What's the risk? A simple approach for estimating adjusted risk measures from nonlinear models including logistic regression

Health Services Research

Volumn 44, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 288-302

  Kleinman, Lawrence C ^a,b,c   Norton, Edward C ^d,e  

^a MOUNT SINAI SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^b Quality Matters Inc   (United States)

^c HARVARD SCHOOL OF PUBLIC HEALTH   (United States)

^d School of Nursing and Mailman

^e UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN   (United States)

Author keywords

Logistic regression; Multiple regression analysis; Nonlinear models; Odds ratio; Relative risk; Risk adjustment; Risk ratio

Indexed keywords

HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH; HUMANS; LOGISTIC MODELS; MODELS, STATISTICAL; MONTE CARLO METHOD; RISK ASSESSMENT;

EID: 58349088984     PISSN: 00179124     EISSN: 14756773     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1475-6773.2008.00900.x     Document Type: Article

References (40)

1. Ai, C. E. C. Norton. 2003 Interaction Terms in Logit and Probit Models Economics Letters 80 : 123 9.
2. Allen, M. L., M. N. Elliott, L. S. Morales, A. L. Diamant, K. Hambarsoomian M. A. Schuster. 2007 Adolescent Participation in Preventive Health Behaviors, Physical Activity, and Nutrition: Differences across Immigrant Generations for Asians and Latinos Compared with Whites American Journal of Public Health 97 (2) : 337 43.
3. Altman, D. G., J. J. Deeks D. L. Sackett. 1998 Odds Ratios Should Be Avoided When Events Are Common [Letter] British Medical Journal 317 (7168) : 1318.
4. Basu, A. P. J. Rathouz. 2005 Estimating Marginal and Incremental Effects on Health Outcomes Using Flexible Link and Variance Function Models Biostatistics 6 (1) : 93 109.
5. Beaudeau, F. C. Fourichon. 1998 Estimating the Relative Risk of Disease from Outputs of Logistic Regression When the Disease Is Not Rare Preventative Veterinary Medicine 36 (4) : 243 56.
6. Bier, V. M. 2001 On the State of the Art. Risk Communication to the Public Reliability Engineering and System Safety 71 (2) : 139 50.
7. Breslow, N. 1974 Covariance Analysis of Censored Survival Data Biometrics 30 : 89 99.
8. Concato J., P. Peduzzi, T. R. Holford A. R. Feinstein. 1995 Importance of Events per Independent Variable in Proportional Hazards Analysis. I. Background, Goals, and General Strategy Journal of Clinical Epidemiology 48 (12) : 1495 501.
9. Cummings, P. 2004 Re: Estimating the Relative Risk in Cohort Studies and Clinical Trials of Common Outcomes [Letter] American Journal of Epidemiology 159 (2) : 213.
10. Greene, W. H. 2000. Econometric Analysis, 4th Edition. Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall.
11. Deddens, J. A. M. R. Petersen. 2004 Re: Estimating the Relative Risk in Cohort Studies and Clinical Trials of Common Outcomes [Letter] American Journal of Epidemiology 159 (2) : 213 4.
12. DeLeon, R., E. Lindgren J. Rogers. 2001 Student Voter Turnout at San Francisco State University in the 2000 General Election Public Research Institute Survey of SFSU Student Voter Turnout 1 (22) : 2 34.
13. Flanders, W. D. P. H. Rhodes. 1987 Large Sample Confidence Intervals for Regression Standardized Risks, Risk Ratios, and Risk Differences Journal of Chronic Diseases 40 : 697 704.
14. Graubard, B. I. B. L. Korn. 1999 Predictive Margins with Survey Data Biometrics 55 (2) : 652 9.
15. Greenland, S. 2004 Model-Based Estimation of Relative Risks and Other Epidemiologic Measures in Studies of Common Outcomes and in Case-Control Studies American Journal of Epidemiology 160 : 301 5.
