Multimodality Treatment of Thymic Tumors

Thoracic Surgery Clinics

Volumn 19, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 71-81

  Venuta, Federico ^a   Rendina, Erino A ^b   Coloni, Giorgio F ^a  

^a SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

^b SAPIENZA UNIVERSITY OF ROME   (Italy)

Author keywords

Chemotherapy; Mediastinal tumors; Mulitmodality therapy; Radiotherapy; Superior vena cava syndrome; Thymoma

Indexed keywords

CISPLATIN; CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE; DASATINIB; DOXORUBICIN; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR; EPIDERMAL GROWTH FACTOR RECEPTOR KINASE INHIBITOR; ETOPOSIDE; FLUOROURACIL; PLATINUM DERIVATIVE; PROTEIN TYROSINE KINASE INHIBITOR; VINCRISTINE;

ADVANCED CANCER; BRACHYTHERAPY; CANCER ADJUVANT THERAPY; CANCER CLASSIFICATION; CANCER COMBINATION CHEMOTHERAPY; CANCER RADIOTHERAPY; CANCER SURGERY; CANCER SURVIVAL; CARCINOMA; CLINICAL TRIAL; DISTANT METASTASIS; DRUG EFFICACY; DRUG INDICATION; DRUG SENSITIVITY; GREAT BLOOD VESSEL; HEART METASTASIS; HUMAN; LYMPH NODE METASTASIS; MULTIMODALITY CANCER THERAPY; MYASTHENIA GRAVIS; PERICARDIUM; PLEURA METASTASIS; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROGNOSIS; RADIATION DOSE; REVIEW; THYMOMA; THYMUS CANCER; TREATMENT OUTCOME; TREATMENT PLANNING; TREATMENT RESPONSE;

COMBINED MODALITY THERAPY; HUMANS; NEOPLASM STAGING; PROGNOSIS; THYMUS NEOPLASMS;

EID: 58149347144     PISSN: 15474127     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.thorsurg.2008.09.008     Document Type: Review

References (106)

