Social bats: The males' perspective

Journal of Mammalogy

Volumn 89, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 1342-1350

  Safi, Kamran ^a  

^a INSTITUTE OF ZOOLOGY   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

Aggregation; Bachelor group; Male; Social organization; Social sexual segregation

Indexed keywords

AGGREGATION BEHAVIOR; BAT; HABITAT AVAILABILITY; MALE; ROOST SITE; SOCIAL ORGANIZATION; THERMOREGULATION;

VESPERTILIO MURINUS;

EID: 58149239859     PISSN: 00222372     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1644/08-MAMM-S-058.1     Document Type: Review

References (118)

1. ALCOCK, J. 1998. The adaptive value of social living. Pp. 555-599 in Animal behaviour: an evolutionary approach (J. Alcock, ed.). Sinauer Associates, Inc., Publishers, Sunderland, Massachusetts.
2. ALTRINGHAM, J. D., AND P. SENIOR. 2005. Social systems and ecology of bats. Pp. 280-302 in Sexual segregation in vertebrates (K. E. Ruckstuhl and P. Neuhaus, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
3. ANDRIAFIDISON, D., A. KOFOKY, T. MBOHOAHY, P. A. RACEY, AND R. K. B. JENKINS. 2007. Diet, reproduction and roosting habits of the Madagascar free-tailed bat, Otomops madagascariensis Dorst, 1953 (Chiroptera: Molossidae). Acta Chiropterologica 9:445-450.
4. BAAGØE, H. J. 2001. Vespertilio murinus (Linnaeus, 1758) - Zweifarbfledermaus. Pp. 473-514 in Handbuch der Säugetiere Europas (F. Krapp, ed.). Aula Verlag, Weibelsheim, Germany.
5. BARBOUR, R. W., AND W. H. DAVIS. 1969. Bats of America. University Press of Kentucky, Lexington.
6. BARCLAY, R. M. R. 1991. Population-structure of temperate zone insectivorous bats in relation to foraging behavior and energy demand. Journal of Animal Ecology 60:165-178.
7. BARCLAY, R. M. R., ET AL. 2004. Variation in the reproductive rate of bats. Canadian Journal of Zoology - Revue Canadienne de Zoologie 82:688-693.
8. BLANCKENHORN, W. U. 2005. Behavioral causes and consequences of sexual size dimorphism. Ethology 111:977-1016.
9. BLOSS, J. 1999. Olfaction and the use of chemical signals in bats. Acta Chiropterologica 1:31-45.
10. BLOSS, J., T. E. ACREE, J. M. BLOSS, W. R. HOOD, AND T. H. KUNZ. 2002. Potential use of chemical cues for colony-mate recognition in the big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus. Journal of Chemical Ecology 28:819-834.
11. BOGDANOWICZ, W. 1994. Myotis daubentonii. Mammalian Species 475:1-9.
12. BOONMAN, M. 2000. Roost selection by noctules (Nyctalus noctula) and Daubenton's bats (Myotis daubentonii). Journal of Zoology (London) 251:385-389.
13. BOWYER, R. T. 2004. Sexual segregation in ruminants: definitions, hypotheses, and implications for conservation and management. Journal of Mammalogy 85:1039-1052.
14. BRADBURY, J. W. 1977. Social organization and communication. Pp. 2-72 in Biology of bats (W. A. Wimsatt, ed.). Academic Press, New York.
15. BRUNET-ROSSINNI, A. K., AND S. N. AUSTAD. 2004. Ageing studies on bats: a review. Biogerontology 5:211-222.
16. BURGER, F. 1999. Zum Nahrungsspektrum der Zweifarbenfledermaus (Vespertilio murinus, Linné, 1758) im Land Brandenburg. Nyctalus 1:17-28.
17. BURLAND, T. M., E. M. BARRATT, R. A. NICHOLS, AND P. A. RACEY. 2001. Mating patterns, relatedness and the basis of natal philopatry in the brown long-eared bat, Plecotus auritus. Molecular Ecology 10:1309-1321.
18. BURLAND, T. M., AND J. W. WILMER. 2001. Seeing in the dark: molecular approaches to the study of bat populations. Biological Reviews 76:389-409.
19. CASTELLA, V., M. RUEDI, AND L. EXCOFFIER. 2001. Contrasted patterns of mitochondrial and nuclear structure among nursery colonies of the bat Myotis myotis. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 14:708-720.
