Black bear adaptation to low productivity in the boreal forest

Ecoscience

Volumn 15, Issue 4, 2008, Pages 485-497

  Mosnier, Arnaud ^a   Ouellet, Jean Pierre ^a   Courtois, Réhaume ^b  

^a UNIVERSITÉ DU QUÉBEC À RIMOUSKI   (Canada)

^b MINISTÈRE DES RESSOURCES NATURELLES ET DE LA FAUNE   (Canada)

Author keywords

Black bear; Habitat modification; Habitat selection; Low productive environment; Phenology; Resource selection function

Indexed keywords

ADAPTATION; BEAR; BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION; BOREAL FOREST; DIET; HABITAT SELECTION; PHENOLOGY; RESOURCE AVAILABILITY;

HEXAPODA; RANGIFER TARANDUS; SORBUS; SORBUS AMERICANA; URSUS AMERICANUS;

EID: 58149239934     PISSN: 11956860     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2980/15-4-3100     Document Type: Article

References (105)

1. Adorjan, A. S. & G. B. Kolenosky, 1980. A manual for the identification of hairs of selected Ontario mammals. Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Wildlife Branch, Toronto, Ontario.
2. Albon, S. D. & R. Langvatn, 1992. Plant phenology and the benefits of migration in a temperate ungulate. Oikos, 65: 502-513.
3. Ballard, W. B., 1992. Bear predation on moose: A review of recent North American studies and their implications. Alces Supplement, 1: 162-176.
4. Ballard, W. B., 1994. Effects of black bear predation on caribou: A review. Alces, 30: 25-35.
5. Bennett, A. F., 1991. Roads, roadsides and wildlife conservation: A review. Pages 99-117 in D. A. Sunders & R. J. Hobbs (eds.). Nature Conservation 2: The Role of Corridors, Surrey Beatty, Chipping Norton.
6. Bergerud, A. T., 1981. The decline of moose in Ontario: A different view. Alces, 17: 30-43.
7. Bertram, M. R. & M. T. Vivion, 2002. Moose mortality in eastern interior Alaska. Journal of Wildlife Management, 66: 747-756.
8. Boileau, F., M. Crête & J. Huot, 1994. Food habits of the black bear, Ursus americanus, and habitat use in Gaspesie Park, eastern Quebec. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 108: 162-169.
9. Boisjoly, D., 2007. Sélection de l'habitat par le coyote (Canis latrans), dans le contexte de la conservation du caribou de la Gaspésie. M.Sc. thesis. Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec.
10. Boudreau, F., 1981. Écologie des étages alpins et subalpins du Mont Jacques Cartier. Parc de la Gaspésie, Québec. M.Sc. thesis. Université Laval, Québec, Québec.
11. Boyce, M. S. & L. L. McDonald, 1999. Relating populations to habitats using resource selection functions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 14: 268-272.
12. Boyce, M. S., P. R. Vernier, S. E. Nielsen & F. K. A. Schmiegelow, 2002. Evaluating resource selection functions. Ecological Modelling, 157: 281-300.
13. Brodeur, V., 2007. Influence de la coupe forestière sur la sélection de l'habitat par l'ours noir (Ursus americanus) en forêt boréale. M.Sc. thesis. Université du Québec à Rimouski, Rimouski, Québec.
14. Brown, G., 1993. Great Bear Almanac. Lyon and Burford, New York, New York.
15. Burnham, K. P. & D. R. Anderson, 2002. Model Selection and Multi-Model Inference: A Practical Information- Theoretic Approach. 2nd Edition. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York.
16. Champagne, S., J.-M. Falardeau, N. Hardy, N. Fournier, J. Lamoureux & G. Landry, 1999. Plan d'aménagement de l'aire du caribou de la Gaspésie. Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et Société de la Faune et des Parcs du Québec, Région de la Gaspésie-Îles-de-la-Madeleine.
17. Chamrad, A. D. & T. W. Box, 1964. A point frame for sampling rumen contents. Journal of Wildlife Management, 28: 473-477.
18. Clark, J. D., D. L. Clapp, K. G. Smith & B. Ederington, 1994. Black bear habitat use in relation to food availability in the interior highlands of Arkansas. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 9: 309-318.
