Signaling chain homooligomerization (SCHOOL) model

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology

Volumn 640, Issue , 2008, Pages 121-163

  Sigalov, Alexander B ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF MASSACHUSETTS MEDICAL SCHOOL   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

B LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR; CD3 ANTIBODY; CELL SURFACE RECEPTOR; FC RECEPTOR; GLYCOPROTEIN GP 130; GLYCOPROTEIN VI; MEMBRANE RECEPTOR; NATURAL KILLER CELL RECEPTOR; T LYMPHOCYTE RECEPTOR; TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR RECEPTOR; IMMUNOGLOBULIN RECEPTOR;

ANTIGEN RECOGNITION; B LYMPHOCYTE; B LYMPHOCYTE ACTIVATION; CYTOLOGY; DIMERIZATION; DISSOCIATION; IMMUNOBIOLOGY; MOLECULAR DYNAMICS; MOLECULAR INTERACTION; MOLECULAR MODEL; NATURAL KILLER CELL; OLIGOMERIZATION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PROTEIN PROTEIN INTERACTION; PROTEIN STRUCTURE; REVIEW; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION; STRUCTURE ANALYSIS; T LYMPHOCYTE; ANIMAL; BIOLOGICAL MODEL; CHEMISTRY; HUMAN; IMMUNOLOGY; PROTEIN MULTIMERIZATION;

ANIMALS; HUMANS; MODELS, IMMUNOLOGICAL; PROTEIN MULTIMERIZATION; RECEPTORS, IMMUNOLOGIC; SIGNAL TRANSDUCTION;

EID: 58149340842     PISSN: 00652598     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-09789-3_12     Document Type: Review

References (321)

1. Kecgan AD, Paul WE. Multichain immune recognition receptors: Similarities in structure and signaling pathways. Immunol Today 1992; 13:63-68.
2. Sigalov AB. Immune cell signaling: A novel mechanistic model reveals new therapeutic targets. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2006; 27:518-524.
3. Krogsgaard M, Davis MM. How T-cclls see' antigen. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:239-245.
4. DeFranco AL. B-cell activation 2000. Immunol Rev 2000; 176:50-9.
5. Dal Porto JM, Gauld SB, Mcrrell KT et al. B-ccll antigen receptor signaling 101. Mol Immunol 2004; 41:599-613.
6. Takai T. Fc receptors and their role in immune regulation and autoimmunity. J Clin Immunol 2005; 25:1-18.
7. Takai T. Fc receptors: Their diverse functions in immunity and immune disorders. Springer Semin Immunopathol 2006; 28:303-304.
8. Colonna M, Nakajima H, Navarro F et al. A novel family of Ig-like receptors for HLA class I molecules that modulate function of lymphoid and myeloid cells. J Leukoc Biol 1999; 66:375-381.
9. Borrego F, Kabat J, Kim DK et al. Structure and function of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I specific receptors expressed on human natural killer (NK) cells. Mol Immunol 2002; 38:637-660.
10. Moroi M, Jung SM. Platelet glycoprotein VI: Its structure and function. Thromb Res 2004; 114:221-233.
11. Barclay AN, Brown MH. The SIRP family of receptors and immune regulation. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6:457-464.
12. Kanazawa N, Tashiro K, Miyachi Y. Signaling and immune regulatory role of the dendritic cell immunoreceptor (DCIR) family lectins: DCIR, DCAR, deain-2 and BDCA-2. Immunobiology 2004; 209:179-190.
13. Biassoni R, Cantoni C, Falco M et al. Human natural killer cell activating receptors. Mol Immimol 2000; 37:1015-1024.
14. Biassoni R, Cantoni C, Marras D et al. Human natural killer cell receptors: Insights into their molecular function and structure. J Cell Mol Med 2003; 7:376-387.
15. Aoki N, Kimura S, Xing Z. Role of DAP12 in innate and adaptive immune responses. Curr Pharm Des 2003; 9:7-10.
16. Bakker AB, Baker E, Sutherland GR et al. Myeloid DAP12-associating lectin (MDL)-l is a cell surface receptor involved in the activation of myeloid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96:9792-9796.
17. van den Berg TK, Yoder JA, Litman GW. On the origins of adaptive immunity: Innate immune receptors join the tale. Trends Immunol 2004; 25:11-16.
18. Klesney-Tait J, Turnbull IR, Colonna M. The TREM receptor family and signal integration. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:1266-1273.
19. Takai T. Paired immunoglobulin-like receptors and their MHC class I recognition. Immunology 2005; 115:433-440.
20. Nakahashi C, Tahara-Hanaoka S, Totsuka N et al. Dual assemblies of an activating immune receptor, MAIR-II, with ITAM-bearing adapters DAP 12 and FcRgamma chain on peritoneal macrophages. J Immunol 2007; 178:765-770.
21. Fujimoto M, Takatsu H, Ohno H. CMRF-35-like molecule-5 constitutes novel paired receptors, with CMRF-35-like molecule-1, to transduce activation signal upon association with FcRgamma. Int Immimol 2006; 18:1499-1508.
22. Stewart CA, Vivier E, Colonna M. Strategies of natural killer cell recognition and signaling. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2006; 298:1-21.
23. Reth M. Antigen receptor tail clue. Nature 1989; 338:383-384.
24. Songyang Z, Shoelson SE, Chaudhuri M et al. SH2 domains recognize specific phosphopeptide sequences. Cell 1993; 72:767-778.
25. Wii J, Cherwinski H, Spies T et al. DAPIO and DAP12 form distinct, but functionally cooperative, receptor complexes in natural killer cells. J Exp Med 2000; 192:1059-1068.
26. Manolios N, Bonifacino JS, Klausner RD. Transmembrane helical interactions and the assembly of the T-cell receptor complex. Science 1990; 249:274-277.
27. Call ME, Pyrdol J, Wiedmann M et al. The organizing principle in the formation of the T-cell receptor-CD3 complex. Cell 2002; 111:967-979.
28. Michnoflf CH, Parikh VS, Lelsz DL et al. Mutations within the NH2-terminal transmembrane domain of membrane immunoglobulin (Ig) M alters Ig alpha and Ig beta association and signal transduction. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:24237-24244.
29. Daeron M. Fc receptor biology. Annu Rev Immunol 1997; 15:203-234.
30. Feng J, Garrity D, Call ME et al. Convergence on a distinctive assembly mechanism by unrelated families of activating immune receptors. Immunity 2005; 22:427-438.
31. Feng J, Call ME, Wucherpfennig KW. The assembly of diverse immime receptors is focused on a polar membrane-embedded interaction site. PLoS Biol 2006; 4:el42.
32. Bakema JE, de Haij S, den Hartog-Jager CF et al. Signaling through mutants of the IgA receptor CD89 and consequences for Fc receptor gamma-chain interaction. J Immunol 2006; 176:3603-3610.
33. Varin-Blank N, Metzger H. Surface expression of mutated subunits of the high affinity mast cell receptor for IgE. J Biol Chem 1990; 265:15685-15694.
34. Stevens TL, Blum JH, Foy SP et al. A mutation of the mu transmembrane that disrupts endoplasmic reticulum retention. Effects on association with accessory proteins and signal transduction. J Immunol 1994; 152:4397-4406.
35. Zidovetzki R, Rost B, Pecht I. Role of transmembrane domains in the functions of B- and T-cell receptors. Immunol Lett 1998; 64:97-107.
36. Blum JH, Stevens TL, DeFranco AL. Role of the mu immunoglobulin heavy chain transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains in B-cell antigen receptor expression and signal transduction. J Biol Chem 1993; 268:27236-27245.
