. Sidaway and David Simon, "Geopolitical Transition and State Formation: The Changing Political Geographies of Angola, Mozambique and Namibia," Journal of Southern African Studies 19 (1:1993) :6-28; and David Simon, "Namibia's New Geopolitics: Lessons for South Africa," Indicator South Africa 10 (4:1993):73-6.
10. Republic of Namibia, Report by the First Delimitation Commission of Namibia on the Determination of Regions, Constituencies and Local Authorities (Windhoek, 1991); Gerhard K. H. Tötemeyer, "The Reconstruction of the Namibian National, Regional and Local State" (Research Report 7) (Windhoek: Namibian Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Namibia, no date); James D. Sidaway and David Simon, "Geopolitical Transition and State Formation: The Changing Political Geographies of Angola, Mozambique and Namibia," Journal of Southern African Studies 19 (1:1993) :6-28; and David Simon, "Namibia's New Geopolitics: Lessons for South Africa," Indicator South Africa 10 (4:1993):73-6.
11. Republic of Namibia, Report by the First Delimitation Commission of Namibia on the Determination of Regions, Constituencies and Local Authorities (Windhoek, 1991); Gerhard K. H. Tötemeyer, "The Reconstruction of the Namibian National, Regional and Local State" (Research Report 7) (Windhoek: Namibian Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Namibia, no date); James D. Sidaway and David Simon, "Geopolitical Transition and State Formation: The Changing Political Geographies of Angola, Mozambique and Namibia," Journal of Southern African Studies 19 (1:1993) :6-28; and David Simon, "Namibia's New Geopolitics: Lessons for South Africa," Indicator South Africa 10 (4:1993):73-6.
12. Republic of Namibia, Report by the First Delimitation Commission of Namibia on the Determination of Regions, Constituencies and Local Authorities (Windhoek, 1991); Gerhard K. H. Tötemeyer, "The Reconstruction of the Namibian National, Regional and Local State" (Research Report 7) (Windhoek: Namibian Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Namibia, no date); James D. Sidaway and David Simon, "Geopolitical Transition and State Formation: The Changing Political Geographies of Angola, Mozambique and Namibia," Journal of Southern African Studies 19 (1:1993) :6-28; and David Simon, "Namibia's New Geopolitics: Lessons for South Africa," Indicator South Africa 10 (4:1993):73-6.
13. Liambezi, the northeastemmost region, was changed to Caprivi; Mopani and Marula, the two northernmost regions, became Omusati and Ohangwena, respectively, while Waterberg in the east became Otjozondjupa.
14. Republic of Namibia, Government Gazette 368.
15. It is noteworthy that the process subsequently followed in South Africa during the multiparty negotiating conference which drew up the interim constitution on which the first nonracial elections were fought, was very different. Various regional/provincial boundary proposals were submitted by the participating parties alongside their campaigns for a unitary or federal state structure. This was therefore highly politicized and contested in a way not seen in Namibia, where the political system is still in its infancy and the social scale is far smaller. However, in the end. South Africa's formal boundary demarcation process was conducted far too rapidly to enable the in-depth investigations carried out in Namibia. See Richard Humphries, Thabo Rapoo, and Steven Friedman, "The Shape of the Country: Negotiating Regional Government" in Steven Friedman and Doreen Atkinson, eds., South African Review 7: The Small Miracle; South Africa's Negotiated Settlement (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1994); Richard Humphries and Thabo Rapoo, eds., Governing the Provinces (Johannesburg: Centre for Policy Studies in association with the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES), 1994); Yvonne G. Muthien and Meshack M. Khosa, "The Kingdom, the Volkstaat and the New South Africa: Drawing South Africa's New Regional Boundaries," Journal of Southern African Studies 21 (2:1995):303-22; and Roddy Fox, "Regional Proposals: Their Constitutional and Geographical Significance" in Anthony Lemon, ed., The Geography of Change in South Africa (Chichester: Wiley, 1995).
