Potential mechanisms for the genesis of Cenozoic domal structures on the NE Atlantic margin: Pros, cons and some new ideas

Geological Society Special Publication

Volumn 306, Issue , 2008, Pages 1-26

  Dore A G ^a   Lundin, E R ^b   Kusznir, N J ^c   Pascal, C ^d  

^a Statoil Gulf Services LLC   (United States)

^b STATOIL   (Norway)

^c UNIVERSITY OF LIVERPOOL   (United Kingdom)

^d GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF NORWAY   (Norway)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CENOZOIC; COMPRESSION; CONTINENTAL BREAKUP; DEFORMATION; DOME; FOLDING; OROGENY; PASSIVE MARGIN; SLIDING; THRUST;

ATLANTIC OCEAN; ATLANTIC OCEAN (NORTHEAST); FAROE ISLANDS; ICELAND; IRELAND; NORWAY; UNITED KINGDOM;

EID: 58149311709     PISSN: 03058719     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1144/SP306.1     Document Type: Article

References (99)

1. Berástegui, X., Banks, C. J., Puig, C., Taberner, C., Waltham, D. & Ferná Ndez, M. 1998. Lateral diapiric emplacement of Triassic evaporites at the southern margin of the Guadalquivir Basin, Spain. In: Mascle, A., Puigdefá Bregas, C., Luterbacher, H. P. & Fernández, M. (eds) Cenozoic Foreland Basins of Western Europe. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 134, 49-68.
2. Blystad, P., Brekke, H., Færseth, R. B., Larsen, B. T., Skogseid, J. & Tørudbakken, B. 1995. Structural elements of the Norwegian continental shelf. Part II: The Norwegian Sea region. Norwegian Petroleum Directorate Bulletin, 8.
3. Boldreel, L. O. &Andersen, M. S. 1993. Late Paleocene to Miocene compression in the Faroe-Rockall area. In: PARKER, J. R. (ed.) Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe. Proceedings of the 4th Conference. Geological Society, London, 1025-1034.
4. Boldreel, L. O. & Andersen, M. S. 1998. Tertiary compressional structures on the Faeroe-Rockall Plateau in relation to northeast Atlantic ridge-push and Alpine foreland stresses. Tectonophysics, 300, 13-28.
5. Bott, M. H. P. 1991. Ridge push and associate plate interior stress in normal and hot spot regions. Tectonophysics, 200, 17-32.
6. Bott, M. H. P. 1993. Modelling the plate-driving mechanism. Journal of the Geological Society of London, 150, 941-951.
7. Bowin, C. 1991. The Earth's gravity field and plate tectonics, Tectonophysics, 187, 69-89.
8. Breivik, A. J.,Mjelde, R., Faleide, J. I. & Murai, Y. 2006. Rates of continental breakup magmatism and seafloor spreading in the Norway Basin - Iceland plume interaction. Journal of Geophysical Research, 111, B07102, doi:10.1029/2005JB004004.
9. Brekke, H. 2000. The tectonic evolution of the Norwegian Sea Continental Margin with emphasis on the Vøring and Møre Basins. In: Nøttvedt, A. (ed.) Dynamics of the Norwegian Margin. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 327-378.
10. Brekke, H. & Riis, F. 1987. Tectonics and basin evolution of the Norwegian shelf between 62° and 72°N. Norsk Geologisk Tidskrift, 67, 295-321.
11. Brozena, J. M., Childers, V. A., Lawver, L. A., Gahagan, L. M., Forsberg, R., Faleide, J. I. & Eldholm, O. 2003. New aerogeophysical study of the Eurasia Basin and Lomonosov Ridge: implications for basin development. Geology, 31, 825-828.
12. Chalmers, J. A. & Pulvertaft, T. C. R. 2001. Development of the continental margins of the Labrador Sea: a review. In: Wilson, R. C. L., Whitmarsh, R. B., Taylor, B. & Froitzheim, N. (eds) Non-Volcanic Rifting of Continental Margins: A Comparison of Evidence from Land and Sea. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 187, 77-105.
13. Cloetingh, S., Gradstein, F. M., Kooi, H., Grant, A. C. & Kaminski, M. 1990. Plate reorganization: a cause of rapid late Neogene subsidence and sedimentation around the North Atlantic. Journal of Geological Society, London, 147, 495-506.
14. Cramez, C. & Jackson, M. P. A. 2000. Superposed deformation straddling the continental-oceanic transition in deep-water Angola. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 17, 1095-1109.