37. Ra C, Jouvin MH, Kinet JP. Complete structure of the mouse mast cell receptor for IgE (Fc epsilon RI) and surface expression of chimeric receptors (rat-mouse-human) on transfected cells. J Biol Chem 1989; 264:15323-15327.
38. Rudd CE. Disabled receptor signaling and new primary immunodeficiency disorders. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1874-1877.
39. Gomes MM, Herr AB. IgA and IgA-specific receptors in human disease: structural and functional insights into pathogenesis and therapeutic potential. Springer Semin Immunopathol 2006; 28:383-395.
40. Honda Z. Fcepsilon- and Fcgamma-receptor signaling in diseases. Springer Semin Immunopathol 2006; 28:365-375.
41. Moretta A, Bottino C, Vitale M et al. Activating receptors and coreceptors involved in human natural killer cell-mediated cytolysis. Annu Rev Immunol 2001; 19:197-223.
42. Clemetson KJ. Platelet receptors and their role in diseases. Clin Chem Lab Med 2003; 41:253-260.
43. Ortega E. How do multichain immune recognition receptors signal? A structural hypothesis. Mol Immunol 1995; 32:941-945.
44. Reth M. Oligomeric antigen receptors: A new view on signaling for the selection of lymphocytes. Trends Immunol 2001; 22:356-360.
45. Langlet C, Bernard AM, Drevot P et al. Membrane rafts and signaling by the multichain immune recognition receptors. Curr Opin Immunol 2000; 12:250-255.
46. Dykstra M, Cherukuri A, Pierce SK. Rafts and synapses in the spatial organization of immune cell signahng receptors. J Leukoc Biol 2001; 70:699-707.
47. Sigalov A. Multi-chain immune recognition receptors: Spatial organization and signal transduction. Semin Immunol 2005; 17:51-64.
48. Sigalov AB. Multichain immune recognition receptor signaling: Different players, same game? Trends Immunol 2004; 25:583-589.
49. Sigalov AB. Transmembrane interactions as immunotherapeutic targets: Lessons from viral pathogenesis. Adv Exp Med Biol 2007; 601:335-344.
50. Heldin CH. Dimerization of cell surface receptors in signal transduction. Cell 1995; 80:213-223.
51. Metzger H. Transmembrane signaling: The joy of aggregation. J Immunol 1992; 149:1477-1487.
52. Boniface JJ, Rabinowitz JD, Wulfing C et al. Initiation of signal transduction through the T-cell receptor requires the multivalent engagement of peptide/MHC ligands [corrected]. Immimity 1998; 9:459-466.
53. Holowka D, Baird B. Antigen-mediated IGE receptor aggregation and signaling: A window on cell surface structure and dynamics. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 1996; 25:79-112.
54. Thyagarajan R, Arunkumar N, Song W. Polyvalent antigens stabilize B-ceU antigen receptor surface signaling microdomains. J Immunol 2003; 170:6099-6106.
55. Bankovich AJ, Raunser S, Juo ZS et al. Structural insight into preB cell receptor function. Science 2007; 316:291-294.
56. Puffer EB, Pontrello JK, Hollenbeck JJ et al. Activating B-cell signaling with defined multivalent ligands. ACS Chem Biol 2007; 2:252-262.
57. Deng L, Langley RJ, Brown PH et al. Structural basis for the recognition of mutant self by a tumorspecific, MHC class Il-restricted T-cell receptor. Nat Immunol 2007; 8:398-408.
58. Adams EJ, Chien YH, Garcia KC. Structure of a gammadelta T-cell receptor in complex with the nonclassical MHC T22. Science 2005; 308:227-231.
59. Bachmann MF, Ohashi PS. The role of T-cell receptor dimerization in T-cell activation. Immunol Today 1999; 20:568-576.
60. Bachmann MF, Salzmann M, Oxenius A et al. Formation of TCR dimers/trimers as a crucial step for T-cell activation. Eur J Immunol 1998; 28:2571-2579.
61. DeFranco AL, Gold MR, JakwayJP. B-lymphocyte signal transduction in response to anti-immunoglobulin and bacterial lipopolysaccharide. Immunol Rev 1987; 95:161-176.
62. Posner RG, Savage PB, Peters AS et al. A quantitative approach for studying IgE-FcepsilonRI aggregation. Mol Immunol 2002; 38:1221-1228.
63. Draberova L, Lebduska P, Halova I et al. Signaling assemblies formed in mast cells activated via Fcepsilon receptor I dimers. Eur J Immunol 2004; 34:2209-2219.
64. Horii K, Kahn ML, Herr AB. Structural basis for platelet collagen responses by the immune-type receptor glycoprotein VI. Blood 2006; 108:936-942.
65. Cochran JR, Cameron TO, Stern LJ. The relationship of MHC-peptide binding and T-cell activation probed using chemically defined MHC class II oligomers. Lnmunity 2000; 12:241-250.
66. Fahmy TM, Bieler JG, Schneck JP. Probing T-cell membrane organization using dimeric MHC-Ig complexes. J Immunol Methods 2002; 268:93-106.
67. Kiessling LL, Gestwicki JE, Strong LE. Synthetic multivalent ligands as probes of signal transduction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2006; 45:2348-2368.
68. Klemm JD, Schreiber SL, Crabtree GR. Dimerization as a regulatory mechanism in signal transduction. Annu Rev Immunol 1998; 16:569-592.
69. Garrity D, Call ME, Feng J et al. The activating NKG2D receptor assembles in the membrane with two signaling dimers into a hexameric structure. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005; 102:7641-7646.
70. Radaev S, Kattah M, Rostro B et al. Crystal structure of the human myeloid cell activating receptor TREM-1. Structure 2003; 11:1527-1535.
71. Berlanga O, Bori-Sanz T, James JR et al. Glycoprotein VI oligomerization in cell lines and platelets. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:1026-1033.
72. Symer DE, Dintzis RZ, Diamond DJ et aL Inhibition or activation of human T-cell receptor transfectants is controlled by defined, soluble antigen arrays. J Exp Med 1992; 176:1421-1430.
73. Schweitzer-Stenner R, Tamir I, Pecht I. Analysis of Fc(epsilon)RI- mediated mast cell stimulation by surface-carried antigens. Biophys J 1997; 72:2470-2478.
74. Patrick SM, Kim S, Braunstein NS et al. Dependence of T-cell activation on area of contact and density of a ligand-coated surface. J Immunol Methods 2000; 241:97-108.
75. Germain RN. T-cell signaling: the importance of receptor clustering. Curr Biol 1997; 7:R640-644.
76. Alam SM, Davies GM, Lin CM et al. Qualitative and quantitative differences in T-cell receptor binding of agonist and antagonist ligands. Immunity 1999; 10:227-237.
77. Pribluda VS, Pribluda C, Metzger H. Transphosphorylation as the mechanism by which the high-affinity receptor for IgE is phosphorylated upon aggregation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91:11246-11250.
78. Sigalov A, Aivazian D, Stern L. Homooligomerization of the cytoplasmic domain of the T-cell receptor zeta chain and of other proteins containing the immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif. Biochemistry 2004; 43:2049-2061.
79. Berko D, Carmi Y, Cafri G et al. Membrane-anchored beta 2-microglobulin stabilizes a highly receptive state of MHC class I molecules. J Immunol 2005; 174:2116-2123.
80. Talbott M, Hare M, Nyarko A et al. Folding is coupled to dimerization of Tctex-1 dynein light chain. Biochemistry 2006; 45:6793-6800.