19. Costello, C. & R. W. J. Sage, 1994. Predicting black bear habitat selection from food abundance under 3 forest management systems. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 9: 375-387.
20. Crête, M., 1999. The distribution of deer biomass in North America supports the hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems. Ecology Letters, 2: 223-227.
21. Crête, M. & A. Desrosiers, 1995. Range expansion of coyotes, Canis latrans, threatens a remnant herd of caribou, Rangifer tarandus, in southeastern Quebec. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 109: 227-235.
22. Davis, H., R. D. Weir, A. N. Hamilton & J. A. Deal, 2006. Influence of phenology on site selection by female American black bears in coastal British Columbia. Ursus, 17: 41-51.
23. Dussault, C., R. Courtois, J. Huot & J.-P. Ouellet, 2001. The use of forest maps for the description of wildlife habitats: Limits and recommendations. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 31: 1227-1234.
24. Dyer, S. J., J. P. O'Neill, S. M. Wasel & S. Boutin, 2001. Avoidance of industrial development by woodland caribou. Journal of Wildlife Management, 65: 531-542.
25. ESRI Inc., 2000. ArcView GIS. v3.2a. Environmental Systems Research Institute Inc., Redland, California, USA.
26. ESRI Inc., 2004. ArcGIS. v9.0. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Inc., Redland, California, USA.
27. Etcheverry, P., J.-P. Ouellet & M. Crête, 2005. Response of small mammals to clear-cutting and precommercial thinning in mixed forests of southeastern Quebec. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 35: 2813-2822.
28. Etheridge, D. A., D. A. MacLean, R. G. Wagner & J. S. Wilson, 2006. Effects of intensive forest management on stand and landscape characteristics in northern New Brunswick, Canada (1945-2027). Landscape Ecology, 21: 509-524.
29. Fietz, J. & J. U. Ganzhorn, 1999. Feeding ecology of the hibernating primate Cheirogaleus medius: How does it get so fat? Oecologia, 121: 157-164.
30. Forman, R. T. T. & L. E. Alexander, 1998. Roads and their major ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 29: 207-231.
31. Gaines, W. L., A. L. Lyons, J. F. Lehmkuhl & K. J. Raedeke, 2005. Landscape evaluation of female black bear habitat effectiveness and capability in the North Cascades, Washington. Biological Conservation, 125: 411-425.
32. Garshelis, D. L. & M. R. Pelton, 1981. Movements of black bears in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Journal of Wildlife Management, 45: 912-925.
33. Gillies, C. S., M. Hebblewhite, S. E. Nielsen, M. A. Krawchuk, C. L. Aldridge, J. L. Frair, D. J. Saher, C. E. Stevens & C. L. Jerde, 2006. Application of random effects to the study of resource selection by animals. Journal of Animal Ecology, 75: 887-898.
34. Greenberg, C. H., D. J. Levey & D. L. Loftis, 2007. Fruit production in mature and recently regenerated forests of the Appalachians. Journal of Wildlife Management, 71: 321-335.
35. Grosenbaugh, L. R., 1952. Plotless timber estimates: New, fast, easy. Journal of Forestry, 50: 32-37.
36. Haila, Y., 1999. Islands and fragments. Pages 234-264 in M. L. Hunter Jr. (ed.). Maintaining Biodiversity in Forest Ecosystems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
37. Hawkins, B. A., R. Field, H. V. Cornell, D. J. Currie, J. F. Guegan, D. M. Kaufman, J. T. Kerr, G. G. Mittelbach, T. Oberdorff, E. M. O'Brien, E. E. Porter & J. R. G. Turner, 2003. Energy, water, and broad-scale geographic patterns of species richness. Ecology, 84: 3105-3117.
38. Hobbic, S. E., D. B. Jensen & F. S. Chapin III, 1994. Resource supply and disturbance as controls over present and future plant diversity. Pages 385-408 in E.-D. Schulze & H. A. Mooney (eds.). Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. Springer-Verlag, New York, New York.