1. Schmidt-Wolf I.G., Rockstroh J.K., Schuller H., et al. Malignant thymoma: current status of classification and multimodality treatment. Ann Hematol 82 (2003) 69-76
2. Detterbeck F.C., and Parsons A.M. Thymic tumors. Ann Thorac Surg 77 (2004) 1860-1869
3. Gripp S., Hilgers K., Wurm R., et al. Thymoma: prognostic factors and treatment outcome. Cancer 83 (1998) 1495-1503
4. Detterbeck F.C., and Parsons A.D. Thymic tumors: a review of current diagnosis, classification, and treatment. In: Patterson G.A., Cooper J.D., and Deslauriers J. (Eds). Pearson's thoracic and esophageal surgery. 3rd edition (2008), Churchill Livingstone-Elsevier, Philadelphia 1589-1614
5. Wright C.D., Wain J.C., Wong D.R., et al. Predictors of recurrence in thymic tumors: importance of invasion, World Health Organization histology, and size. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 130 (2005) 1413-1421
6. Lopez-Cano M., Ponseti-Bosh J.M., Espin-Bosany E., et al. Clinical and pathologic predictors of outcome in thymoma-associated myasthenia gravis. Ann Thorac Surg 76 (2003) 1643-1649
7. Marino M., and Muller-Hermelink H.K. Thymoma and thymic carcinoma. Relation of thymoma epithelial cells to the cortical and medullary differentiation of thymus. Virchows Arch 407 (1985) 119-149
8. Kirchner T., Marino M., and Muller-Hermelink H.K. New approaches to the diagnosis of thymic epithelial tumors. Prog Surg Pathol 10 (1989) 167-189
9. Pescarmona E., Rendina E.A., Venuta F., et al. The prognostic implication of thymoma histologic subtyping. A study of 80 consecutive cases. Am J Clin Pathol 93 (1990) 190-195
10. Quintanilla-Martinez L., Wilkins Jr. E.W., Choi N., et al. Thymoma: histologic classification is an independent prognostic factor. Cancer 74 (1994) 606-617
11. Detterbeck F.C. Clinical value of the WHO classification system of thymoma. Ann Thorac Surg 81 (2006) 2328-2334
12. Muller-Hermelink H.K., Strobel P., Zetti A., et al. Combined thymic epithelial tumors. In: Travis W.D., Brambilla E., and Muller-Hermelink H.K. (Eds). Pathology and genetics: tumors of the lung, pleura, thymus, and heart (WHO classification of tumors) (2004), IARC Press, Lyon, France p. 196-201
13. Blumberg D., Port J.L., Wechsler B., et al. Thymoma: a multivariate analysis of factors predicting survival. Ann Thorac Surg 60 (1995) 908-914
14. Kondo K., and Monden Y. Therapy of thymic epithelial tumors: a clinical study of 1320 patients from Japan. Ann Thorac Surg 75 (2003) 878-885
15. Masaoka A., Monden Y., Nakahara K., et al. Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages. Cancer 48 (1981) 2485-2492
16. Nagakawa K., Asamura H., Matsumo Y., et al. Thymoma:a clinicopathological study based on a new World Health Organization classification. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 126 (2003) 1134-1140
17. Masaoka A., Yamakawa Y., Niwa H., et al. Thymectomy and malignancy. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 8 (1994) 251-253
18. Gamondes J.P., Balawi A., Greenland T., et al. Seventeen years of surgical treatment of thymoma: factors influencing survival. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 5 (1991) 124-131
19. Yamakawa Y., Masaoka A., Hashimoto T., et al. A tentative tumor-node metastasis classification of thymoma. Cancer 68 (1991) 1984-1987
20. International Union Against Cancer. TNM supplement. A commentary on uniform use. 3rd edition. (2003), Wiley-Liss, New York
21. Koga K., Matsuno Y., Noguchi M., et al. A review of 79 thymomas: modification of staging system and reappraisal of conventional division into invasive and non invasive thymoma. Pathol Int 44 (1994) 359-367
22. Verley J.M., and Hallman K.H. Thymoma: a comparative study of clinical stages, histologic features, and survival in 200 cases. Cancer 55 (1985) 1074-1086
23. Regnard J.F., Magdeleinat P., Dromer C., et al. Prognostic factors and long-term results after thymoma resection: a series of 307 patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 112 (1996) 376-384
24. Maggi G., Casadio C., Cavallo A., et al. Thymoma: results of 241 operated cases. Ann Thorac Surg 51 (1991) 152-156
25. Ruffini E., Mancuso M., Oliaro A., et al. Recurrence of thymoma: analysis of clinicopathological features, treatment, and outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 113 (1997) 55-63
26. Okumura M., Ohta M., Tateyama H., et al. The World Health Organization histologic classification system reflects the oncologic behaviour of thymoma: a clinical study of 273 patients. Cancer 94 (2002) 624-632