81. Sigalov AB, Zhuravleva AV, Orekhov VY. Binding of intrinsically disordered proteins is not necessarily accompanied by a structural transition to a folded form. Biochimie 2007; 89:419-421.
82. Sigalov AB, Aivazian DA, Uversky VN et al. Lipid-binding activity of intrinsically unstructured cytoplasmic domains of multichain immune recognition receptor signaling subunits. Biochemistry 2006; 45:15731-15739.
83. Pitcher LA, van Oers NS. T-cell receptor signal transmission: Who gives an ITAM? Trends Immunol 2003; 24:554-560.
84. Pike KA, Baig E, Ratcliffe MJ. The avian B-cell receptor complex: Distinct roles of Igalpha and Igbeta in B-cell development. Immunol Rev 2004; 197:10-25.
85. Storch B, Meixlsperger S, Jumaa H. The Ig-alpha ITAM is required for efficient differentiation but not proliferation of preB cells. Eur J Immunol 2007; 37:252-260.
86. Gazumyan A, Reichlin A, Nussenzweig MC. Ig beta tyrosine residues contribute to the control of B-cell receptor signaling by regulating receptor internalization. J Exp Med 2006; 203:1785-1794.
87. Lin S, Cicala C, Scharenberg AM et al. The Fc(epsilon)RIbeta subunit functions as an amplifier of Fc(epsilon)RIgamma-mediated cell activation signals. Cell 1996; 85:985-995.
88. Sanchez-Mejorada G, Rosales C. Signal transduction by immunoglobulin Fc receptors. J Leukoc Biol 1998; 63:521-533.
89. Lysechko TL, Ostergaard HL. Differential Src family kinase activity requirements for CD3 zeta phosphorylation/ZAP70 recruitment and CD3 epsilon phosphorylation. J Immunol 2005; 174:7807-7814.
90. Kuhns MS, Davis MM. Disruption of extracellular interactions impairs T-cell receptor-CD3 complex stability and signaling. Immunity 2007; 26:357-369.
91. Chau LA, Bluestone JA, Madrenas J. Dissociation of intracellular signaling pathways in response to partial agonist ligands of the T-cell receptor. J Exp Med 1998; 187:1699-1709.
92. Jensen WA, Pleiman CM, Beaufils P et al. Qualitatively distinct signaling through T-cell antigen receptor subunits. Eur J Immunol 1997; 27:707-716.
93. Pitcher LA, Mathis MA, Young JA et al. The CD3 gammaepsilon/deltaepsilon signaling module provides normal T-cell functions in the absence of the TCR zeta immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs. Eur J Immunol 2005; 35:3643-3654.
94. Kesti T, Ruppelt A, WangJH et al. Reciprocal Regulation of SH3 and SH2 Domain Binding via Tyrosine Phosphorylation of a Common Site in CD3{epsilon}. J Immunol 2007; 179:878-885.
95. Chae WJ, Lee HK, Han JH et al. Qualitatively differential regulation of T-cell activation and apoptosis by T-cell receptor zeta chain ITAMs and their tyrosine residues. Int Immunol 2004; 16:1225-1236.
96. Wines BD, Trist HM, Monteiro RC et al. Fc receptor gamma chain residues at the interface of the cytoplasmic and transmembrane domains affect association with FcalphaRI, surface expression and flmction. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:26339-26345.
97. Kikuchi-Maki A, Catina TL, Campbell KS. Cutting edge: KIR2DL4 transduces signals into human NK cells through association with the Fc receptor gamma protein. J Immunol 2005; 174:3859-3863.
98. DeFranco AL, Mittelstadt PR, Blum JH et al. Mechanism of B-cell antigen receptor function: transmembrane signaling and triggering of apoptosis. Adv Exp Med Biol 1994; 365:9-22.
99. Morton HC, van den Herik-Oudijk IE, Vossebeld P et al. Functional association between the human myeloid immunoglobulin A Fc receptor (CD89) and FcR gamma chain. Molecular basis for CD89/FcR gamma chain association. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:29781-29787.
100. Kim MK, Huang ZY, Hwang PH et al. Fcgamma receptor transmembrane domains: role in cell surface expression, gamma chain interaction and phagocytosis. Blood 2003; 101:4479-4484.
101. Arkin M. Protein-protein interactions and cancer: Small molecules going in for the kill. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2005; 9:317-324.
102. Fry DC. Protein-protein interactions as targets for small molecule drug discovery. Biopolymers 2006; 84:535-552.
103. Loregian A, Palu G. Disruption of protein-protein interactions: Towards new targets for chemotherapy. J Cell Physiol 2005; 204:750-762.
104. Angelov GS, Guillaimie P, Cebecauer M et al. Soluble MHC-peptide complexes containing long rigid linkers abolish CTL-mediated cytotoxicity. J Immunol 2006; 176:3356-3365.
105. Rotzschke O, Falk K, Strominger JL. Superactivation of an immune response triggered by oligomerized T-cell epitopes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94:14642-14647.
106. Tamir I, Schweitzer-Stenner R, Pecht I. Immobilization of the type I receptor for IgE initiates signal transduction in mast cells. Biochemistry 1996; 35:6872-6883.
107. Yang H, Parkhouse RM. Differential activation requirements associated with stimulation of T-cells via different epitopes of CD3. Immunology 1998; 93:26-32.
108. Niederberger N, Buehler LK, Ampudia J et al. Thymocyte stimulation by anti-TCR-beta, but not by anti-TCR-alpha, leads to induction of developmental transcription program. J Leukoc Biol 2005; 77:830-841.
109. Carreno LJ, Gonzalez PA, Kalergis AM. Modulation of T-cell function by TCR/pMHC binding kinetics. Immunobiology 2006; 211:47-64.
110. Holler PD, Lim AR, Cho BK et al. CD8(-) T-cell transfectants that express a high affinity T-cell receptor exhibit enhanced peptide-dependent activation. J Exp Med 2001; 194:1043-1052.
111. Ortega E, Schweitzer-Stenner R, Pecht I. Possible orientational constraints determine secretory signals induced by aggregation of IgE receptors on mast cells. EMBO J 1988; 7:4101-4109.
112. Pecht I, Ortega E, Jovin TM. Rotational dynamics of the Fc epsilon receptor on mast cells monitored by specific monoclonal antibodies and IgE. Biochemistry 1991; 30:3450-3458.
113. Gil D, Schamel WW, Montoya M et al. Recruitment of Nek by CD3 epsilon reveals a ligand-induced conformational change essential for T-cell receptor signaling and synapse formation. Cell 2002; 109:901-912.
114. Tamir I, Cambier JC. Antigen receptor signaling: Integration of protein tyrosine kinase functions. Oncogene 1998; 17:1353-1364.
115. Sulzer B, Perelson AS. Immunons revisited: Binding of multivalent antigens to B-cells. Mol Immunol 1997; 34:63-74.
116. Reth M, Wienands J. Initiation and processing of signals from the B-cell antigen receptor. Annu Rev Immunol 1997; 15:453-479.
117. Nimmerjahn F. Activating and inhibitory FcgammaRs in autoimmune disorders. Springer Semin Immunopathol 2006; 28:305-319.
118. Maurer D, Fiebiger E, Reininger B et al. Fc epsilon receptor I on dendritic cells delivers IgE-bound multivalent antigens into a cathepsin S-dependent pathway of MHC class II presentation. J Immunol 1998; 161:2731-2739.