16. It is noteworthy that the process subsequently followed in South Africa during the multiparty negotiating conference which drew up the interim constitution on which the first nonracial elections were fought, was very different. Various regional/provincial boundary proposals were submitted by the participating parties alongside their campaigns for a unitary or federal state structure. This was therefore highly politicized and contested in a way not seen in Namibia, where the political system is still in its infancy and the social scale is far smaller. However, in the end. South Africa's formal boundary demarcation process was conducted far too rapidly to enable the in-depth investigations carried out in Namibia. See Richard Humphries, Thabo Rapoo, and Steven Friedman, "The Shape of the Country: Negotiating Regional Government" in Steven Friedman and Doreen Atkinson, eds., South African Review 7: The Small Miracle; South Africa's Negotiated Settlement (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1994); Richard Humphries and Thabo Rapoo, eds., Governing the Provinces (Johannesburg: Centre for Policy Studies in association with the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES), 1994); Yvonne G. Muthien and Meshack M. Khosa, "The Kingdom, the Volkstaat and the New South Africa: Drawing South Africa's New Regional Boundaries," Journal of Southern African Studies 21 (2:1995):303-22; and Roddy Fox, "Regional Proposals: Their Constitutional and Geographical Significance" in Anthony Lemon, ed., The Geography of Change in South Africa (Chichester: Wiley, 1995).
17. It is noteworthy that the process subsequently followed in South Africa during the multiparty negotiating conference which drew up the interim constitution on which the first nonracial elections were fought, was very different. Various regional/provincial boundary proposals were submitted by the participating parties alongside their campaigns for a unitary or federal state structure. This was therefore highly politicized and contested in a way not seen in Namibia, where the political system is still in its infancy and the social scale is far smaller. However, in the end. South Africa's formal boundary demarcation process was conducted far too rapidly to enable the in-depth investigations carried out in Namibia. See Richard Humphries, Thabo Rapoo, and Steven Friedman, "The Shape of the Country: Negotiating Regional Government" in Steven Friedman and Doreen Atkinson, eds., South African Review 7: The Small Miracle; South Africa's Negotiated Settlement (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1994); Richard Humphries and Thabo Rapoo, eds., Governing the Provinces (Johannesburg: Centre for Policy Studies in association with the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES), 1994); Yvonne G. Muthien and Meshack M. Khosa, "The Kingdom, the Volkstaat and the New South Africa: Drawing South Africa's New Regional Boundaries," Journal of Southern African Studies 21 (2:1995):303-22; and Roddy Fox, "Regional Proposals: Their Constitutional and Geographical Significance" in Anthony Lemon, ed., The Geography of Change in South Africa (Chichester: Wiley, 1995).
18. It is noteworthy that the process subsequently followed in South Africa during the multiparty negotiating conference which drew up the interim constitution on which the first nonracial elections were fought, was very different. Various regional/provincial boundary proposals were submitted by the participating parties alongside their campaigns for a unitary or federal state structure. This was therefore highly politicized and contested in a way not seen in Namibia, where the political system is still in its infancy and the social scale is far smaller. However, in the end. South Africa's formal boundary demarcation process was conducted far too rapidly to enable the in-depth investigations carried out in Namibia. See Richard Humphries, Thabo Rapoo, and Steven Friedman, "The Shape of the Country: Negotiating Regional Government" in Steven Friedman and Doreen Atkinson, eds., South African Review 7: The Small Miracle; South Africa's Negotiated Settlement (Johannesburg: Ravan, 1994); Richard Humphries and Thabo Rapoo, eds., Governing the Provinces (Johannesburg: Centre for Policy Studies in association with the Friedrich Ebert Stiftung (FES), 1994); Yvonne G. Muthien and Meshack M. Khosa, "The Kingdom, the Volkstaat and the New South Africa: Drawing South Africa's New Regional Boundaries," Journal of Southern African Studies 21 (2:1995):303-22; and Roddy Fox, "Regional Proposals: Their Constitutional and Geographical Significance" in Anthony Lemon, ed., The Geography of Change in South Africa (Chichester: Wiley, 1995).
