Globalization, human rights, and the social determinants of health

Bioethics

Volumn 23, Issue 2, 2009, Pages 97-111

  Chapman, Audrey R ^a,b  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT HEALTH CENTER   (United States)

^b UNIVERSITY OF CONNECTICUT SCHOOL OF MEDICINE   (United States)

Author keywords

Globalization; Health; Human rights; Social determinants

Indexed keywords

COMMERCIAL PHENOMENA; HEALTH; HEALTH CARE POLICY; HEALTH DISPARITY; HUMAN; HUMAN RIGHTS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; POVERTY; REVIEW;

COMMERCE; HEALTH POLICY; HEALTH STATUS DISPARITIES; HUMAN RIGHTS; HUMANS; INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION; POVERTY; WORLD HEALTH;

EID: 58149293244     PISSN: 02699702     EISSN: 14678519     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-8519.2008.00716.x     Document Type: Review

References (118)

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22. Katz, Unequal, Unfair, Ineffective and Inefficient Gender Inequity in Health: Why it Exists and How We Can Change It, Ibid: 108-111.
23. This observation is from a 2006 study of 15 developing countries by the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, cited in Katz, Unequal, Unfair, Ineffective and Inefficient Gender Inequity in Health: Why it Exists and How We Can Change It, Ibid.
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27. These standards are identified in the Preamble to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and then repeated in the preamble to many other human rights documents. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted and proclaimed by the UN General Assembly Resolution 217A(III), 10 December 1948.
28. See, for example, James W. Nickel. 1987. Making Sense of Human Rights: Philosophical Reflections on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. Berkeley: University of California Press: 1-3.
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44. General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health, Ibid: para. 11.
45. General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health, Ibid: para. 14.
46. Ibid: para. 15.
47. General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health, Ibid: para. 17.
48. General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health, Ibid: para. 11.
49. General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health, Ibid: paras. 20-21.
50. General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health, Ibid: para. 18.
51. General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health, Ibid: paras. 20-27.
52. General Comment No. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health, Ibid: para 12.
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54. The Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights has used this classification in writing several of its general comments, including General Comment No. 14.
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56. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, General Comment No. 3: The Nature of States' Parties Obligations, op. cit. note 39, para. 31.
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59. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, To the United Nations General Assembly. 58th Sess. Agenda item 117 (c), op. cit. note 51, para. 10.
60. To the United Nations General Assembly. 58th Sess. Agenda item 117 (c), Ibid: para.11.
61. To the United Nations General Assembly. 58th Sess. Agenda item 117 (c), Ibid: para.12.
62. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, To the United Nations General Assembly. 58th Sess. Agenda item 117 (c), op. cit. note 39, para. 43.
63. To the United Nations General Assembly. 58th Sess. Agenda item 117 (c), Ibid: para. 44.
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65. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 1999. General Comment 11: Plans of Action for Primary Education. Article 14 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. E/C.12/1999/4 10 May 1999.
66. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 1999. General Comment 12: The Right to Adequate Food. Art. 11 E/C/1999/5 12 May 1999. Art. 8.
67. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 2005 General Comment No. 18: The Right to Work. Art. 6 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Adopted on 24 November 2005. UN Doc. E/C.12/GC/18.
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69. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 2002. General Comment 15: The Right to Water. Arts. 11 &12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.11-29 Nov 2002. UN Doc. E/C.12/2002/11.
70. General Comment 15: The Right to Water, Ibid: para. 37.
71. Yamin, General Comment 15: The Right to Water, op.cit. note 10.
72. Caroline Dommen. 2004. The WTO, International trade, and Human Rights. In Mainstreaming Human Rights in Multilateral Institutions. Michael Windfuhr, ed. London & New York: Zed Books. Available at http://www.3dthree.org/pdf_3D/ wtomainstreamingHR. [Accessed 17 Oct 2008].
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74. Paul Hunt, HRQ, op. cit. note 10, p. 2.
75. See http://phmovement.org/ [Accessed 17 Oct 2008].
76. Paul Hunt. 2007. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health. Human Rights Council: UN Doc. A/HRC/4/28.para. 15.
77. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health, Ibid: paras. 59-89 provide an overview of cases that have been brought in recent years.
78. http://www.cptech.org/ip/health/SA/pharma-v-sa.html [Accessed 17 July 2008].
79. Paul Hunt. 2004. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and Mental Health. Mission to the WTO Commission on Human rights. 1 March 2004. E/CN.4/2004/49/Add.1: para. 43.
80. Gorik Ooms Rachel Hammonds. Correcting Globalisation in Health: Transnational Entitlements versus the Ethical Imperative of Reducing Aid-Dependency. Public Health Ethics advance access, May 30 2008 : 7.
81. General Assembly. Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS, A/RES/60/262. 15 June 2006: para 11.
82. General Assembly, Ibid: para.19.
83. United Nations. Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS. Available at http://data.unaids.org/pub/Report/2006/20060615-HLM_PoliticalDeclaration_ARES60- 262.en.pdf, [Accessed 17 Oct 2008].
84. Minister of Health and Others v Treatment Action Campaign and Others (No2) 2002 (5) SA 721 (CC).
85. Paul Hunt, Political Declaration on HIV/AIDS, op. cit. note 70, paras. 44-47.
86. http://www2.ohchr.org/English/issues/health/right/docs/draftguid150508. doc [Accessed 17 Oct 2008].
87. See, for example, the letter from Merck posted on the Business and Human Rights Resource Center website, http://www.business-humanrights.org/.unintlorgs/ unintergovernmentalorgs/un/unspecialrapporteuronrighttohealth [Accessed 17 Oct 2008].
88. Examples include the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. Concluding Observations United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, the Crown Dependencies and the Overseas Dependent Territories. 17 May 2002. UN Doc. E/C/12/1Add. 79, para. 26.
89. Examples in Committee are in the Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Report on the twenty-fifth, twenty-sixth and twenty-seventh sessions. 23 April-11 May 2001, 13-31 August 2001 and 12-30 November 2001. E/2002/22, E/C.12/2001/17 are Senegal, para. 376 and Nepal, para.554. The Committee has given similar advice to other countries in its Concluding Observations/Comments, including Georgia - E.C.12/1Add.83, art.29(2002), Georgia - E/C.12/1Add.83, Art.39 (2002), the Solomon Islands - E/C.12/1/Add.84 (2002), and Azerbaijan -E/C.12/1/Add.104, Art. 53 (2004).
90. Statement of the Committee on globalization and its impact on the enjoyment of economic, social and cultural rights. Official Records of the Economic and Social Council. 1999. Supplement No. 2, UN Doc. E/1999/22-E.C.12/1998/26, chap. VI, para. 515.
91. Paul Hunt. 2007. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. To the General Assembly. 8 August 2007. UN Doc. A/62/150, para 48.
92. Yamin, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health, op. cit. note 10.
93. The UN human rights treaty bodies tend to use diplomatic language in characterizing the situation, but some of the special rapporteurs have been blunter. Katerina Tomasevski, 2003, for example, during her tenure as the special rapporteur on the right to education, was critical in her reports and especially in her book: Education Denied: Costs and Remedies. New York & London: Zed Books.
94. Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. 1999. Statement on Globalization, Official Records of the Economic and Social Council. Supplement No. 2. UN Doc. E/1999/22-E.C.12/1998/26: chap. VI, para. 515.
95. Miloon Kothari. 2002. Report of the Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing as a Component of the Right to an Adequate Standard of Living. UN Doc. E/CN.4/2002/59. 1 March 2002, para 51.
96. Report of the Special Rapporteur on Adequate Housing as a Component of the Right to an Adequate Standard of Living, Ibid: paras. 58-62.
97. WHO. 2007. Everybody's Business: Strengthening Health Systems to Improve Health Outcomes, WHO's Framework for Action, Geneva: WHO: 1 available at http://who.int/healthsystems/strategy/everbodys_business.pdf. [Accessed 17 Oct 2008].
98. Michael R. Reich et al., Global Action on Health Systems: a Proposal for the Tokyo G8 summit. The Lancet 371 March 2008: 865-9;
99. Ronald Labonte & Ted Schrecker. 2005. The G8, Africa and Global Health: A Platform for Global Health Equity for the 2005 Summit. London: The Nuffield Trust: 20-22.
100. World Health Report 2006 - Working together for health, http://www.who.int/whr/2006/en/ [Accessed 18 July 2008]; WHO. Taking Stock: Task Shifting to Tackle Health Worker Shortages. Available at http://www.who.int/ entity/healthsystems/task_shifting_booklet.pdf [Accessed 17 Oct 2008].
101. Bridget M. Kuehn. Global Shortages of Health Workers, Brain Drain Stress on Developing Countries. JAMA 16 October 2007 298 : 1854.
102. Ronald Labonté, Ted Schrecker et al. 2007. Towards Health-Equitable Globalisation: Rights, Regulation, and Redistribution, Final Report to the Commission on Social Determinants of Health Globalisation Knowledge Network. 29 June 2007: 52-53, http://www.who.int/social_determinants/ resources/gkn_report_06_2007.pdf [Accessed 17 Oct 2008].
103. Shalini Randeria. Globalization of Law: Environmental Justice, World Bank, NGOs and the Cunning State in India. Current Society 51 May/July 2003 : 305 328.
104. Shalini Randeria, Current Society, Ibid: 54-55.
105. Jillian C. Cohen-Kohler, Lisa Forman Nathaniel Lipkus. Addressing Legal and Political Barriers to Global Pharmaceutical Access: Options for Remedying the Impact of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) and the Imposition of TRIPS-plus standards. HEPL 2008 3 : 229 256
106. Frederic M. Scherer. A Note on Global Welfare in Pharmaceutical Patenting. The World Economy 2004 27 : 1127 1142.
107. Frederic M. Scherer. The World Economy, Ibid: 54;
108. David. P. Fidler, Carolos Correa & Obijiofor. Aginam. 2005. Draft Legal Review of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) from a Health Policy Perspective. Geneva: WHO;
109. Chantal Blouin, Nick Drager & Richard Smith, eds., 2006. International Trade in Health Services at the GATS: Current Issues and Debates. Washington, DC: World Bank.
110. Carl Jayarajah et al., 1996. Social Dimensions of Adjustment: World Bank Experience: 1980-93 Washington, DC: World Bank.
111. Rachel Hammonds Gorik Ooms. World Bank Policies and the Obligations of Its Members to Respect, Protect and Fulfill the Right to Health. Health and Human Rights 2004 8, 1 : 37 39.
112. Ooms & Hammonds, Health and Human Rights, op. cit. note 76, p. 3.
113. Ooms & Hammonds, Health and Human Rights, op. cit. note 103.
114. Paul Hunt. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the right of everyone to the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of physical and mental health. To the Commission on Human Rights. UN Doc. E/CN.4/2003/58, para. 71.
115. The World Bank paper cited is Glen Dodd and Steve Hinselwood, PRSPs: Their Significance for Health, draft presented to the WHO Meeting of Interested Parties, October 2002.
116. Paul Hunt. 2004. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and mental health. To the Commission on Human Rights. 16 Feb 2004. UN Doc. E/CN.4/2004/49, paras. 61-64.
117. Paul Hunt. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and mental health, Ibid: paras. 64-67.
118. Hammonds & Omens, Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Right of Everyone to the Enjoyment of the Highest Attainable Standard of Physical and mental health, op. cit. note 103, pp. 26-60.