119. Lara M, Ortega E, Pecht I et al. Overcoming the signaling defect of Lyn-sequestering, signal-curtailing FcepsilonRI dimers: Aggregated dimers can dissociate from Lyn and form signaling complexes with Syk. J Immunol 2001; 167:4329-4337.
120. Metzger H. The high affinity receptor for IgE, FcepsilonRI. Novartis Found Symp 2004; 257:51-59; discussion 59-64, 98-100, 276-185.
121. Metzger H, Eglite S, Haleem-Smith H et al. Quantitative aspects of signal transduction by the receptor with high affinity for IgE. Mol Immunol 2002; 38:1207-1211.
122. Holowka D, Sil D, Torigoe C et al. Insights into immunoglobulin E receptor signaling from structurally defined ligands. Immunol Rev 2007; 217:269-279.
123. Radaev S, Sun PD. Structure and fimction of natural killer cell surface receptors. Annu Rev Biophys Biomol Struct 2003; 32:93-114.
124. Natarajan K, Dimasi N, Wang J et al. Structure and function of natural killer cell receptors: multiple molecular solutions to self, nonself discrimination. Annu Rev Immunol 2002; 20:853-885.
125. Turnbull IR, Colonna M. Activating and inhibitory functions of DAP 12. Nat Rev Immunol 2007; 7:155-161.
126. Posner RG, Paar JM, Licht A et al. Interaction of a monoclonal IgE-specific antibody with cell-surface IgE-Fc epsilon RI: characterization of equilibrium binding and secretory response. Biochemistry 2004; 43:11352-11360.
127. Schweitzer-Stenner R, Ortega E, Pecht I. Kinetics of Fc epsilon RI dimer formation by specific monoclonal antibodies on mast cells. Biochemistry 1994; 33:8813-8825.
128. Kent UM, Mao SY, Wbfsy C et al. Dynamics of signal transduction after aggregation of cell-surface receptors: studies on the type I receptor for IgE. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91:3087-3091.
129. Yamasaki S, Ishikawa E, Kohno M et al. The quantity and duration of FcRgamma signals determine mast cell degranulation and survival. Blood 2004; 103:3093-3101.
130. Gibbs BF, Rathling A, Zillikens D et al. Initial Fc epsilon Rl-mediated signal strength plays a key role in regulating basophil signaling and deactivation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2006; 118:1060-1067.
131. Torigoe C, Inman JK, Metzger H. An unusual mechanism for ligand antagonism. Science 1998; 281:568-572.
132. Pasquier B, Launay P, Kanamaru Y et al. Identification of F calphaRI as an inhibitory receptor that controls inflammation: dual role of FcRgamma ITAM. Immunity 2005; 22:31-42.
133. Miura Y, Takahashi T, Jung SM et al. Analysis of the interaction of platelet collagen receptor glycoprotein VI (GPVI) with collagen. A dimcric form of GPVI, but not the monomeric form, shows affinity to fibrous collagen. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:46197-46204.
134. Varma R, Campi G, Yokosuka T et al. T-cell receptor-proximal signals are sustained in peripheral microclusters and terminated in the central supramolecular activation cluster. Immunity 2006; 25:117-127.
135. Jiang G, Hunter T. Receptor signaling: when dimerization is not enough. Curr Biol 1999; 9:R568-571.
136. Livnah O, Johnson DL, Stura EA et al. An antagonist peptide-EPO receptor complex suggests that receptor dimerization is not sufficient for activation. Nat Struct Biol 1998; 5:993-1004.
137. Syed RS, Reid SW, Li C et al. Efficiency of signalling through cytokine receptors depends critically on receptor orientation. Nature 1998; 395:511-516.
138. Greiser JS, Stross C, Heinrich PC et al. Orientational constraints of the gpl30 intracellular juxtamembrane domain for signaling. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:26959-26965.
139. Gay NJ, Gangloff M, Weber AN. Toll-like receptors as molecular switches. Nat Rev Immunol 2006; 6:693-698.
140. Mescher MF, Agarwal P, Casey KA et al. Molecular basis for checkpoints in the CD8 T-cell response: Tolerance versus activation. Semin Immunol 2007; 19:153-161.
141. Colombetti S, Benigni F, Basso V et al. Clonal anergy is maintained independently of T-cell proliferation. J Immunol 2002; 169:6178-6186.
142. Choi S, Schwartz RH. Molecular mechanisms for adaptive tolerance and other T-cell anergy models. Semin Immunol 2007; 19:140-152.
143. Chiodetti L, Choi S, Barber DL et al. Adaptive tolerance and clonal anergy are distinct biochemical states. J Immunol 2006; 176:2279-2291.
144. Recio MJ, Moreno-Pelayo MA, Kilic SS et al. Diffisrential biological role of CD3 chains revealed by human immunodeficiencies. J Immunol 2007; 178:2556-2564.
145. Gil D, Schrum AG, Alarcon B et al. T-cell receptor engagement by peptide-MHC ligands induces a conformational change in the CD3 complex of thymocytes. J Exp Med 2005; 201:517-522.
146. Risueno RM, Gil D, Fernandez E et al. Ligand-induced conformational change in the T-cell receptor associated with productive immune synapses. Blood 2005; 106:601-608.
147. Risueno RM, van Santen HM, Alarcon B. A conformational change senses the strength of T-cell receptor-ligand interaction during thymic selection. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103:9625-9630.
148. Vilen BJ, Nakamura T, Cambier JC. Antigen-stimidated dissociation of BCR mig from Ig-alpha/Ig-beta: implications for receptor desensitization. Immunity 1999; 10:239-248.
149. Vilen BJ, FamigUetti SJ, Carbone AM et al. B-cell antigen receptor desensitization: Disruption of receptor coupling to tyrosine kinase activation. J Immunol 1997; 159:231-243.
150. Cambier JC, Fisher CL, Pickles H et al. Dual molecular mechanisms mediate ligand-induced membrane Ig desensitization. J Immunol 1990; 145:13-19.
151. Vilen BJ, Burke KM, Skater M et al. Transmodulation of BCR signaling by transduction-incompetent antigen receptors: Implications for impaired signaling in anergic B-cells. J Immunol 2002; 168:4344-4351.
152. Arnon TI, Achdout H, Levi O et al. Inhibition of the NKp30 activating receptor by pp65 of human cytomegalovirus. Nat Immunol 2005; 6:515-523.
153. Levit MN, Liu Y, Stock JB. Stimulus response coupling in bacterial chemotaxis: Receptor dimers in signalling arrays. Mol Microbiol 1998; 30:459-466.
154. Sourjik V, Berg HC. Functional interactions between receptors in bacterial chemotaxis. Nature 2004; 428:437-441.
155. Sourjik V. Receptor clustering and signal processing in E. coli chemotaxis. Trends Microbiol 2004; 12:569-576.
156. Kawaguchi M, Eckels DD. Differential activation through the TCR-CD3 complex affects the requirement for costimulation of human T-cells. Hum Immunol 1995; 43:136-148.
157. Lanier LL, Ruitenberg JJ, Allison JP et al. Distinct epitopes on the T-cell antigen receptor of HPB-ALL tumor cells identified by monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol 1986; 137:2286-2292.
158. Schlitt HJ, Kurrle R, Wonigeit K. T-cell activation by monoclonal antibodies directed to different epitopes on the human T-cell receptor/CD3 complex: Evidence for two different modes of activation. Eur J Immunol 1989; 19:1649-1655.
159. Schwinzer R, Franklin RA, Domenico J et al. Monoclonal antibodies directed to different epitopes in the CD3-TCR complex induce different states of competence in resting human T-cells. J Immunol 1992; 148:1322-1328.