19. Republic of Namibia, "Regional Councils Act," Government Gazette 469 (Windhoek, 31 August 1992); and "Local Authorities Act," Government Gazette 470 (Windhoek, 31 August 1992).
20. Republic of Namibia, "Regional Councils Act," Government Gazette 469 (Windhoek, 31 August 1992); and "Local Authorities Act," Government Gazette 470 (Windhoek, 31 August 1992).
21. David Simon, "Non-Racial Local Authorities in Independent Namibia: An Evaluation of the First Two Years; Summary Report" (Unpublished report circulated to local authorities, the MRLGH, and other interested parties) (Egham, Surrey, October 1995); and his "Restructuring the State in Post-Apartheid Cities: Namibian Experience and Lessons for South Africa," African Affairs 95 (378:1996):51-84.
22. David Simon, "Non-Racial Local Authorities in Independent Namibia: An Evaluation of the First Two Years; Summary Report" (Unpublished report circulated to local authorities, the MRLGH, and other interested parties) (Egham, Surrey, October 1995); and his "Restructuring the State in Post-Apartheid Cities: Namibian Experience and Lessons for South Africa," African Affairs 95 (378:1996):51-84.
23. Republic of Namibia, Regional Councils Act, pp. 36-7.
24. Frayne et al., Regional Development Strategy for Oshana, Omusati, Ohangwena and O shikoto (Northern Namibia) (Research Report 13) (Windhoek: Social Sciences Division, Multi-Disciplinary Research Centre, University of Namibia, 1993); Gerhard K. H. Tötemeyer, André du Pisani, and Victor Tonchi, Namibia Regional Resources Manual (Windhoek: FES, 1994); and National Planning Commission (NPC), National Development Planning and the Regions of Namibia (Windhoek: NPC and Social Sciences Division, Multi-Disciplinary Research Centre, University of Namibia, 1994).
25. Frayne et al., Regional Development Strategy for Oshana, Omusati, Ohangwena and O shikoto (Northern Namibia) (Research Report 13) (Windhoek: Social Sciences Division, Multi-Disciplinary Research Centre, University of Namibia, 1993); Gerhard K. H. Tötemeyer, André du Pisani, and Victor Tonchi, Namibia Regional Resources Manual (Windhoek: FES, 1994); and National Planning Commission (NPC), National Development Planning and the Regions of Namibia (Windhoek: NPC and Social Sciences Division, Multi-Disciplinary Research Centre, University of Namibia, 1994).
26. Frayne et al., Regional Development Strategy for Oshana, Omusati, Ohangwena and O shikoto (Northern Namibia) (Research Report 13) (Windhoek: Social Sciences Division, Multi-Disciplinary Research Centre, University of Namibia, 1993); Gerhard K. H. Tötemeyer, André du Pisani, and Victor Tonchi, Namibia Regional Resources Manual (Windhoek: FES, 1994); and National Planning Commission (NPC), National Development Planning and the Regions of Namibia (Windhoek: NPC and Social Sciences Division, Multi-Disciplinary Research Centre, University of Namibia, 1994).
27. Gerhard K. H. Tötemeyer, "Government by the People; Regional Councils in Namibia - An Appraisal" (Association of Regional Councils in Namibia, Launching Congress) (Windhoek, 1995), pp. 59-83.
28. David Simon, "Strategic Territory and Territorial Strategy: The Geopolitics of Walvis Bay's Reintegration into Namibia," Political Geography 15 (2:1996):193-219.
29. Reinhard Kössler, "Towards Greater Participation and Equality? Some Findings in the 1992 Regional and Local Elections in Namibia" (Working Paper 27) (Windhoek: Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit, 1993); and Wade C. Pendleton et al., A Study of Voting Behaviour in the 1992 Namibian Regional and Local Government Elections, Plus Election Statistics (Windhoek: University of Namibia, 1993).