15. Dahlen, F. A. 1981. Isostasy and the ambient state of stress in the oceanic lithosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research, 86, 7801-7807.
16. Davies, R. J., Cloke, I., Cartwright, J., Robinson, A. & Ferrero, C. 2004. Post-breakup compression of a passive margin and its impact on hydrocarbon prospectivity: and example from the Tertiary of the Faroe-Shetland Basin, United Kingdom. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 88, 1-20.
17. Dicken, A. P. 1992. Evidence for an Early Proterozoic crustal province in the North Atlantic region. Journal of Geological Society, London, 149, 483-486.
18. Doré, A. G. & Lundin, E. R. 1996. Cenozoic compressional structures on the NE Atlantic margin: nature, origin, and potential significance for hydrocarbon exploration. Petroleum Geoscience, 2, 299-311.
19. Doré, A. G., Lundin, E. R., Jensen, L. N., Birkeland, Ø., Eliassen, P. E. & Fichler, C. 1999. Principal tectonic events in the evolution of the northwest Eurpoean Atlantic margin. In: Fleet, A. J. & Boldy, S. A. R. (eds) Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe. Proceedings of the 5th Conference. Geological Society, London, 41-61.
20. Ebbing, J., Lundin, E., Olesen, O. & Hansen, K. 2006. The mid-Norwegian margin: a discussion of crustal lineaments, mafic intrusions, and remnants of the Caledonian root by 3D density modelling and structural interpretation. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 163, 47-59.
21. Eidvin, T., Bugge, T. & Smelror, M. 2007. The Molo Formation, deposited by coastal progradation on the inner Mid-Norwegian continental shelf, coeval with the Kai Formation to the west and the Utsira Formation in the North Sea. Norwegian Journal of Geology, 87, 75-142.
22. Ellen, S. M. O. 2002. Geological Map, Land and Sea Areas of Northern Europe. Scale 1:4 million. Geological Survey of Norway.
23. Engen, Ø., Faleide, J. I. & Dyreng, T. K. 2008. Opening of the Fram Strait gateway; a review of plate tectonic constraints. Tectonophysics, 450, 51-69, doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.01.002.
24. Eyles, N. 1996. Passive margin uplift around the North Atlantic region and its role in Northern Hemisphere late Cenozoic glaciation. Geology, 24, 103-106.
25. Faleide, J. I., Myhre, A. M. & Eldholm, O. 1988. Eraly Tertiary volcanism at the Western Barents Sea margin. In: Morton, A. C. & Parson, L. M. (eds) Early Tertiary Volcanism and the Opening of the NE Atlantic. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 39, 135-146.
26. Faleide, J. I., Vågnes, E. & Gudlaugsson, S. T. 1993. Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic evolution of the south-western Barents Sea in a regional rift-shear tectonic setting. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 10, 186-214.
27. Feden, R. H., Vogt, P. R. & Fleming, H. S. 1979. Magnetic and bathymetric evidence for the 'Yermak hot spot' northwest of Svalbard in the Arctic Basin. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 44, 18-38.
28. Fichler, C., Rundhovde, E., Olesen, O., Sæther, B. M., Rueslåtten, H., Lundin, E. & Doré, A. G. 1999. Regional tectonic interpretation of image enhanced gravity and magnetic data covering the mid-Norwegian shelf and adjacent mainland. Tectonophysics, 306, 183-197.
29. Fleitout, L. & Froidevaux, C. 1982. Tectonics and topography for a lithosphere containing density heterogeneities. Tectonics, 1, 21-56.
30. Gaina, C., Roest, W.R. & Muller, R.D. 2002. Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic deformation of Northeast Asia. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 197, 273-286.
31. Gaina, C., Torsvik, T. H., Redfield, T. F. et al. 2006. Frontier Science and Exploration: the Atlantic-Arctic. Norwegian Geological Survey, report 2006.077.