160. Yoon ST, Dianzani U, Bottomly K et al. Both high and low avidity antibodies to the T-cell receptor can have agonist or antagonist activity. Immunity 1994; 1:563-569.
161. Reich Z, Boniface JJ, Lyons DS et al. Ligand-specific oligomerization of T-cell receptor molecules. Nature 1997; 387:617-620.
162. Garboczi DN, Ghosh P, Utz U et al. Structure of the complex between human T-cell receptor, viral peptide and HLA-A2. Nature 1996; 384:134-141.
163. Abastado JP, Lone YC, Casrouge A et al. Dimerization of soluble major histocompatibility complex-peptide complexes is sufficient for activation of T-cell hybridoma and induction of unresponsiveness. J Exp Med 1995; 182:439-447.
164. Lindstedt R, Monk N, Lombardi G et al. Amino acid substitutions in the putative MHC class II "dimer of dimers" interface inhibit CD4+ T-cell activation. J Immunol 2001; 166:800-808.
165. Hayball JD, Lake RA. The immune function of MHC class II molecules mutated in the putative superdimer interface. Mol Cell Biochem 2005; 273:1-9.
166. Watts TH. T-cell activation by preformed, long-lived la-peptide complexes. Quantitative aspects. J Immunol 1988; 141:3708-3714.
167. Rubin B, Knibiehler M, Gairin JE. Allosteric Changes in the TCR/CD3 Structure Upon Interaction With Extra- or Intra-cellular Ligands. Scand J Immunol 2007; 66:228-237.
168. Cochran JR, Cameron TO, Stone JD et al. Receptor proximity, not intermolecular orientation, is critical for triggering T-cell activation. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:28068-28074.
169. Cebecauer M, Guillaume P, Hozak P et al. Soluble MHC-peptide complexes induce rapid death of CD8+ CTL. J Immunol 2005; 174:6809-6819.
170. Yamasaki S, Ishikawa E, Sakuma M et al. Mechanistic basis of pre-T-cell receptor-mediated autonomous signaling critical for thymocyte development. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:67-75.
171. Yamasaki S, Saito T. Molecular basis for preTCR-mediated autonomous signaling. Trends Immunol 2007; 28:39-43.
172. Geisberger R, Crameri R, Achatz G. Models of signal transduction through the B-cell antigen receptor. Immunology 2003; 110:401-410.
173. Yamashita T, Mao SY, Metzger H. Aggregation of the high-affinity IgE receptor and enhanced activity of p53/561yn protein-tyrosine kinase. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994; 91:11251-11255.
174. Kane P, Erickson J, Fewtrell C et al. Cross-Unking of IgE-receptor complexes at the cell surface: Synthesis and characterization of a long bivalent hapten that is capable of triggering mast cells and rat basophilic leukemia cells. Mol Immunol 1986; 23:783-790.
175. Kanamaru Y, Blank U, Monteiro RC. IgA Fc receptor I is a molecular switch that determines IgA activating or inhibitory functions. Contrib Nephrol 2007; 157:148-152.
176. Li P, Morris DL, Willcox BE et al. Complex structure of the activating immunoreceptor NKG2D and its MHC class I-likc ligand MICA. Nat Immunol 2001; 2:443-451.
177. Strong RK. Asymmetric ligand recognition by the activating natural killer cell receptor NKG2D, a symmetric homodimer. Mol Immunol 2002; 38:1029-1037.
178. Farndale RW Collagen-induced platelet activation. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2006; 36:162-165.
179. Smethurst PA, Onley DJ, Jarvis GE et al. Structural basis for the platelet-collagen interaction: The smallest motif within collagen that recognizes and activates platelet Glycoprotein VI contains two glycine-proline-hydroxyproline triplets. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:1296-1304.
180. Lu Q, Navdaev A, Clemetson JM et al. Snake venom C-type lectins interacting with platelet receptors. Structure-function relationships and effects on haemostasis. Toxicon 2005; 45:1089-1098.
181. Kato K, Furihata K, Cheli Y et al. Effect of multimer size and a natural dimorphism on the binding of convulxin to platelet glycoprotein (GP)VI. J Thromb Haemost 2006; 4:1107-1113.
182. Singer KL, Mostov KE. Dimerization of the polymeric immunoglobuhn receptor controls its transcytotic trafficking. Mol Biol Cell 1998; 9:901-915.
183. Mocsai A, Abram CL, Jakus Z et al. Integrin signaling in neutrophils and macrophages uses adaptors containing immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:1326-1333.
184. Li R, Mitra N, Gratkowski H et al. Activation of integrin alphallbbeta3 by modulation of transmembrane helix associations. Science 2003; 300:795-798.
185. Hantgan RR, Lyles DS, Mallett TC et al. Ligand binding promotes the entropy-driven oligomerization of integrin alpha lib beta 3. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:3417-3426.
186. Schamel WW, Arechaga I, Risueno RM et al. Coexistence of multivalent and monovalent TCRs explains high sensitivity and wide range of response. J Exp Med 2005; 202:493-503.
187. Iber D, Gruhn T. Organisation of B-cell receptors on the cell membrane. Syst Biol (Stevenage) 2006; 153:401-404.
188. Matsuuchi L, Gold MR. New views of BCR structure and organization. Curr Opin Immunol 2001; 13:270-277.
189. Schamel WW, Reth M. Monomeric and oligomeric complexes of the B-cell antigen receptor. Immunity 2000; 13:5-14.
190. Moss WC, Irvine DJ, Davis MM et al. Quantifying signaling-induced reorientation of T-cell receptors during immunological synapse formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002; 99:15024-15029.
191. Minguet S, Swamy M, Alarcon B et al. Full activation of the T-cell receptor requires both clustering and conformational changes at CD3. Immunity 2007; 26:43-54.
192. Ding YH, Baker BM, Garboczi DN et al. Four A6-TCR/peptide/HLA-A2 structures that generate very different T-cell signals are nearly identical. Immunity 1999; 11:45-56.
193. Ortega E, Lara M, Lee I et al. Lyn dissociation from phosphorylated Fc epsdon RI subunits: A new regulatory step in the Fc epsilon RI signaling cascade revealed by studies of Fc epsilon RI dimer signaling activity. J Immunol 1999; 162:176-185.
194. Simpson RJ, Hammacher A, Smith DK et al. Interleukin-6: Structure-function relationships. Protein Sci 1997; 6:929-955.
195. Muller-Newen G, Kuster A, Wijdenes J et al. Studies on the interleukin-6-type cytokine signal transducer gpl30 reveal a novel mechanism of receptor activation by monoclonal antibodies. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:4579-4586.
196. Autissier P, De Vos J, Liautard J et al. Dimerization and activation of the common transducing chain (gpl30) of the cytokines of the IL-6 family by mAb. Int Immunol 1998; 10:1881-1889.
197. Chan KF, Siegel MR, Lenardo JM. Signaling by the TNF receptor superfamily
198. Chan FK. Three is better than one: Preligand receptor assembly in the regulation of TNF receptor signaling. Cytokine 2007; 37:101-107.
199. Siegers GM, Yang J, Duerr CU et al. Identification of disulfide bonds in the Ig-alpha/Ig-beta component of the B-cell antigen receptor using the Drosophila S2 cell reconstitution system. Int Immunol 2006; 18:1385-1396.
200. Asai K, Fujimoto K, Harazaki M et al. Distinct aggregation of beta- and gamma-chains of the high-affinity IgE receptor on cross-hnking. J Histochem Cytochem 2000; 48:1705-1716.