30. Reinhard Kössler, "Towards Greater Participation and Equality? Some Findings in the 1992 Regional and Local Elections in Namibia" (Working Paper 27) (Windhoek: Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit, 1993); and Wade C. Pendleton et al., A Study of Voting Behaviour in the 1992 Namibian Regional and Local Government Elections, Plus Election Statistics (Windhoek: University of Namibia, 1993).
31. This refers to Aris and Kappsfarm (both in Khomas region), Omitara and Summerdown (both Omaheke) and Wlotzkasbaken (Erongo) (See Republic of Namibia, Government Gazette, 8 September 1993; and Simon, "Non-Racial Local Authorities in Independent Namibia"; and his "Restructuring the State in Post-Apartheid Cities").
32. This refers to Aris and Kappsfarm (both in Khomas region), Omitara and Summerdown (both Omaheke) and Wlotzkasbaken (Erongo) (See Republic of Namibia, Government Gazette, 8 September 1993; and Simon, "Non-Racial Local Authorities in Independent Namibia"; and his "Restructuring the State in Post-Apartheid Cities").
33. This refers to Aris and Kappsfarm (both in Khomas region), Omitara and Summerdown (both Omaheke) and Wlotzkasbaken (Erongo) (See Republic of Namibia, Government Gazette, 8 September 1993; and Simon, "Non-Racial Local Authorities in Independent Namibia"; and his "Restructuring the State in Post-Apartheid Cities").
34. These are Noordoewer, Warmbad, Ariamsvlei, and Grönau (Karas region), and Kalkfeld (Otjozondjupa) (see Gerhard Tötemeyer, Director of Elections, personal comments, 3 November 1995 and 14 March 1996).
35. Survey results; see also Namibian, 18 March 1994; New Era 4-10 and 11-17 August 1994; unpublished annual reports of regional councils; and the somewhat different annual reports of regional councils tabled in the National Council - see Republic of Namibia, Debates of the National Council 1993 Seventh Session, First Parliament, 12 October-30 November 1993, Vol. 4.
36. Survey results; see also Namibian, 18 March 1994; New Era 4-10 and 11-17 August 1994; unpublished annual reports of regional councils; and the somewhat different annual reports of regional councils tabled in the National Council - see Republic of Namibia, Debates of the National Council 1993 Seventh Session, First Parliament, 12 October-30 November 1993, Vol. 4.
37. Survey results; see also Namibian, 18 March 1994; New Era 4-10 and 11-17 August 1994; unpublished annual reports of regional councils; and the somewhat different annual reports of regional councils tabled in the National Council - see Republic of Namibia, Debates of the National Council 1993 Seventh Session, First Parliament, 12 October-30 November 1993, Vol. 4.
38. NPC, National Development Planning and the Regions of Namibia.
39. New Era, 20-26 July 1995. See also Gerhard K. H. Tötemeyer, "Government by the People," Namibian, 18 July 1994; and "Declaration of Intent to Form an Association for Regional Councils in the Republic of Namibia" (Windhoek, press release by regional councils, 15 July 1994).
40. New Era, 20-26 July 1995. See also Gerhard K. H. Tötemeyer, "Government by the People," Namibian, 18 July 1994; and "Declaration of Intent to Form an Association for Regional Councils in the Republic of Namibia" (Windhoek, press release by regional councils, 15 July 1994).
41. New Era, 20-26 July 1995. See also Gerhard K. H. Tötemeyer, "Government by the People," Namibian, 18 July 1994; and "Declaration of Intent to Form an Association for Regional Councils in the Republic of Namibia" (Windhoek, press release by regional councils, 15 July 1994).
42. Gerhard K. H. Tötemeyer, André du Pisani, and Victor Tonchi, "Regional Councils Workshop, September 1993-February 1994: Report" (Unpublished report to FES and MRLGH) (Windhoek, 1994).
43. Interestingly, very similar feedback was obtained from general training programmes provided to office bearers of township civic associations and advice offices in South Africa to assist them to adapt from a culture of resistance to apartheid to one of more conventional development activism in the rapidly changing political situation there in the early 1990s (see Jeremy Seekings, Khehla Shubane, and David Simon, "An Evaluation of the European Community/Kagiso Trust Civic and Advice Centre Programme," Final Report, Pretoria/Johannesburg, March 1993).