39. James, A. R. C. & A. K. Stuart-Smith, 2000. Distribution of caribou and wolves in relation to linear corridors. Journal of Wildlife Management, 64: 154-159.
40. Jenik, J. & M. Rejmánek, 1969. Interpretation of direct solar irradiation in ecology. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 17: 413-428.
41. Jenness, J., 2005. Topographic Position Index extension for Arcview 3.x. v1.01a. Jenness Enterprises, Flagstaff, Arizona.
42. Johnson, C. J., S. E. Nielsen, E. H. Merrill, T. L. McDonald & M. S. Boyce, 2006. Resource selection functions based on use-availability data: Theoretical motivation and evaluation methods. Journal of Wildlife Management, 70: 347-357.
43. Johnson, D. H., 1980. The comparison of usage and availability measurements for evaluating resource preference. Ecology, 61: 65-71.
44. Jolicoeur, H., 2004. Estimation de la densité d'ours noirs dans différents types de végétation à l'aide de traceurs radioactifs: période 1984-1994. Ministère des Ressources Naturelles, de la Faune et des Pares, Québec, Québec.
45. Jonkel, C. J. & I. M. Cowan, 1971. The black bear in the spruce-fir forest. Wildlife Monographs, 27: 1-57.
46. Kasworm, W. F. & T. L. Manley, 1990. Road and trail influences on grizzly bears and black bears in northwest Montana. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 8: 79-84.
47. Klenner, W., 1987. Seasonal movements and home range utilization patterns of the black bear, Ursus americanus, in western Manitoba. Canadian Field-Naturalist, 101: 558-568.
48. Koehler, G. M. & D. J. Piercea, 2003. Black bear home-range sizes in Washington: Climatic, vegetative, and social influences. Journal of Mammalogy, 84: 81-91.
49. Kumar, L., A. K. Skidmore & E. Knowles, 1997. Modelling topographic variation in solar radiation in a GIS environment. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 11: 475-497.
50. Lamontagne, G., H. Jolicoeur & S. Lefort, 2006. Plan de gestion de l'ours noir 2006-2013. Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune, Direction du Développement de la Faune, Québec, Québec.
51. Lamoureux, J., A. Pelletier, M. Bélanger & C. Larocque, 2007. Inventaire aérien de l'orignal dans les réserves fauniques de Matane et Dunière à l'hiver 2007. Ministère des Ressources Naturelles et de la Faune, Direction de l'Aménagement de la Faune du Bas-St-Laurent, Rimouski, Québec.
52. Laver, P. N. & M. J. Kelly, 2008. A critical review of home range studies. Journal of Wildlife Management, 72: 290-298.
53. Leblanc, N., 2000. Sélection d'habitats et utilisation du milieu par l'ours noir (Ursus aniericanus) dans une aire protegée de dimension restreinte: Le parc national Forillon. M.Sc. thesis. Université Laval, Québec, Québec.
54. Lemieux, R. & S. Czetwertynski, 2006. Tube traps and rubber padded snares for capturing American black bears. Ursus, 17: 81-91.
55. Lin, D. Y. & L. J. Wei, 1989. The robust inference for the Cox proportional hazards model. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 84: 1074-1078.
56. Lindzey, F. G. & E. C. Meslow, 1976. Winter dormancy in black bears in southwestern Washington. Journal of Wildlife Management, 40: 408-415.
57. Linnell, J. D. C., R. Aanes & R. Andersen, 1995. Who killed Bambi? The role of predation in the neonatal mortality of temperate ungulates. Wildlife Biology, 1: 209-223.
58. Lofman, S. & J. Kouki, 2003. Scale and dynamics of a transforming forest landscape. Forest Ecology and Management, 175: 247-252.
59. Loreau, M., S. Naeem, P. Inchausti, J. Bengtsson, J. P. Grime, A. Hector, D. U. Hooper, M. A. Huston, D. Raffaelli, B. Schmid, D. Tilman & D. A. Wardle, 2001. Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: Current knowledge and future challenges. Science, 294: 804-808.
60. Manly, B. F. J., L. L. McDonald, D. L. Thomas, T. L. McDonald & W. P. Erickson, 2002. Resource Selection by Animals: Statistical Design and Analysis for Field Studies. Second edition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