32. Gernigon, L., Ringenbach, J. C., Planke, S., Le Gall, B. & Jonquet-Kolstø, H. 2003. Extension, crustal structure and magmatism at the outer Vøring Basin, Norwegian margin. Journal of the Geological Society, 160, 197-208.
33. Gómez, M. & Vergés, J. 2005. Quantifying the contribution of tectonics vs. differential compaction in the development of domes along the Mid-Norwegian Atlantic margin. Basin Research, 17, 289-310.
34. Greenhalgh, E. E. & Kusznir, N. J. 2007. Evidence for thin oceanic crust on the extinct Aegir Ridge, Norwegian Basin, NE Atlantic derived from satellite gravity inversion. Geophysical Research Letters, 34, L06305, doi:10.1029/2007GL029440.
35. Hamann, N. E., Wittaker, R. C. & Stemmerik, L. 2005. Geological development of the Northeast Greenland Shelf. In: Doré, A. G. & Vining, B. A. (eds) Petroleum Geology: North-West Europe and Global Perspectives. Proceedings of the 6th Petroleum Geology Conference. Geological Society, London, 887-902.
36. Haxby, W. F. & Turcotte, D. L. 1978. On isostatic geoid anomalies. Journal of Geophysical Research, 83, 5473-5478.
37. Henriksen, S. & Weimer, P. 1996. High-frequency depositional sequences and stratal stacking patterns in Lower Pliocene coastal deltas, mid-Norwegian continental shelf. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 80, 1867-1895.
38. Hjelstuen, B. O., Sejrup, H. P., Haflidason, H., Berg, K. & Bryn, P. 2004. Neogene and Quaternary depositional environments on the Norwegian continental margin, 62°N-68°N. Marine Geology, 213, 257-276.
39. Jones, S. M. & Maclennan, J. 2005. Crustal flow beneath Iceland. Journal of Geophysical Research, 110, B9, doi:10.1029/2004JB003592.
40. Johnson, H., Ritchie, J. D., Hitchen, K., Mcinroy, D. B. & Kimbell, G. S. 2005. Aspects of the Cenozoic deformational history of the Northeast Faroe- Shetland Basin, Wyville-Thomson Ridge and Hatton Bank areas. In: DORÉ, A. G. & Vining, B. A. (eds) Petroleum Geology: North-West Europe and Global Perspectives. Proceedings of the 6th Petroleum Geology Conference. Geological Society, London, 993-1008.
41. Jóhannesson, H. & Sæmundsson, K. 1998. Geological map of Iceland. Iceland Institute of Natural History, Reykjavik. Scale 1:500 000.
42. Jordt, H., Thyberg, B.I. & Nøttvedt, A. 2000. Cenozoic evolution of the central and northern North Sea with focus on differential vertical movements of the basin floor and surrounding clastic source areas. In: NØTTVEDT, A. (ed.) Dynamics of the Norwegian Margin. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 167, 219-243.
43. Jung, W.-Y. & Vogt, P. R. 1997. A gravity and magnetic study of the extinct Aegir Ridge, Norwegian Sea. Journal of Geophysyical Research, 102, 5065-5089.
44. Kimbell, G. S., Ritchie, J. D., Johnson, H. & Gatliff, R. W. 2005. Controls on the structure and evolution of the NE Atlantic margin revealed by regional potential field imaging and 3D modelling. In: Doré, A. G. & Vining, B. A. (eds) Petroleum Geology: North-West Europe and Global Perspectives. Proceedings of the 6th Petroleum Geology Conference. Geological Society, London, 933-945.
45. Kjeldstad, A., Skogseid, J., Langtangen, H. P., Bjørlykke, K. & Høeg, K. 2003. Differential loading by prograding sedimentary wedges on continental margins: An arch-forming mechanism. Journal of Geophysical Research, 108, B1, 2036. doi:10.1029/2001JB001145.
46. Kristoffersen, Y. & Talwani, M. 1977. Extinct triple junction south of Greenland and the Tertiary motion of Greenland relative to North America. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 88, 1037-1049.
47. Kusznir, N. J. 1991. The distribution of stress with depth in the lithosphere: thermo-rheological and geodynamic constraints. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, 337, 95-110.