201. Siegel RM, Muppidi JR, Sarker M et al. SPOTS: signaling protein oligomeric transduction structures are early mediators of death receptor-induced apoptosis at the plasma membrane. J Cell Biol 2004; 167:735-744.
202. Lee HK, Dunzendorfer S, Tobias PS. Cytoplasmic domain-mediated dimerizations of toll-like receptor 4 observed by beta-lactamase enzyme fragment complementation. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:10564-10574.
203. Weber AN, MoncriefFe MC, GanglofF M et al. Ligand-receptor and receptor-receptor interactions act in concert to activate signaling in the Drosophila toll pathway. J Biol Chem 2005; 280:22793-22799.
204. Kishimoto H, Kubo RT, Yorifuji H et al. Physical dissociation of the TCR-CD3 complex accompanies receptor ligation. J Exp Med 1995; 182:1997-2006.
205. Kosugi A, Saitoh S, Noda S et al. Translocation of tyrosine- phosphorylated TCRzeta chain to glycolipidenriched membrane domains upon T-cell activation. Int Immunol 1999; 11:1395-1401.
206. La Gruta NL, Liu H, Dilioglou S et al. Architectural changes in the TCR: CD3 complex induced by MHC: Peptide ligation. J Immunol 2004; 172:3662-3669.
207. Liu H, Rhodes M, Wiest DL et al. On the dynamics of TCR: CD3 complex cell surface expression and downmodulation. Immunity 2000; 13:665-675.
208. D'Oro U, Munitic I, Chacko G et al. Regulation of constitutive TCR internalization by the zeta-chain. J Immunol 2002; 169:6269-6278.
209. McKay DB, Irie HY, Hollander G et al. Antigen-induced unresponsiveness results in altered T-cell signaling. J Immunol 1999; 163:6455-6461.
210. Willems F, Andris F, Xu D et al. The induction of human T-cell unresponsiveness by soluble anti-CD3 mAb requires T-cell activation. Int Immunol 1995; 7:1593-1598.
211. WangXM, Djordjevic JT, Kurosaka N et al. T-cell antigen receptor peptides inhibit signal transduction within the membrane bilayer. Clin Immunol 2002; 105:199-207.
212. Kim JH, Cramer L, Mueller H et al. Independent trafficking of Ig-alpha/Ig-beta and mu-heavy chain is facilitated by dissociation of the B-cell antigen receptor complex. J Immunol 2005; 175:147-154.
213. Kremyanskaya M, Monroe JG. Ig-independent Ig beta expression on the surface of B lymphocytes after B-cell receptor aggregation. J Immunol 2005; 174:1501-1506.
214. Davis MM, Boniface JJ, Reich Z et al. Ligand recognition by alpha beta T-cell receptors. Annu Rev Immunol 1998; 16:523-544.
215. Gascoigne NR, Zal T, Alam SM. T-cell receptor binding kinetics in T-cell development and activation. Expert Rev Mol Med 2001; 2001:1-17.
216. Germain RN, Stefanova I. The dynamics of T-cell receptor signaling: Complex orchestration and the key roles of tempo and cooperation. Annu Rev Immunol 1999; 17:467-522.
217. Rosette C, Werlen G, Daniels MA et al. The impact of duration versus extent of TCR occupancy on T-cell activation: a revision of the kinetic proofreading model. Immunity 2001; 15:59-70.
218. Werlen G, Hausmann B, Naeher D et al. Signaling life and death in the thymus: Timing is everything. Science 2003; 299:1859-1863.
219. Love PE, Lee J, Shores EW Critical relationship between TCR signaling potential and TCR affinity during thymocyte selection. J Immunol 2000; 165:3080-3087.
220. Andersen PS, Geisler C, Buus S et al. Role of the T-cell receptor ligand affinity in T-cell activation by bacterial superantigens. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:33452-33457.
221. Mirshahidi S, Ferris LC, Sadegh-Nasseri S. The magnitude of TCR engagement is a critical predictor of T-cell anergy or activation. J Immunol 2004; 172:5346-5355.
222. Gett AV, Sallusto F, Lanzavecchia A et al. T-cell fitness determined by signal strength. Nat Immunol 2003; 4:355-360.
223. Langenkamp A, Casorati G, Garavaglia C et al. T-cell priming by dendritic cells: Thresholds for proliferation, differentiation and death and intraclonal functional diversification. Eur J Immunol 2002; 32:2046-2054.
224. Batista FD, Neuberger MS. Affinity dependence of the B-cell response to antigen: A threshold, a ceiling and the importance of off-rate. Immunity 1998; 8:751-759.
225. Casola S, Otipoby KL, Alimzhanov M et al. B-cell receptor signal strength determines B-cell fate. Nat Immunol 2004; 5:317-327.
226. Benschop RJ, Cambier JC. B-cell development: signal transduction by antigen receptors and their surrogates. Curr Opin Immunol 1999; 11:143-151.
227. George J, Penner SJ, Weber J et al. Influence of membrane Ig receptor density and affinity on B-cell signaling by antigen. Implications for affinity maturation. J Immunol 1993; 151:5955-5965.
228. Singh DK, Kumar D, Siddiqui Z et al. The strength of receptor signaling is centrally controlled through a cooperative loop between Ca2+ and an oxidant signal. Cell 2005; 121:281-293.
229. Kinet JP. The high-affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI): From physiology to pathology. Annu Rev Immunol 1999; 17:931-972.
230. Yamasaki S, Saito T Regulation of mast cell activation through FcepsilonRI. Chem Immunol Allergy 2005; 87:22-31.
231. Hlavacek WS, Redondo A, Wofsy C et al. Kinetic proofreading in receptor-mediated transduction of cellular signals: Receptor aggregation, partially activated receptors and cytosolic messengers. Bull Math Biol 2002; 64:887-911.
232. Iwashima M. Kinetic perspectives of T-cell antigen receptor signaling. A two-tier model for T-cell full activation. Immunol Rev 2003; 191:196-210.
233. Hlavacek WS, Redondo A, Metzger H et al. Kinetic proofreading models for cell signaling predict ways to escape kinetic proofreading. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98:7295-7300.
234. Haefner J. Modeling Biological Systems: Principles and Apphcations, 2nd ed. New York: Springer; 2005:480.
235. Ono S, Ohno H, Saito T. Rapid turnover of the CD3 zeta chain independent of the TCR-CD3 complex in normal T-cells. Immunity 1995; 2:639-644.
236. McKeithan TW. Kinetic proofreading in T-cell receptor signal transduction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92:5042-5046.
237. Rabinowitz JD, Beeson C, Lyons DS et al. Kinetic discrimination in T-cell activation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1996; 93:1401-1405.
238. Rabinowitz JD, Beeson C, Wulfing C et al. Altered T-cell receptor ligands trigger a subset of early T-cell signals. Immunity 1996; 5:125-135.
239. Kersh GJ, Kersh EN, Fremont DH et al. High- and low-potency ligands with similar affinities for the TCR: the importance of kinetics in TCR signaling. Immunity 1998; 9:817-826.
240. Schamel WW, Risueno RM, Minguet S et al. A conformation- and avidity-based proofreading mechanism for the TCR-CD3 complex. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:176-182.
241. Valitutti S, Muller S, Cella M et al. Serial triggering of many T-cell receptors by a few peptide-MHC complexes. Nature 1995; 375:148-151.
242. Itoh Y, Hemmer B, Martin R et al. Serial TCR engagement and down-modulation by peptide :MHC molecule ligands: relationship to the quality of individual TCR signaling events. J Immimol 1999; 162:2073-2080.