27. Lewis J.E., Wick H.R., Scheithauer B.W., et al. Thymoma: a clinicopathologic review. Cancer 60 (1987) 2727-2743
28. Okumura M., Miyoshi S., Takeuchi Y., et al. Results of surgical treatment of thymomas with special reference to the involved organs. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 117 (1999) 605-613
29. Nakahara K., Ohno K., Hashimoto J., et al. Thymoma: results with complete resection and adjuvant postoperative irradiation in 141 consecutive patients. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 95 (1988) 1041-1047
30. Monden Y., Nakahara K., Liota S., et al. Recurrent thymoma: clinicopathological features, therapy, and prognosis. Ann Thorac Surg 39 (1985) 165-169
31. Wilkins K.B., Sheikh E., Green R., et al. Clinical and pathologic predictors of survival in patients with thymoma. Ann Thorac Surg 230 (1999) 562-574
32. Pescarmona E., Rendina E.A., Venuta F., et al. Analysis of prognostic factors and clinicopathological staging of thymoma. Ann Thorac Surg 50 (1990) 534-538
33. Strobel P., Bauer A., Puppe B., et al. Tumor recurrence and survival in patients treated for thymomas and thymic squamous cell carcinomas: a retrospective analysis. J Clin Oncol 22 (2004) 1501-1509
34. Pan C.C., Wun H.P., Yang C.F., et al. The clinicopathological correlation of epithelial subtyping in thymoma: a study of 112 consecutive cases. Hum Pathol 25 (1994) 893-899
35. Chalabreysse L., Roy P., Cordier J.F., et al. Correlation of the WHO schema for the classification of thymic neoplasms with prognosis. Am J Surg Pathol 26 (2002) 1605-1611
36. Dawson A., Ibrahim N.B.N., and Gibbs A.R. Observer variation in histopathological classification of thymoma: correlation with prognosis. Clin Pathol 47 (1994) 519-523
37. Lardenois D., Rechsteiner R., Lang R.H., et al. Prognostic relevance of Masaoka and Muller-Hermelink classification in patients with thymic tumors. Ann Thorac Surg 69 (2000) 1550-1555
38. Kondo K., Yoshizawa K., Tsuyuguchi M., et al. WHO histologic classification is a prognostic indicator in thymoma. Ann Thorac Surg 77 (2004) 1183-1188
39. Park M.S., Chung K.Y., Kim K.D., et al. Prognosis of thymic epithelial tumors according to the new World Health Organization histologic classification. Ann Thorac Surg 78 (2004) 992-997
40. Chen G., Marx A., Wen-Hu C., et al. New WHO histologic classification predicts prognosis of thymic epithelial tumors: a clinicopathologic study of 200 thymoma cases from China. Cancer 95 (2002) 420-429
41. Venuta F., Rendina E.A., Pescarmona E., et al. Multimodality treatment of thymoma: a prospective study. Ann Thorac Surg 64 (1997) 1585-1592
42. Venuta F., Rendina E.A., Longo F., et al. Long-term outcome after multimodality treatment for stage III thymic tumors. Ann Thorac Surg 76 (2003) 1866-1872
43. Jackson M.A., and Ball D.L. Postoperative radiotherapy in invasive thymoma. Radiother Oncol 21 (1991) 77-82
44. Cowen D., Richaud P., Mornex F., et al. Thymoma: results of a multicentric retrospective series of 149 non metastatic irradiated patients and review of the literature. FNCLCC trialists. Federation Nationale des centres de lutte contre le cancer. Radiother Oncol 34 (1995) 9-16
45. Wilkins E.J., Edmunds L.H., and Castleman B. Cases of thymoma at the Massachusetts General Hospital. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 52 (1966) 322-330
46. Moore K.H., Mc Kenzie P.R., Kennedy C.W., et al. Thymoma: trends over time. Ann Thorac Surg 72 (2001) 203-207
47. Kondo K., and Monden Y. Thymoma and myasthenia gravis: a clinical study. Ann Thorac Surg 79 (2005) 219-224
48. Wang L.S., Huang H.H., Lin T.S., et al. Malignant thymoma. Cancer 70 (1992) 443-450
49. Elert O., Buchwald J., and Wolf J. Epithelial thymic tumors-therapy and prognosis. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 36 (1988) 109-113
50. Kondo K., and Monden Y. Lymphogenous and hematogenous metastasis of thymic epithelial tumors. Ann Thorac Surg 76 (2003) 1859-1865
51. Rea F., Marulli G., Girardi R., et al. Long-term survival and prognostic factors in thymic epithelial tumors. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 26 (2004) 412-418
52. Crucitti F., Doglietto G.B., Bellantone R., et al. Effects of surgical treatment in thymoma with myasthenia gravis: our experience with 103 patients. J Surg Oncol 50 (1992) 43-46