48. Kusznir, N. J., Hunsdale, R. & Roberts, A. M. Isimm Team 2005. Timing and magnitude of depth dependent lithosphere stretching on the S. Lofoten and N. Vøring continental margins offshore Mid-Norway: implications for subsidence and hydrocarbon maturation at volcanic rifted margins. In: Doré, A. G. & Vining, B. A. (eds) Petroleum Geology: North-West Europe and Global Perspectives. Proceedings of the 6th Petroleum Geology Conference. Geological Society, London, 767-783.
49. Kusznir, N. J. & Karner, G. D. 2007. Continental lithosphere thinning leading to breakup and rifted margin formation in response to upwelling divergent flow: application to the Woodlark Basin, Newfoundland and Iberia Margins. In: Karner, G. D., Manatschal, G. & Pinheiro, L. M. (eds) Imaging, Mapping and Modelling Continental Lithosphere Extension and Breakup. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 282, 389-419.
50. Lear, C. H., Rosenthal, Y. & Wright, J. D. 2003. The closing of a seaway: ocean water masses and global climate change. Earth and Planetary Sciences, 210, 425-436.
51. Lemoine, F. G., Smith, D., Smith, R. et al. 1996. EGM96, The NASA GSFC and NIMA Joint Geopotential Model. Proceedings of the International Symposium on Gravity, Geoid, and Marine Geodesy, Tokyo, Japan, September 30-October 4, 1996.
52. Louden, K. E., Osler, J. C., Srisastava, S. P. & Keen, C. E. 1996. Formation of oceanic crust at loe spreading rates: new constraints from an extinct spreading centre in the Labrador Sea. Geology, 24, 771-774.
53. Løseth, H. & Henriksen, S. 2005. A Middle to Late Miocene compression phase along the Norwegian passive margin. In: Doré, A. G. & VINING, B. A. (eds) Petroleum Geology: North-West Europe and Global Perspectives. Proccedings of the 6th Petroleum Geology Conference. Geological Society, London, 845-859.
54. Lundin, E. R. 2002. Atlantic-Arctic seafloor spreading history. In: EIDE, E. A. (coord.) BATLAS - Mid Norway plate reconstructions atlas with global and Atlantic perspectives. Geological Survey of Norway, 40-47.
55. Lundin, E. R.&Doré, A. G. 1997. A tectonic model for the Norwegian passive margin with implications for the NE Atlantic: Early Cretaceous to break-up. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 154, 545-550.
56. Lundin, E. & Doré, A. G. 2002. Mid-Cenozoic post-breakup deformation in the 'passive' margins bordering the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 19, 79-93.
57. Lundin, E. R. & Doré, A. G. 2005. NE-Atlantic break-up: a re-examination of the Iceland mantle plume model and the Atlantic-Arctic linkage. In: Doré, A. G. & Vining, B. A. (eds) North-West European Petroleum Geology and Global Perspectives. Proceedings of the 6th Conference. Geological Society, London, 739-754.
58. Lundin,E.R.&Rundhovde, E. 1993. Structural domains in the Møre Basin, Norway - from digital images of aeromagnetic data. EAPG 5th Annual Convention, Stavanger, Annual Convention Official Program, EO37.
59. Martinsen, O. J., Bøen, F., Charnock, M. A., Mangerud, G. & Nøttvedt, A. 1999. Cenozoic development of the Norwegian margin 60-64 °N: sequences and sedimentary response to variable basin physiography and tectonic setting. In: FLEET, A. J. & Boldy, S. A. R. (eds) Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe. Proceedings of the 5th Conference. Geological Society, London, 293-304.
60. Mcclay, K. R., Dooley, T. & Lewis, G. 1998. Analog models of progradational delta systems. Geology, 26, 771-774.
61. Mohriak, W. U., Bassetto, M. & Vieira, I. S. 1998. Crustal architecture and tectonic evolution of the Sergipe-Alagoas-Jacúipe Basins, offshore northern Brazil. Tectonophysics, 288, 199-220.
62. Mohriak, W. U., Rosendahl, B. R., Turner, J. P. & Valente, S. C. 2002. Crustal architecture of South Atlantic margins. In: Menzies, M. A., Klemperer, S. L., Ebinger, C. J. & Baker, J. (eds) Volcanic Rifted Margins. Boulder, Colorado. Geological Society of America Special Paper 362, 159-202.