16. Greenland, S. P. Holland. 1991 Estimating Standardized Risk Differences from Odds Ratios Biometrics 47 : 319 22.
17. Hosmer, D. W. S. Lemeshow. 1989. Applied Logistic Regression. New York : John Wiley & Sons.
18. Klaidman, S. 1990 How Well the Media Report Health Risk Daedalus 119 (4) : 119 32.
19. Lane, P. W. J. A. Nelder. 1982 Analysis of Covariance and Standardization as Instances of Prediction Biometrics 38 (3) : 613 21.
20. Lee, J. 1994 Odds Ratio or Relative Risk for Cross-Sectional Data? International Journal of Epidemiology 23 (1) : 201 3.
21. Lee, J. 1981 Covariance Adjustment of Rates Based on the Multiple Logistic Regression Model Journal of Chronic Diseases 34 : 415 26.
22. Manning, W. G., J. P. Newhouse, N. Duan, E. B. Keeler, A. Leibowitz M. S. Marquis. 1987 Health Insurance and the Demand for Medical Care - Evidence from a Randomized Experiment American Economic Review 77 : 251 77.
23. McNutt, L., C. Wu, X. Xue J. P. Hafner. 2003 Estimating the Relative Risk in Cohort Studies and Clinical Trials of Common Outcomes American Journal of Epidemiology 157 : 940 3.
24. Mehrotra, C., T. Naimi, M. Serdula, J. Bolen K. Pearson. 2004 Arthritis, Body Mass Index, and Professional Advice to Loss Weight American Journal of Preventative Medicine 27 : 16 21.
25. Moody, A. M., F. A. Graybill D. C. Boes. 1963. Introduction to the Theory of Statistics. Chapter VII, 3rd Edition, pp. 276 86. New York : McGraw Hill, and 358 71.
26. Norton, E. C., H. Wang C. Ai. 2004 Computing Interaction Effects and Standard Errors in Logit and Probit Models Stata Journal 4((2) : 154 67.
27. Oaxaca, R. 1973 Male-Female Wage Differentials in Urban Labor Markets International Economic Review 14 (3) : 693 709.
28. Robbins, A. S., S. Y. Chao V. P. Fonseca. 2002 What's the Relative Risk? A Method to Directly Estimate Risk Ratios in Cohort Studies of Common Outcomes Annals of Epidemiology 12 (7) : 452 4.
29. Rothman, K. J. S. Greenland. 1998. Modern Epidemiology. Philadelphia : Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
30. Ruser, J. W. 1998 Does Workers' Compensation Encourage Hard to Diagnose Injuries? Journal of Risk and Insurance 63 (1) : 101 24.
31. SAS Institute 1995. SAS STAT User's Guide [Release 6.03 Edition, Volume 2]. Cary, NC : SAS Institute.
32. Savitz, D. A. 1992 Measurements, Estimates, and Inferences in Reporting Epidemiologic Study Results American Journal of Epidemiology 135 : 223 4.
33. Schwartz, L. M., S. Woloshin H. G. Welch. 1999 Misunderstandings about the Effects of Race and Sex on Physicians' Referrals for Cardiac Catheterization New England Journal of Medicine 341 : 279 83.
34. Sommers, B. D. 2006 Insuring Children or Insuring Families: Do Parental and Sibling Coverage Lead to Improved Retention of Children in Medicaid and CHIP? Journal of Health Economics 25 : 1154 69.
35. Spiegelman, D. E. Hertzmark. 2005 Easy SAS Calculations for Risk or Prevalence Ratios and Differences American Journal of Epidemiology 162 : 199 200.
36. Teuber, A. 1990 Justifying Risk Daedalus 119 (4) : 235 54.
37. Wacholder, S. 1986 Binomial Regression in GLIM: Estimating Risk Ratios and Risk Differences American Journal of Epidemiology 123 : 174 84.
38. Wilcosky, T. C. L. E. Chambless. 1985 A Comparison of Direct Adjustment and Regression Adjustment of Epidemiological Measures Journal of Chronic Diseases 38 : 849 56.
39. Zhang, J. K. F. Yu. 1998 What's the Relative Risk?: A Method of Correcting the Odds Ratio in Cohort Studies of Common Outcomes Journal of the American Medical Association 280 (19) : 1690 1.
40. Zou, G. 2004 A Modified Poisson Regression Approach to Prospective Binary Data American Journal of Epidemiology 159 : 702 6.