53. Wilkins E.J., Grillo H.C., Scannell J.G., et al. Role of staging in prognosis and management of thymoma. Ann Thorac Surg 51 (1991) 888-892
54. Uematsu M., and Kondo M. A proposal for treatment of invasive thymoma. Cancer 58 (1986) 1979-1984
55. Ariaratnam L.S., Kalmiki S., Mincer F., et al. The management of malignant thymoma with radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 5 (1979) 77-80
56. Arrigada R., Marchant-Gerard R., Tribiana M., et al. Radiation therapy in the management of thymic tumors. Acta Radiol Oncol 20 (1981) 167-172
57. Singhal S., Shrager J.B., Rosenthal D.I., et al. Comparison of stages I-II thymoma treated by complete resection with or without adjuvant radiation. Ann Thorac Surg 76 (2003) 1635-1642
58. Haniuda M., Miyazawa M., Yoshida K., et al. Is postoperative radiotherapy for thymic carcinoma effective?. Ann Surg 224 (1996) 219-224
59. Akaogi E., Ohara K., Mitsui K., et al. Preoperative radiotherapy and surgery for advanced thymoma with invasion of the great vessels. J Surg Oncol 63 (1996) 17-22
60. Urgesi A., Monetti U., Rossi G., et al. Aggressive treatment of intrathoracic recurrences in thymoma. Radiother Oncol 24 (1992) 221-225
61. Truong L.D., Mody D.R., and Cagle P.T. Thymic carcinoma: a clinicopathologic study of 13 cases. Am J Surg Pathol 14 (1990) 151-166
62. Yagi K., Hirata T., Fukuse T., et al. Surgical treatment for invasive thymoma, especially when the superior vena cava is invaded. Ann Thorac Surg 61 (1996) 521-544
63. Ogawa K., Uno T., Toita T., et al. Postoperative radiotherapy for patients with completely resected thymoma. Cancer 94 (2002) 1405-1413
64. Thomas C.R., Wright C.D., and Loherer J. Thymoma: state of the art. J Clin Oncol 17 (1999) 2280-2289
65. Wright C.D. Pleuropneumonectomy for the treatment of Masaoka stage IVA thymoma. Ann Thorac Surg 82 (2006) 1234-1239
66. Huang J., Rizk N.P., Travis W.D., et al. Feasibility of multimodality therapy including extended resections in stage IVA thymoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 134 (2007) 1477-1484
67. Boston B. Chemotherapy of invasive thymoma. Cancer 38 (1976) 49-52
68. Giaccone G. Treatment of malignant thymoma. Curr Opin Oncol 17 (2005) 140-146
69. Hu E., and Levine J. Chemotherapy of malignant thymoma: case report and review of the literature. Cancer 57 (1986) 1101-1104
70. Godel N., Boning L., Fredrick A., et al. Chemotherapy of invasive thymoma: a retrospective study of 22 cases. Cancer 63 (1989) 1493-1500
71. Butler W.M., Diehl L.F., Taylor H.G., et al. Metastatic thymoma with myasthenia gravis. Complete remission with combination chemotherapy. Cancer 50 (1982) 419-422
72. Kosmidis P.A., Iliopulos E., and Penetea S. Combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, adriamycin, and vincristine in malignant thymoma and myasthenia gravis. Cancer 61 (1988) 1736-1740
73. Dangaard G., Hansen H.H., and Roth M. Combination chemotherapy for malignant thymoma. Ann Intern Med 99 (1983) 189-190
74. Hernandez-Ilizaliturri F.J., Tan D., Cipolla D., et al. Multimodality therapy for thymic carcinoma (TCA): results of a 30-year single institution experience. Am J Clin Oncol 27 (2004) 68-72
75. Chalabreysse L., Etienne-Mastroianni B., Adeline P., et al. Thymic carcinoma: a clinicopathological and immunohistological study of 19 cases. Histopathology 44 (2004) 367-374
76. De Bree E., van Ruth S., Baas P., et al. Cytoreductive surgery and intraoperative hyperthermic intrathoracic chemotherapy in patients with malignant pleural mesothelioma or pleural metastases of thymoma. Chest 121 (2002) 1480-1487
77. PJ sr L., Chen M., Kim K., et al. Cisplatin, doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide plus thoracic radiation therapy for limited-stage unresectable thymoma: an intergroup trial. J Clin Oncol 15 (1997) 3093-3099
78. Ohara K., Tatsuraki H., Fuji H., et al. Radioresponse of thymomas verified with histologic response. Acta Oncol 37 (1998) 471-474
79. WJ jr C., Kornstein M.J., Brooks J.J., et al. Invasive thymoma: the role of mediastinal irradiation following complete or incomplete surgical resection. J Clin Oncol 6 (1988) 1722-1727
80. Mc Cart J.A., Gaspar L., Inculet R., et al. Predictors of survival following surgical resection of thymoma. J Surg Oncol 54 (1993) 233-238
81. Pollack A., Komaki R., Cox J.C., et al. Thymoma: treatment and prognosis. Int J Radiot Oncol Biol Phys 23 (1992) 1037-1043