243. Borovsky Z, Mishan-Eisenberg G, Yaniv E et al. Serial triggering of T-cell receptors results in incremental accumulation of signaling intermediates. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:21529-21536.
244. Sousa J, Carneiro J. A mathematical analysis of TCR serial triggering and down-regulation. Eur J Immunol 2000; 30:3219-3227.
245. Friedl P, Gunzer M. Interaction of T-cells with APCs: The serial encounter model. Trends Immunol 2001; 22:187-191.
246. Davis MM. A new trigger for T-cells. Cell 2002; 110:285-287.
247. Alarcon B, Gil D, Delgado P et al. Initiation of TCR signaling: Regulation within CD3 dimers. Immunol Rev 2003; 191:38-46.
248. Reth M, Wienands J, Schamel WW. An unsolved problem of the clonal selection theory and the model of an oligomeric B-cell antigen receptor. Immunol Rev 2000; 176:10-18.
249. Aivazian D, Stern LJ. Phosphorylation of T-cell receptor zeta is regulated by a lipid dependent folding transition. Nat Struct Biol 2000; 7:1023-1026.
250. Rojo JM, Janeway CA Jr. The biologic activity of anti-T-cell receptor V region monoclonal antibodies is determined by the epitope recognized. J Immimol 1988; 140:1081-1088.
251. Krogsgaard M, Prado N, Adams EJ et al. Evidence that structural rearrangements and/or flexibility during TCR binding can contribute to T-cell activation. Mol Cell 2003; 12:1367-1378.
252. Kjer-Nielsen L, Dunstone MA, Kostenko L et al. Crystal structure of the human T-cell receptor CD3 epsilon gamma heterodimer complexed to the therapeutic mAb OKT3. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101:7675-7680.
253. Levin SE, Weiss A. Twisting tails exposed: The evidence for TCR conformational change. J Exp Med 2005; 201:489-492.
254. Anton van der Merwe P, Davis SJ, Shaw AS et al. Cytoskcletal polarization and redistribution of cell-surface molecules during T-cell antigen recognition. Semin Immunol 2000; 12:5-21.
255. Monks CR, Freiberg BA, Kupfer H et al. Three-dimensional segregation of supramolecular activation clusters in T-cells. Nature 1998; 395:82-86.
256. Davis SJ, van der Merwe PA. The kinetic-segregation model: TCR triggering and beyond. Nat Immunol 2006; 7:803-809.
257. Manolios N, Collier S, Taylor J et al. T-cell antigen receptor transmembrane peptides modulate T-cell function and T-cell-mediated disease. Nat Med 1997; 3:84-88.
258. Ali M, De Planque MRR, Huynh NT et al. Biophysical studies of a transmembrane peptide derived from the T-cell antigen receptor. Lett Pept Sci 2002; 8:227-233.
259. Bender V, Ali M, Amon M et al. T-cell antigen receptor peptide-lipid membrane interactions using surface plasmon resonance. J Biol Chem 2004; 279:54002-54007.
260. Gerber D, Quintana FJ, Bloch I et al. D-enantiomer peptide of the TCRalpha transmembrane domain inhibits T-cell activation in vitro and in vivo. FASEB J 2005; 19:1190-1192.
261. Enk AH, Knop J. T-cell receptor mimic peptides and their potential application in T-cell-mediated disease. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2000; 123:275-281.
262. Gollner GP, Muller G, Alt R et al. Therapeutic application of T-cell receptor mimic peptides or cDNA in the treatment of T-cell-mediated skin diseases. Gene Ther 2000; 7:1000-1004.
263. Manolios N, Huynh NT, Collier S. Peptides in the treatment of inflammatory skin disease. Australas J Dermatol 2002; 43:226-227.
264. Kurosaka N, Bolte A, Ali M et al. T-cell antigen receptor assembly and cell surface expression is not affected by treatment with T-cell antigen receptor-alpha chain transmembrane peptide. Protein Pept Lett 2007; 14:299-303.
265. Collier S, Bolte A, Manolios N. Discrepancy in CD3-transmembrane peptide activity between in vitro and in vivo T-cell inhibition. Scand J Immunol 2006; 64:388-391.
266. Amon MA, Ali M, Bender V et al. Lipidation and glycosylation of a T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) transmembrane hydrophobic peptide dramatically enhances in vitro and in vivo function. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006.
267. Ali M, Salam NK, Amon M et al. T-cell antigen receptor-alpha chain transmembrane peptides: Correlation between structure and function. Int J Pept Res Ther 2006; 12:261-267.
268. Vandebona H, Ali M, Amon M et al. Immunoreceptor transmembrane peptides and their effect on natural killer (NK) cell cytotoxicity. Protein Pept Lett 2006; 13:1017-1024.
269. Sigalov AB. Interaction between HIV gp41 fusion peptide and T-cell receptor: Putting the puzzle pieces back together. FASEB J 2007; 21:1633-1634; author reply 1635.
270. Spencer DM, Wandless TJ, Schreiber SL et al. Controlling signal transduction with synthetic ligands. Science 1993; 262:1019-1024.
271. Soldevila G, Castellanos C, Malissen M et al. Analysis of the individual role of the TCRzeta chain in transgenic mice after conditional activation with chemical inducers of dimerization. Cell Immunol 2001; 214:123-138.
272. Crabtree GR, Schreiber SL. Three-part inventions: Intracellular signaling and induced proximity. Trends Biochem Sci 1996; 21:418-422.
273. Buferne M, Luton F, Letourneur F et al. Role of CD3 delta in surface expression of the TCR/CD3 complex and in activation for killing analyzed with a CD3 delta-negative cytotoxic T-lymphocyte variant. J Immunol 1992; 148:657-664.
274. Luton F, Buferne M, Legendre V et al. Role of CD3gamma and CD3delta cytoplasmic domains in cytolytic T-lymphocyte functions and TCR/CD3 down-modulation. J Immunol 1997; 158:4162-4170.
275. Haks MC, Cordaro TA, van den Brakel JH et al. A redundant role of the CD3 gamma-immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif in mature T-cell function. J Immunol 2001; 166:2576-2588.
276. Haks MC, Pepin E, van den Brakel JH et al. Contributions of the T-cell receptor-associated CD3gamma- ITAM to thymocyte selection. J Exp Med 2002; 196:1-13.
277. de Saint Basile G, Geissmann F, Flori E et al. Severe combined immunodeficiency caused by deficiency in either the delta or the epsilon subunit of CD3. J Clin Invest 2004; 114:1512-1517.
278. Roifman CM. CD3 delta immunodeficiency. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 4:479-484.
279. Teixeiro E, Daniels MA, Hausmann B et al. T-cell division and death are segregated by mutation of TCRbeta chain constant domains. Immunity 2004; 21:515-526.
280. Torres PS, Zapata DA, PachecoCastro A et al. Contribution of CD3 gamma to TCR regulation and signaUng in human mature T-lymphocytes. Int Immunol 2002; 14:1357-1367.
281. Rodriguez-Tarduchy G, Sahuquillo AG, Alarcon B et al. Apoptosis but not other activation events is inhibited by a mutation in the transmembrane domain of T-cell receptor beta that impairs CD3zeta association. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:30417-30425.
282. Sutton BJ, Gould HJ. The human IgE network. Nature 1993; 366:421-428.
283. Gould HJ, Sutton BJ, Beavil AJ et al. The biology of IGE and the basis of allergic disease. Annu Rev Immunol 2003; 21:579-628.