44. Republic of Namibia, Debates of the National Council 1993. Interestingly, at the same time, most National Council members strongly criticized the Caprivi region report as being too negative and for concentrating on the divisive ethnic feuding there, while omitting any reference to positive developments such as government infrastructural projects in the region.
45. Republic of Namibia, Debates of the National Council 1993, pp. 86 and 128-31.
46. See, for example, Namibian, 21 October 1994 (Windhoek); and Tötemeyer, "Government by the People," p. 9. The latter argues that this situation clearly violates the Regional Councils Act and the offender's resignation should be sought and required by law.
47. See, for example, Namibian, 21 October 1994 (Windhoek); and Tötemeyer, "Government by the People," p. 9. The latter argues that this situation clearly violates the Regional Councils Act and the offender's resignation should be sought and required by law.
48. Simon, "Non-racial Local Authorities in Independent Namibia"; and his, "Restructuring the Local State in Post-Apartheid Cities."
49. Simon, "Non-racial Local Authorities in Independent Namibia"; and his, "Restructuring the Local State in Post-Apartheid Cities."
50. Interview with Kandy Nehova, Windhoek, 21 February 1995.
51. Interview with Libertine Amathila, Windhoek, 28 July 1994.
52. Republic of Namibia, Regional Councils Act, p. 39.
53. Interview with Titus Mbaeva, Windhoek, 28 July 1994.
54. Ibid.
55. Interview with Titus Mbaeva, Windhoek, 16 February 1995.
56. For example, William Tordoff, ed., Administration in Zambia (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1980); Jean-Francois Bayart, The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly (Harrow: Longman, 1993); Philip Mawhood, ed., Local Government in the Third World: Experience of Decentralization in Tropical Africa (2nd edition) (Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa, 1993); and Peter Gibbon, ed., "The New Local Level Politics in East Africa" (Research Report 95) (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1994).
57. For example, William Tordoff, ed., Administration in Zambia (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1980); Jean-Francois Bayart, The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly (Harrow: Longman, 1993); Philip Mawhood, ed., Local Government in the Third World: Experience of Decentralization in Tropical Africa (2nd edition) (Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa, 1993); and Peter Gibbon, ed., "The New Local Level Politics in East Africa" (Research Report 95) (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1994).
58. For example, William Tordoff, ed., Administration in Zambia (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1980); Jean-Francois Bayart, The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly (Harrow: Longman, 1993); Philip Mawhood, ed., Local Government in the Third World: Experience of Decentralization in Tropical Africa (2nd edition) (Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa, 1993); and Peter Gibbon, ed., "The New Local Level Politics in East Africa" (Research Report 95) (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1994).
59. For example, William Tordoff, ed., Administration in Zambia (Manchester: University of Manchester Press, 1980); Jean-Francois Bayart, The State in Africa: The Politics of the Belly (Harrow: Longman, 1993); Philip Mawhood, ed., Local Government in the Third World: Experience of Decentralization in Tropical Africa (2nd edition) (Pretoria: Africa Institute of South Africa, 1993); and Peter Gibbon, ed., "The New Local Level Politics in East Africa" (Research Report 95) (Uppsala: Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1994).
60. James Sidaway and David Simon, "Spatial Policies and Uneven Development in the 'Marxist-Leninist' States of the Third World" in Simon, ed., Third World Regional Development; Sidaway and Simon, "Geopolitical Transition and State Formation: The Changing Political Geographies of Angola, Mozambique and Namibia"; and David Simon, "The Demise of 'Socialist' State Forms in Africa: An Overview," Journal of International Development 7 (5:1995):707-39.
61. James Sidaway and David Simon, "Spatial Policies and Uneven Development in the 'Marxist-Leninist' States of the Third World" in Simon, ed., Third World Regional Development; Sidaway and Simon, "Geopolitical Transition and State Formation: The Changing Political Geographies of Angola, Mozambique and Namibia"; and David Simon, "The Demise of 'Socialist' State Forms in Africa: An Overview," Journal of International Development 7 (5:1995):707-39.