82. Koh W.J., Loehrer Sr. P.J., and Thomas Jr. C.R. Thymoma: the role of radiation and chemotherapy. In: Wood D.E., and Thomas C.R. (Eds). Mediastinal tumors: update 1005. Medical radiology-diagnostic imaging and radiation oncology volume (1995), Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, Germany 19-25
83. Arakawa A., Yesunga T., Sartoh H., et al. Radiation therapy of invasive thymoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 18 (1990) 529-534
84. Shin D.M., Walsh G.L., Kornaki R., et al. A multidisciplinary approach to therapy for unresectable malignant thymoma. Ann Intern Med 204 (1998) 859-864
85. Latz D., Schraube P., Oppitz U., et al. Invasive thymoma: treatment with postoperative radiation therapy. Radiology 204 (1997) 859-864
86. Mornex F., Rosbeut M., Richard P., et al. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy for invasive thymomas: a multicentric retrospective review of 90 cases. Int Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 32 (1995) 651-659
87. Ciernik I.F., Meier U., and Lutolf V.M. Prognostic factors and outcome of incompletely resected invasive thymoma following radiation therapy. J Clin Oncol 12 (1994) 1484-1490
88. Kundel J., Yellin A., Popovitzer A., et al. Adjuvant radiotherapy for thymic epithelial tumors. Treatment results and prognostic factors. Am J Clin Oncol 30 (2007) 389-394
89. Ichinose Y., Ohta M., Yano T., et al. Treatment of invasive thymoma with pleural dissemination. J Surg Oncol 54 (1993) 180
90. Myojin M., Choi N.C., Wright C.D., et al. Stage III thymoma: patterns of failure after surgery and postoperative radiotherapy and its implications for future stuffy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 46 (2000) 927-933
91. Rea F., Sartori F., Loy M., et al. Chemotherapy and operation for invasive thymoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 106 (1993) 543-549
92. Lucchi M., Ambrogi M.C., Duranti L., et al. Advanced-stage thymomas and thymic carcinomas: results of multimodality treatment. Ann Thorac Surg 79 (2005) 1840-1844
93. Macchiarini P., Chella A., Ducci F., et al. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy, surgery and postoperative radiation therapy for invasive thymoma. Cancer 68 (1991) 706-713
94. Ribet M., Voisin C., Pruvot F.R., et al. Lympho-epithelial thymomas: a retrospective study of 88 resections. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2 (1988) 261-264
95. Gewrychowski J., Rockicki M., Gabriel A., et al. Thymoma-the usefulness of some prognostic factors for diagnosis and surgical treatment. Eur J Surg Oncol 26 (2000) 203-208
96. Kim E.S., Putnam J.B., Komaki R., et al. Phase II study of a multidisciplinary approach with induction chemotherapy followed by surgical resection, radiation therapy, and consolidation chemotherapy for unresectable malignant thymomas: final report. Lung Cancer 44 (2004) 369-379
97. Wright C.D., Noah C.C., Wain J.C., et al. Induction chemoradiotherapy followed by resection for locally advanced Masaoka stage III and IVA thymic tumors. Ann Thorac Surg 85 (2008) 385-389
98. Hanley J.D., Koukolis G.H., Loehrer P.J., et al. Epidermal growth factor expression in invasive thymoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 128 (2002) 167-170
99. Palmieri G., Marino M., Salvatore M., et al. Cetuximab is an active treatment of metastatic and chemorefractory thymoma. Front Biosci 12 (2007) 167-170
100. Yamaguchi H., Sada H., Kitezoki T., et al. Thymic carcinoma with epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations. Lung Cancer 52 (2006) 261-262
101. Henley J.D., Cummings O.W., and Loehrer PJ sr. Tyrosine kinase receptor expression in thymomas. J Cancer Res Oncol 130 (2004) 222-224
102. Pan C.C., Chen P.C.H., and Chiang H. KIT (CD117) is frequently overexpressed in thymic carcinomas but is absent in thymomas. J Pathol 202 (2004) 375-381
103. Nakagawa K., Matsuno Y., Kumitoh H., et al. Immunohistochemical KIT (CD117) expression in thymic epithelial tumors. Chest 128 (2005) 140-144
104. Strobel P., Hartman M., Jakob A., et al. Thymic carcinoma with overexpression of mutated KIT and the response to Imatinib. N Engl J Med 350 (2004) 2625-2626
105. Rickter R.J., Joos S., Mechtersheimer G., et al. COX-2 up-regulation in thymomas and thymic carcinomas. Int J Cancer 119 (2006) 2063-2070
106. Sasaki H., Fukai I., Kiriyama M., et al. Thymidilate synthase and dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase mRNA levels in thymoma. Surg Today 33 (2003) 83-88