63. Morley, C. K., Nelson, R. A., Patton, T. &Munn, S. G. 1990. Transfer zones in the East Africa rift system and their relevance to hydrocarbon exploration in rifts. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin, 74, 1234-1253.
64. Mosar, J., Lewis, G. & Torsvik, T. H. 2002. North Atlantic sea-floor spreading rates: implications for the Tertiary development of inversion structures of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 159, 503-515.
65. Nielsen, T. K. & Hopper, J. R. 2002. Formation of volcanic rifted margins: Are temperature anomalies required? Geophysical Research Letters, 29, 2022-2025.
66. Nunns, A. G. 1983. Plate tectonic evolution of the Greenland- Scotland Ridge and surrounding regions. In: Bott, M. H. P., Saxov, S., Talwani, M. & Thiede, J. (eds) Structure and Development of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge: New Methods and Concepts. Plenum Press, New York, 11-30.
67. Oakey, G. 1994. A structural fabric defined by topographic lineaments: correlation with tertiary deformation of Ellesmere and Axel Heiberg Islands, Canadian Arctic. Journal of Geophysical Research, 99(B10), 20,311-20,321.
68. Oakey, G. N. 2005. Cenozoic evolution and lithosphere dynamics of the Baffin Bay - Nares Strait region of Arctic Canada and Greenland. Ph.D. thesis, Vrije Universiteit, The Netherlands.
69. Parsons, B.&Mckenzie, D. 1978. Mantle convection and the thermal structure of the plates, Journal of Geophysical Research 83, 4485-4496.
70. Pascal, C.&Gabrielsen, R. H. 2001. Numerical modelling of Cenozoic stress patterns in the Mid Norwegian Margin and the northern North Sea. Tectonics, 20/4, 585-599.
71. Price, S., Brodie, J., Whitham, A. & Kent, R. 1997. Mid-Tertiary rifting and magmatism in the Traill Ø region, East Greenland. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 54, 419-434.
72. Ranalli, G. 1995. Rheology of the Earth. Chapman and Hall, New York.
73. Rasmussen, E. S. 2004. The interplay between true eustatic sea-level changes, tectonics, and climate changes: what is the dominating factor in sequence formation of the Upper Oligocene-Miocene succession in the eastern North Sea Basin, Denmark? Global and Planetary Change, 41, 15-30.
74. Reinecker, J., Heidbach, O., Tingay, M., Sperner, B. & Müller, B. 2005. The release 2005 of the World Stress Map (available online at www.world-stress-map.org).
75. Ren, S., Skogseid, J. & Eldholm, O. 1998. Late Cretaceous-Paleocene extension on the Vøring Volcanic Margin. Marine Geophysical Researches, 20, 343-369.
76. Riise, L., Ottesen, D., Berg, K. & Lundin, E. 2005. Large-scale development of the mid-Norwegian margin during the last 3 million years. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 22, 33-44.
77. Ritzmann, O. & Jokat, W. 2003. Crustal structure of northwestern Svalbard and the adjacent Yermak Plateau: evidence for Oligocene detachment tectonics and non-volcanic breakup. Geophysical Journal International, 152, 139-159.
78. Roberts, A. M., Corfield, R., Matthews, S., Kusznir, N. J. & Hooper, R. 2002. Mapping Palaeostructure and palaeobathymetry along the Norwegian continental margin. Frontier Exploration of Volcanic Continental Margins, Geological Society, London, 17-18 September 2002.
79. Roberts, D. G. 1989. Basin inversion around the British Isles. In: Cooper, M. A. & Williams, D. G. (eds) Inversion Tectonics. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 44, 131-150.
80. Rumph, B., Reaves, C. M., Orange, V. G. & Robinson, D. 1993. Structuring and transfer zones in the Faroe Basin in a regional tectonic context. In: Parker, J. R. (ed.) Petroleum Geology of Northwest Europe. Proceedings of the 4th Conference. Geological Society, London, 999-1010.
81. Smallwood, J. R. 2004. Tertiary inversion in the Faroe-Shetland Channel and the development of major erosional scarps. In: Davies, R. J., Stewart, S. A., Cartwight, J. A., Lappin, M. & Underhill, J. R. (eds) 3D Seismic Technology: Application to the Exploration of Sedimentary Basins. Geological Society London, Memoir 29, 187-198.