62. James Sidaway and David Simon, "Spatial Policies and Uneven Development in the 'Marxist-Leninist' States of the Third World" in Simon, ed., Third World Regional Development; Sidaway and Simon, "Geopolitical Transition and State Formation: The Changing Political Geographies of Angola, Mozambique and Namibia"; and David Simon, "The Demise of 'Socialist' State Forms in Africa: An Overview," Journal of International Development 7 (5:1995):707-39.
63. See Colin Leys and John S. Saul, eds., Namibia's Liberation Struggle: The Two-Edged Sword (London: James Currey; and Athens, OH: Ohio University Press, 1995).
64. G. Shabbir Cheema and Dennis A. Rondinelli, eds., Decentralization and Development: Policy Imple mentation in Developing Countries (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1983); Simon, ed., Third World Regional Development; Gibbon, The New Local Level Politics in East Africa; Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World; William Tordoff and Ralph Young, "Decentralization and Public Sector Reform in Zambia," Journal of Southern African Studies 20 (2:1994):285-99; Richard C. Crook, "Four Years of the Ghana District Assemblies in Operation: Decentralization, Democratization and Administrative Performance," Public Administration and Development 14 (4:1994):339-64; and Joseph R. A. Ayee, "The Measurement of Decentralization: The Ghanaian Experience, 1988-92 "African Affairs 95 (378:1996):31-50.
65. G. Shabbir Cheema and Dennis A. Rondinelli, eds., Decentralization and Development: Policy Imple mentation in Developing Countries (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1983); Simon, ed., Third World Regional Development; Gibbon, The New Local Level Politics in East Africa; Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World; William Tordoff and Ralph Young, "Decentralization and Public Sector Reform in Zambia," Journal of Southern African Studies 20 (2:1994):285-99; Richard C. Crook, "Four Years of the Ghana District Assemblies in Operation: Decentralization, Democratization and Administrative Performance," Public Administration and Development 14 (4:1994):339-64; and Joseph R. A. Ayee, "The Measurement of Decentralization: The Ghanaian Experience, 1988-92 "African Affairs 95 (378:1996):31-50.
66. G. Shabbir Cheema and Dennis A. Rondinelli, eds., Decentralization and Development: Policy Imple mentation in Developing Countries (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1983); Simon, ed., Third World Regional Development; Gibbon, The New Local Level Politics in East Africa; Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World; William Tordoff and Ralph Young, "Decentralization and Public Sector Reform in Zambia," Journal of Southern African Studies 20 (2:1994):285-99; Richard C. Crook, "Four Years of the Ghana District Assemblies in Operation: Decentralization, Democratization and Administrative Performance," Public Administration and Development 14 (4:1994):339-64; and Joseph R. A. Ayee, "The Measurement of Decentralization: The Ghanaian Experience, 1988-92 "African Affairs 95 (378:1996):31-50.
67. G. Shabbir Cheema and Dennis A. Rondinelli, eds., Decentralization and Development: Policy Imple mentation in Developing Countries (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1983); Simon, ed., Third World Regional Development; Gibbon, The New Local Level Politics in East Africa; Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World; William Tordoff and Ralph Young, "Decentralization and Public Sector Reform in Zambia," Journal of Southern African Studies 20 (2:1994):285-99; Richard C. Crook, "Four Years of the Ghana District Assemblies in Operation: Decentralization, Democratization and Administrative Performance," Public Administration and Development 14 (4:1994):339-64; and Joseph R. A. Ayee, "The Measurement of Decentralization: The Ghanaian Experience, 1988-92 "African Affairs 95 (378:1996):31-50.