61. e édition. Presses de l'Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
62. Mathews, N. E. & W. F. Porter, 1988. Black bear predation of white-tailed deer neonates in the central Adirondacks. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 66: 1241-1242.
63. Messier, F., 1994. Ungulate population models with predation: A case study with the North American moose. Ecology, 75: 478-488.
64. Mitchell, M. S. & R. A. Powell, 2003. Response of black bears to forest management in the southern Appalachian mountains. Journal of Wildlife Management, 67: 692-705.
65. Mohr, C. O., 1947. Table of equivalent populations of North American small mammals. American Midland Naturalist, 37: 223-249.
66. Mosnier, A., J.-P. Ouellet, L. Sirois & N. Fournier, 2003. Habitat selection and home-range dynamics of the Gaspé caribou: A hierarchical analysis. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 81: 1174-1184.
67. Mosnier, A., D. Boisjoly, R. Courtois & J.-P. Ouellet, 2008. Extensive predator space use can limit the efficacy of a control program. Journal of Wildlife Management, 72: 483-491.
68. MRNQ, 1992. Carte topographique numérique du Québec 1/20 000. Photocartothèque québécoise, Québec, Québec, Canada.
69. Mysterud, A., R. Langvatn, N. G. Yoccoz & N. C. Stenseth, 2001. Plant phenology, migration and geographical variation in body weight of a large herbivore: The effect of a variable topography. Journal of Animal Ecology, 70: 915-923.
70. Nellemann, C., I. Vistnes, P. Jordhoy & O. Strand, 2001. Winter distribution of wild reindeer in relation to power lines, roads and resorts. Biological Conservation, 101: 351-360.
71. Newton, M., E. C. Cole, R. A. Lautenschlager, D. E. White & M. L. McCormack, 1989. Browse availability after conifer release in Maine spruce-fir forests. Journal of Wildlife Management, 53: 643-649.
72. Noss, R. F., 2001. The ecological effects of roads. Pages 7-24 in Proceedings from Managing Roads for Wildlife. Crowsnest Pass, Alberta.
73. Noyce, K. V., P. B. Kannowski & M. R. Riggs, 1997. Black bears as ant-eaters: Seasonal associations between bear myrmecophagy and ant ecology in north-central Minnesota. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 75: 1671-1686.
74. Nudds, T. D., 1977. Quantifying the vegetation structure of wildlife cover. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 5: 113-117.
75. Oksanen, L. & T. Oksanen, 2000. The logic and realism of the hypothesis of exploitation ecosystems. American Naturalist, 155: 703-723.
76. Oosenbrug, S. M. & J. B. Theberge, 1980. Altitudinal movements and summer habitat preferences of woodland caribou in the Kluane ranges, Yukon territory. Arctic, 33: 59-72.
77. Ortega, Y. K. & D. E. Capen, 1999. Effects of forest roads on habitat quality for ovenbirds in a forested landscape. Auk, 116: 937-946.
78. Otis, D. L. & G. C. White, 1999. Autocorrelation of location estimates and the analysis of radiotracking data. Journal of Wildlife Management, 63: 1039-1044.
79. Pastor, J., S. Light & L. Sovell, 1999. Sustainability and resilience in boreal regions: Sources and consequences of variability. Conservation Ecology [online], 2: 16.
80. Pastor, J., D. Mladenoff, Y. Haila, J. Bryant & S. Payette, 1996. Biodiversity and ecosystem processes in boreal regions. Pages 33-70 in H. A. Mooney, J. H. Cushman, E. Medina, O. E. Sala & E.-D. Schulze (eds.). Functional Roles of Biodiversity: A Global Perspective. Wiley Press, New York, New York.
81. Peltzer, D. A., M. L. Bast, S. D. Wilson & A. K. Gerry, 2000. Plant diversity and tree responses following contrasting disturbances in boreal forest. Forest Ecology and Management, 127: 191-203.
82. Pettorelli, N., A. Mysterud, N. G. Yoccoz, R. Langvatn & N. C. Stenseth, 2005. Importance of climatological downscaling and plant phenology for red deer in heterogeneous landscapes. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B, 272: 2357-2364.