82. Srivastava, S. P. & Roest, W. R. 1999. Extent of oceanic crust in the Labrador Sea. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 16, 65-84.
83. Steel, R., Gjeldberg, J., Nøttvedt, A., Helland-Hansen, W., Kleinspehn, K. & Rye-Larsen, M. 1985. The Tertiary Strike-Slip Basins and Orogenic Belt of Spitsbergen. Society of Economic Palaeontologists and Mineralogists, Special Publication 37, 339-360.
84. Stuevold, L. M., Skogseid, J. & Eldholm, O. 1992. Post-Cretaceous uplift events on the Voring continental margin. Geology, 10, 919-922.
85. Stoker, M. S., Praeg, D., Shannon, P. M., Hjelstuen, B. O., Laberg, J. S., Nielsen, T., Vanweering, T. C. E., Sejrup, H. P. & Evans, D. 2005a. Neogene evolution of the Atlantic continental margin of NW Europe (Lofoten Islands to SW Ireland): Anything but passive. In: Doré, A. G. & Vining, B. A. (eds) Petroleum Geology: North-West Europe and Global Perspectives. Proceedings of the 6th Petroleum Geology Conference. Geological Society, London, 1057-1074.
86. Stoker, M. S., Hoult, R. J., Nielsen, T., Hjelstuen, B. O., Laberg, J. S., Shannon, P. M., Praeg, D., Mathiesen, A., Van Weering, T. C. E. & Mcdonnell, A. 2005b. Sedimentary and oceanic response to early Neogene compression on the NW European margin. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 22, 1031-1044.
87. Talwani, M. & Eldholm, O. 1977. Evolution of the Norwegian-Greenland Sea. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 88, 969-999.
88. Torsvik, T. H., Mosar, J. & Eide, E. A. 2001. Cretaceous-Tertiary geodynamics: A North Atlantic exercise. Geophysical Journal International, 146, 850-866.
89. Torsvik, T. M., Smethurst, M. A., Redfield, T. F., Gaina, C., Steinberger, B., Rousse, S., Buiter, S., Müller, R. D. & Gurnis, M. 2006. "Splates: Paleogeographic reconstruction software", Norwegian Geological Survey, report 2006.060.
90. Tsikalas, F., Faleide, J. I., Eldholm, O. & Wilson, J. 2005. Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic structural and stratigraphic correlations between the conjugate mid-Norway and NE Greenland continental margins. In: Doré, A. G. & Vining, B. A. (eds) Petroleum Geology: North-West Europe and Global Perspectives. Proceedings of the 6th Petroleum Geology Conference. Geological Society, London, 785-802.
91. Turcotte, D. L. & Schubert, G. 1982. Geodynamics. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
92. Vågnes, E., Gabrielsen, R. H. & Haremo, P. 1998. Late Cretaceous-Cenozoic intraplate contractional deformation at the Norwegian continental shelf: timing, magnitude and regional implications. Tectonophysics, 300, 29-46.
93. Vendeville, B. C. & Jackson, M. P. A. 1992. The rise of diapirs during thin skinned extension. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 9, 331-353.
94. Vogt, P. R., Johnson, G. L. & Krisjansson, L. 1980. Morphology and magnetic anomalies north of Iceland. Journal of Geophysics, 47, 67-80.
95. Vorren, T. O. & Laberg, J. S. 1997. Trough mouth fans - palaeoclimate and ice-sheet monitors. Quaternary Science Reviews, 16, 865-881.
96. White, R. S., Spence, G. D., Fowler, S. R., Mckenzie, D. P., Westbrook, G. K. & Bowen, A. N. 1987. Magmatism at rifted continental margins. Nature, 330, 439-444.
97. Withjack, M. O., Meisling, K. E. & Russell, L. R. 1989. Forced folding and basement-detached normal faulting in the Haltenbanken area, offshore Norway. In: Tankard, A. J. & Balkwill, H. R. (eds) Extensional Tectonics and Stratigraphy of the North Atlantic Margins. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 46, 567-575.
98. Ziegler, P. A. 1988. Evolution of the Arctic-North Atlantic and the Western Tethys. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Memoir, 43.
99. Ziegler, P. A. 1993. Plate-moving mechanisms: their relative importance. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 150, 927-940.