68. G. Shabbir Cheema and Dennis A. Rondinelli, eds., Decentralization and Development: Policy Imple mentation in Developing Countries (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1983); Simon, ed., Third World Regional Development; Gibbon, The New Local Level Politics in East Africa; Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World; William Tordoff and Ralph Young, "Decentralization and Public Sector Reform in Zambia," Journal of Southern African Studies 20 (2:1994):285-99; Richard C. Crook, "Four Years of the Ghana District Assemblies in Operation: Decentralization, Democratization and Administrative Performance," Public Administration and Development 14 (4:1994):339-64; and Joseph R. A. Ayee, "The Measurement of Decentralization: The Ghanaian Experience, 1988-92 "African Affairs 95 (378:1996):31-50.
69. G. Shabbir Cheema and Dennis A. Rondinelli, eds., Decentralization and Development: Policy Imple mentation in Developing Countries (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1983); Simon, ed., Third World Regional Development; Gibbon, The New Local Level Politics in East Africa; Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World; William Tordoff and Ralph Young, "Decentralization and Public Sector Reform in Zambia," Journal of Southern African Studies 20 (2:1994):285-99; Richard C. Crook, "Four Years of the Ghana District Assemblies in Operation: Decentralization, Democratization and Administrative Performance," Public Administration and Development 14 (4:1994):339-64; and Joseph R. A. Ayee, "The Measurement of Decentralization: The Ghanaian Experience, 1988-92 "African Affairs 95 (378:1996):31-50.
70. G. Shabbir Cheema and Dennis A. Rondinelli, eds., Decentralization and Development: Policy Imple mentation in Developing Countries (Beverly Hills, CA: Sage, 1983); Simon, ed., Third World Regional Development; Gibbon, The New Local Level Politics in East Africa; Mawhood, Local Government in the Third World; William Tordoff and Ralph Young, "Decentralization and Public Sector Reform in Zambia," Journal of Southern African Studies 20 (2:1994):285-99; Richard C. Crook, "Four Years of the Ghana District Assemblies in Operation: Decentralization, Democratization and Administrative Performance," Public Administration and Development 14 (4:1994):339-64; and Joseph R. A. Ayee, "The Measurement of Decentralization: The Ghanaian Experience, 1988-92 "African Affairs 95 (378:1996):31-50.
71. Republic of Namibia, Agenda for Change: Consolidating Parliamentary Democracy in Namibia (A report to parliament by a working group of the National Assembly and the National Council) (Windhoek, July 1995) pp. 15-6.
72. Ibid., p. 16.
73. See, for example, Gibbon, ed., The New Local Level Politics in East Africa; Samir Amin, "The Issue of Democracy in the Contemporary Third World" in Ulf Himmelstrand, Kabiru Kinyanjui, and Edward Mburugu, eds., African Perspectives on Development (Nairobi: E.A.E.P; Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota; Harare: Baobab; Kampala: Fountain; New York: St. Martin's Press; London: James Currey, 1994); John Mukum Mbaku and Mwangi S. Kimenyi, "Democratization in Africa: The Continuing Struggle," Coexistence 32 (2:1995):119-36; and David Simon, "Debt, Democracy and Development: Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s" in David Simon et al., eds., Structurally Adjusted Africa; Poverty, Debt and Basic Needs (London: Pluto, 1995).
74. See, for example, Gibbon, ed., The New Local Level Politics in East Africa; Samir Amin, "The Issue of Democracy in the Contemporary Third World" in Ulf Himmelstrand, Kabiru Kinyanjui, and Edward Mburugu, eds., African Perspectives on Development (Nairobi: E.A.E.P; Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota; Harare: Baobab; Kampala: Fountain; New York: St. Martin's Press; London: James Currey, 1994); John Mukum Mbaku and Mwangi S. Kimenyi, "Democratization in Africa: The Continuing Struggle," Coexistence 32 (2:1995):119-36; and David Simon, "Debt, Democracy and Development: Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s" in David Simon et al., eds., Structurally Adjusted Africa; Poverty, Debt and Basic Needs (London: Pluto, 1995).