83. Potvin, F., L. Bélanger & K. Lowell, 1999. Validité de la carte forestière pour décrire les habitats fauniques à l'échelle locale : une étude de cas en Abitibi-Témiscamingue. Forestry Chronicle, 75: 851-859.
84. Potvin, F., L. Breton & R. Courtois, 2005. Response of beaver, moose, and snowshoe hare to clear-cutting in a Quebec boreal forest: A reassessment 10 years after cut. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 35: 151-160.
85. Powell, R. A. & D. E. Seaman, 1990. Production of important black bear foods in the southern Appalachians. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 8: 183-187.
86. Powell, R. A., J. W. Zimmerman & D. E. Seaman, 1997. Ecology and Behaviour of North American Black Bears: Home Ranges, Habitat and Social Organization. Chapman & Hall, London.
87. Rettic, W. J. & F. Messier, 1998. Dynamics of woodland caribou populations at the southern limit of their range in Saskatchewan. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 76: 251-259.
88. Reynolds-Hogland, M. J. & M. S. Mitchell, 2007. Effects of roads on habitat quality for bears in the southern Appalachians: A long-term study. Journal of Manunalogy, 88: 1050-1061.
89. Rode, K. D. & C. T. Robbins, 2000. Why bears consume mixed diets during fruit abundance. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 78: 1640-1645.
90. Rode, K. D., C. T. Robbins & L. A. Shipley, 2001. Constraints on herbivory by grizzly bears. Oecologia, 128: 62-71.
91. Rogers, L. L., 1987. Effects of food supply and kinship on social behavior, movements, and population growth of black bears in northeastern Minnesota. Wildlife Monographs, 97: 1-72.
92. Samson, C. & J. Huot, 1998. Movements of female black bears in relation to landscape vegetation type in southern Quebec. Journal of Wildlife Management, 62: 718-727.
93. SAS Institute, 2002. SAS for Windows. v9.1.3. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, North Carolina.
94. SAS Institute, 2004. SAS/STAT 9.1 User's Guide. SAS Instite Inc., Cary, North Carolina.
95. Schmiegelow, F. K. A. & M. Monkkonen, 2002. Habitat loss and fragmentation in dynamic landscapes: Avian perspectives from the boreal forest. Ecological Applications, 12: 375-389.
96. Schwartz, C. C. & A. W. Franzmann, 1991. Interrelationship of black bears to moose and forest succession in the northern coniferous forest. Wildlife Monographs, 113: 1-58.
97. Sirois, L. & M. M. Grantner, 1992. A phyto-ecological investigation of the Mount Albert serpentine plateau. Pages 115-133 in B. A. Roberts & J. Proctor (eds.). The Ecology of Areas with Serpentinized Rocks: A World View. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
98. Smith, R. P., 1985. The Book of the Black Bear. Winchester Press. New Century Publishers, Piscataway, New Jersey.
99. Spies, T. A., W. J. Riple & G. A. Bradshaw, 1994. Dynamics and pattern of a managed coniferous forest landscape in Oregon. Ecological Applications, 4: 555-568.
100. Unsworth, J. W., J. J. Beecham & L. R. Irby, 1989. Female black bear habitat use in west-central Idaho. Journal of Wildlife Management, 53: 668-673.
101. Watkins, R. Z., J. Q. Chen, J. Pickens & K. D. Brosofske, 2003. Effects of forest roads on understory plants in a managed hardwood landscape. Conservation Biology, 17: 411-419.
102. Welch, C. A., J. Keay, K. C. Kendall & C. T. Robbins, 1997. Constraints on frugivory by bears. Ecology, 78: 1105-1119.
103. Wilson, D. E. & D. M. Reeder (eds), 1993. Mammal Species of the World : A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.
104. Young, B. F. & J. Beechman, 1986. Black bear habitat use at Priest Lake, Idaho. International Conference on Bear Research and Management, 6: 73-80.
105. Young, B. F. & R. L. Ruff, 1982. Population dynamics and movements of black bears in east central Alberta. Journal of Wildlife Management, 46: 845-860.