20. CATRY, P., R. A. PHILLIPS, AND J. P. CROXALL. 2005. Sexual segregation in birds: patterns, processes and implications for conservation. Pp. 351-378 in Sexual segregation in vertebrates (K. E. Ruckstuhl and P. Neuhaus, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
21. CERVENY, J., AND P. BÜRGER. 1989. Density and structure of the bat community occupying an old park at Zihobce (Czechoslovakia). Pp. 475-488 in European bat research (V. Hanák, I. Horácek, and J. Gaisler, eds.). Charles University Press, Praha, Czechoslovakia.
22. CONRADT, L. 2005. Definitions, hypotheses, models and measures in the study of animal segregation. Pp. 11-34 in Sexual segregation in vertebrates (K. E. Ruckstuhl and P. Neuhaus, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
23. CÔTÉ, I. M., AND M. R. GROSS. 1993. Reduced disease in offspring - a benefit of coloniality in sunfish. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 33:269-274.
24. CÔTÉ, I. M., AND R. POULIN. 1995. Parasitism and group-size in social animals - a metaanalysis, Behavioral Ecology 6:159-165.
25. DECHMANN, D. K. N., E. K. V. KALKO, B. KONIG, AND G. KERTH. 2005. Mating system of a neotropical roost-making bat: the white-throated, round-eared bat, Lophostoma silvicolum (Chiroptera : Phyllostomidae). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 58:316-325.
26. DIETZ, M., J. A. ENCARNAÇÃO, AND E. K. V. KALKO. 2006. Small scale distribution patterns of female and male Daubenton's bats (Myotis daubentonii). Acta Chiropterologica 8:403-415.
27. DUNN, P. O., L. A. WHITTINGHAM, AND T. E. PITCHER. 2001. Mating systems, sperm competition, and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in birds. Evolution 55:161-175.
28. DUVERGE, P. L., G. JONES, J. RYDELL, AND R. D. RANSOME. 2000. Functional significance of emergence timing in bats. Ecography 23:32-40.
29. ELDER, W. H., AND W. J. GUNIER. 1978. Sex-ratios and seasonal movements of gray bats (Myotis grisescens) in southwestern Missouri and adjacent states. American Midland Naturalist 99:463-472.
30. ELDER, W. H., AND W. J. GUNIER. 1981. Dynamics of a gray bat population (Myotis grisescens) in Missouri. American Midland Naturalist 105:193-195.
31. ENCARNAÇÃO, J. A., AND M. DIETZ. 2006. Estimation of food intake and ingested energy in Daubenton's bats (Myotis daubentonii) during pregnancy and spermatogenesis. European Journal of Wildlife Research 52:221-227.
32. ENCARNAÇÃO, J. A., M. DIETZ, AND U. KIERDORF. 2004. Reproductive condition and activity pattern of male Daubenton's bats (Myotis daubentonii) in the summer habitat. Mammalian Biology 69:163-172.
33. ENCARNAÇÃO, J. A., U. KIERDORF, K. EKSCHMITT, AND V. WOLTERS. 2006a. Age-related variation in physical and reproductive condition of male Daubenton's bats (Myotis daubentonii). Journal of Mammalogy 87:93-96.
34. ENCARNAÇÃO, J. A., U. KIERDORF, D. HOLWEG, U. JASNOCH, AND V. WOLTERS. 2005. Sex-related differences in roost-site selection by Daubenton's bats Myotis daubentonii during the nursery period. Mammal Review 35:285-294.
35. ENCARNAÇÃO, J. A., U. KIERDORF, AND V. WOLTERS. 2006b. Seasonal variation in nocturnal activity of male Daubenton's bats, Myotis daubentonii (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Folia Zoologica 55:237-246.
36. ENTWISTLE, A. C., P. A. RACEY, AND J. R. SPEAKMAN. 2000. Social and population structure of a gleaning bat, Plecotus auritus. Journal of Zoology (London) 252:11-17.
37. FENTON, M. B., AND M. R. BARCLAY. 1980. Myotis lucifugus. Mammalian Species 142:1-8.
38. FLAVIN, D. A., S. S. BIGGANE, C. B. SHIEL, P. SMIDDY, AND J. S. FAIRLEY. 2001. Analysis of the diet of Daubenton's bat Myotis daubentonii in Ireland. Acta Theriologica 46:43-52.
39. GEBHARD, J., AND W. BOGDANOWICZ. 2004. Nyctalus noctula (Schreber, 1774) - Grosser Abendsegler. Pp. 607-694 in Handbuch der Säugetiere Europas (F. Krapp, ed.). Aula Verlag, Weibelsheim, Germany.