284. Kraft S, Novak N. Fc receptors as determinants of allergic reactions. Trends Immunol 2006; 27:88-95.
285. Adamczewski M, Paolini R, Kinet JP. Evidence for two distinct phosphorylation pathways activated by high affinity immunoglobulin E receptors. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:18126-18132.
286. Dombrowicz D, Lin S, Flamand V et al. Allergy-associated FcRbeta is a molecular amplifier of IgE- and IgG-mediated in vivo responses. Immunity 1998; 8:517-529.
287. Eiseman E, Bolen JB. Signal transduction by the cytoplasmic domains of Fc epsilon Rl-gamma and TCR-zeta in rat basophdic leukemia cells. J Biol Chem 1992; 267:21027-21032.
288. Jouvin MH, Adamczewski M, Numerof R et al. Differential control of the tyrosine kinases Lyn and Syk by the two signaling chains of the high affinity immunoglobulin E receptor. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:5918-5925.
289. Scharcnberg AM, Lin S, Cuenod B et al. Reconstitution of interactions between tyrosine kinases and the high affinity IgE receptor which are controlled by receptor clustering. EMBO J 1995; 14:3385-3394.
290. Shiue L, Green J, Green OM et al. Interaction of p72syk with the gamma and beta subunits of the high-affinity receptor for immunoglobulin E, Fc epsilon RI. Mol Cell Biol 1995; 15:272-281.
291. Wilson BS, Kapp N, Lee RJ et al. Distinct functions of the Fc epsilon Rl gamma and beta subunits in the control of Fc epsilon Rl-mediated tyrosine kinase activation and signaling responses in RBL-2H3 mast cells. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:4013-4022.
292. Goldstein B, Faeder JR, Hlavacek WS. Mathematical and computational models of immune-receptor signalling. Nat Rev Immunol 2004; 4:445-456.
293. Goldstein B, Faeder JR, Hlavacek WS et al. Modeling the early signaling events mediated by FcepsilonRI. Mol Immunol 2002; 38:1213-1219.
294. Faeder JR, Hlavacek WS, Reischl I et al. Investigation of early events in Fc epsilon Rl-mediated signaling using a detailed mathematical model. J Immunol 2003; 170:3769-3781.
295. Hlavacek WS, Faeder JR, BUnov ML et al. The complexity of complexes in signal transduction. Biotechnol Bioeng 2003; 84:783-794.
296. Nadler MJ, Matthews SA, Turner H et al. Signal transduction by the high-affinity immunoglobulin E receptor Fc epsilon RI: coupling form to function. Adv Immunol 2000; 76:325-355.
297. Liu KJ, Parikh VS, Tucker PW et al. Role of the B-cell antigen receptor in antigen processing and presentation. Involvement of the transmembrane region in intracellular trafficking of receptor/ligand complexes. J Immunol 1993; 151:6143-6154.
298. Pleiman CM, DAmbrosio D, Cambier JC. The B-cell antigen receptor complex: Structure and signal transduction. Immunol Today 1994; 15:393-399.
299. Cambier JC. Signal transduction by T- and B-cell antigen receptors: Converging: Structures and concepts. Curr Opin Immunol 1992; 4:257-264.
300. Cambier JC, Pleiman CM, Clark MR. Signal transduction by the B-cell antigen receptor and its coreceptors. Annu Rev Immunol 1994; 12:457-486.
301. Kraus M, Pao LI, Reichlin A et al. Interference with immunoglobulin (Ig) alpha immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif (ITAM) phosphorylation modulates or blocks B-cell development, depending on the availability of an Igbeta cytoplasmic tail. J Exp Med 2001; 194:455-469.
302. Batista FD, Iber D, Neuberger MS. B-cells acquire antigen from target cells after synapse formation. Nature 2001; 411:489-494.
303. Bannish G, Fuentes-Panana EM, Cambier JC et al. Ligand-independent signaling functions for the B- lymphocyte antigen receptor and their role in positive selection during B-lymphopoiesis. J Exp Med 2001; 194:1583-1596.
304. Kato K, Kanaji T, Russell S et al. The contribution of glycoprotein VI to stable platelet adhesion and thrombus formation illustrated by targeted gene deletion. Blood 2003; 102:1701-1707.
305. Gawaz M. Role of platelets in coronary thrombosis and reperfusion of ischemic myocardium. Cardiovasc Res 2004; 61:498-511.
306. Gibbins JM, Okuma M, Farndale R et al. Glycoprotein VI is the collagen receptor in platelets which underlies tyrosine phosphorylation of the Fc receptor gamma-chain. FEBS Lett 1997; 413:255-259.
307. Sigalov AB. More on: glycoprotein VI oligomerization: A novel concept of platelet inhibition. J Thromb Haemost 2007; 5:2310-2312.
308. Sigalov AB. Inhibiting Collagen-induced Platelet Aggregation and Activation with Peptide Variants. US 12/001,258 and PCT PCT/US2007/025389 patent applications were filed on 12/11/2007 and 12/12/2007, respectively, claiming a priority to US provisional patent application 60/874,694 filed on 12/13/2006.
309. Leitenberg D, Balamuth F, Bottomly K. Changes in the T-cell receptor macromolecular signaling complex and membrane microdomains during T-cell development and activation. Semin Immunol 2001; 13:129-138.
310. Janeway CA Jr, Bottomly K. Responses of T-cells to ligands for the T-cell receptor. Semin Immunol 1996;8:108-115.
311. Janeway CA Jr, Bottomly K. Signals and signs for lymphocyte responses. Cell 1994; 76:275-285.
312. Niedergang F, Dautry-Varsat A, Alcover A. Peptide antigen or superantigen-induced down-regulation of TCRs involves both stimulated and unstimulated receptors. J Immunol 1997; 159:1703-1710.
313. Bonefeld CM, Rasmussen AB, Lauritsen JP et al. TCR comodulation of nonengaged TCR takes place by a protein kinase C and CD3 gamma di-leucine-based motif-dependent mechanism. J Immunol 2003; 171:3003-3009.
314. San Jose E, Borroto A, Niedergang F et al. Triggering the TCR complex causes the downregulation of nonengaged receptors by a signal transduction-dependent mechanism. Immunity 2000; 12:161-170.
315. von Essen M, Nielsen MW, Bonefeld CM et al. Protein kinase C (PKC) alpha and PKC theta are the major PKC isotypes involved in TCR down-regulation. J Immunol 2006; 176:7502-7510.
316. Quintana FJ, Gerber D, Kent SC et al. HIV-1 fusion peptide targets the TCR and inhibits antigen-specific T-cell activation. J Clin Invest 2005; 115:2149-2158.
317. Bloch I, Quintana FJ, Gerber D et al. T-Cell inactivation and immunosuppressive activity induced by HIV gp41 via novel interacting motif. FASEB J 2007; 21:393-401.
318. Alarcon B, Swamy M, van Santen HM et al. T-cell antigen-receptor stoichiometry: Preclustering for sensitivity EMBO Rep 2006; 7:490-495.
319. Kim YM, Pan JY, Korbel GA et al. Monovalent ligation of the B-cell receptor induces receptor activation but fails to promote antigen presentation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103:3327-3332.
320. Eynon EE, Parker DC. Small B-cells as antigen-presenting cells in the induction of tolerance to soluble protein antigens. J Exp Med 1992; 175:131-138.
321. Gahring LC, Weigle WO. The induction of peripheral T-cell unresponsiveness in adult mice by monomeric human gamma-globulin, J Immunol 1989; 143:2094-2100.