75. See, for example, Gibbon, ed., The New Local Level Politics in East Africa; Samir Amin, "The Issue of Democracy in the Contemporary Third World" in Ulf Himmelstrand, Kabiru Kinyanjui, and Edward Mburugu, eds., African Perspectives on Development (Nairobi: E.A.E.P; Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota; Harare: Baobab; Kampala: Fountain; New York: St. Martin's Press; London: James Currey, 1994); John Mukum Mbaku and Mwangi S. Kimenyi, "Democratization in Africa: The Continuing Struggle," Coexistence 32 (2:1995):119-36; and David Simon, "Debt, Democracy and Development: Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s" in David Simon et al., eds., Structurally Adjusted Africa; Poverty, Debt and Basic Needs (London: Pluto, 1995).
76. See, for example, Gibbon, ed., The New Local Level Politics in East Africa; Samir Amin, "The Issue of Democracy in the Contemporary Third World" in Ulf Himmelstrand, Kabiru Kinyanjui, and Edward Mburugu, eds., African Perspectives on Development (Nairobi: E.A.E.P; Dar es Salaam: Mkuki na Nyota; Harare: Baobab; Kampala: Fountain; New York: St. Martin's Press; London: James Currey, 1994); John Mukum Mbaku and Mwangi S. Kimenyi, "Democratization in Africa: The Continuing Struggle," Coexistence 32 (2:1995):119-36; and David Simon, "Debt, Democracy and Development: Sub-Saharan Africa in the 1990s" in David Simon et al., eds., Structurally Adjusted Africa; Poverty, Debt and Basic Needs (London: Pluto, 1995).
77. Dewar, Todes, and Watson, Regional Development and Settlement Policy; Simon, "The Question of Regions"; and John Friedmann, Empowerment: The Politics of Basic Needs (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992).
78. Dewar, Todes, and Watson, Regional Development and Settlement Policy; Simon, "The Question of Regions"; and John Friedmann, Empowerment: The Politics of Basic Needs (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992).
79. Dewar, Todes, and Watson, Regional Development and Settlement Policy; Simon, "The Question of Regions"; and John Friedmann, Empowerment: The Politics of Basic Needs (Oxford: Blackwell, 1992).
80. Compare, for example, Marcel M. E. M. Rutten, "The District Focus Policy for Rural Development in Kenya: The Decentralization of Planning and Implementation, 1983-1989"; Ruud H. F. Jansen and Paul J. M. van Hoof, "Regional Development Planning for Rural Development in Botswana"; and Allert van den Ham and Ton van Naerssen, "System, Structure and Participatory Development Planning in Indonesia" all in Simon, Third World Regional Development.
81. Compare, for example, Marcel M. E. M. Rutten, "The District Focus Policy for Rural Development in Kenya: The Decentralization of Planning and Implementation, 1983-1989"; Ruud H. F. Jansen and Paul J. M. van Hoof, "Regional Development Planning for Rural Development in Botswana"; and Allert van den Ham and Ton van Naerssen, "System, Structure and Participatory Development Planning in Indonesia" all in Simon, Third World Regional Development.
82. Compare, for example, Marcel M. E. M. Rutten, "The District Focus Policy for Rural Development in Kenya: The Decentralization of Planning and Implementation, 1983-1989"; Ruud H. F. Jansen and Paul J. M. van Hoof, "Regional Development Planning for Rural Development in Botswana"; and Allert van den Ham and Ton van Naerssen, "System, Structure and Participatory Development Planning in Indonesia" all in Simon, Third World Regional Development.
83. Many regional officers told me that in order to officially liaise with a local representative of a line ministry they had to write to the MRLGH head office, which then contacted the relevant ministry, which then passed on the request to their local representative. The information would then flow back in the reverse direction, usually taking weeks if not months, despite the fact that the regional council and ministry representatives would often have offices in the same or adjacent buildings. This procedure was also reported in NPC, National Development Planning and the Regions of Namibia, pp. 14-5, although the MRLGH denied the existence of such bureaucratic procedures and claimed that direct communication was permitted. Either way, there is clearly unhelpful confusion which needs remedying.
84. See, for example, Namib Times, 2 August 1994.
85. Crook, "Four Years of the Ghana District Assemblies in Operation," p. 361.