40. GIORGI, M. S., R. ARLETTAZ, P. CHRISTE, AND P. VOGEL. 2001. The energetic grooming costs imposed by a parasitic mite (Spinturnix myoti) upon its bat host (Myotis myotis). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B. Biological Sciences 268:2071-2075.
41. GONZALEZ-SOLIS, J., J. P. CROXALL, AND A. G. WOOD. 2000. Sexual dimorphism and sexual segregation in foraging strategies of northern giant petrels, Macronectes halli, during incubation. Oikos 90:390-398.
42. HALL, J. S., AND N. WILSON. 1966. Seasonal populations and movements of gray bat in Kentucky area. American Midland Naturalist 75:317-324.
43. HOSKEN, D. J. 1997. Sperm competition in bats. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B. Biological Sciences 264:385-392.
44. HOSKEN, D. J. 1998. Testes mass in megachiropteran bats varies in accordance with sperm competition theory. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 44:169-177.
45. HUMPHREY, S. R. 1975. Nursery roosts and community diversity of nearctic bats. Journal of Mammalogy 56:321-346.
46. HUMPHREY, S. R., AND J. B. COPE. 1976. Population ecology of the little brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), in Indiana and north-central Kentucky. Special Publication 4, The American Society of Mammologists.
47. IBÁÑEZ, C., AND J. L. PÈ REZ-JORDÁ. 1998. Longevity in the European free-tailed bat (Tadarida teniotis). Journal of Zoology (London) 245:213-214.
48. ISAAC, J. L. 2005. Potential causes and life-history consequences of sexual size dimorphism in mammals. Mammal Review 35:101-115.
49. JABERG, C., AND J. D. BLANT. 2003. Spatio-temporal utilisation of roosts by the parti-coloured bat Vespertilio murinus L., 1758 in Switzerland. Mammalian Biology 68:341-350.
50. JABERG, C., C. LEUTHOLD, AND J. D. BLANT. 1998. Foraging habitats and feeding strategy of the parti-coloured bat Vespertilio murinus L. 1758 in western Switzerland. Myotis 36:51-61.
51. JONES, G. 1995. Flight performance, echolocation and foraging behaviour in noctule bats Nyctalus noctula. Journal of Zoology (London) 237:303-312.
52. JONES, G., AND J. RYDELL. 1994. Foraging strategy and predation risk as factors influencing emergence time in echolocating bats. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, B. Biological Sciences 346:445-455.
53. KARLSSON, B. L., J. EKLOF, AND J. RYDELL. 2002. No lunar phobia in swarming insectivorous bats (family Vespertilionidae). Journal of Zoology (London) 256:473-477.
54. KASPRZYK, K., AND I. RUCZYNSKI. 2001. The structure of bat communities roosting in bird nest boxes in two pine monocultures in Poland. Folia Zoologica 50:107-116.
55. KAZIAL, K. A., S. C. BURNETT, AND W. M. MASTERS. 2001. Individual and group variation in echolocation calls of big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae). Journal of Mammalogy 82:339-351.
56. KAZIAL, K. A., AND W. M. MASTERS. 2004. Female big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus, recognize sex from a caller's echolocation signals. Animal Behaviour 67:855-863.
57. KERTH, G. 2006. Relatedness, life history and social behaviour in the long-lived Bechstein's bat (Myotis bechsteinii). Pp. 199-212 in Functional and evolutionary ecology of bats (A. Zubaid, G. F. McCracken, and T. H. Kunz, eds.). Oxford University Press, Oxford, United Kingdom.
58. KERTH, G., C. EBERT, AND C. SCHMIDTKE. 2006. Group decision making in fission-fusion societies: evidence from two-field experiments in Bechstein's bats. Proceedings of the Royal Society, B. Biological Sciences 273:2785-2790.
59. KERTH, G., A. KIEFER, C. TRAPPMANN, AND M. WEISHAAR. 2003. High gene diversity at swarming sites suggest hot spots for gene flow in the endangered Bechstein's bat. Conservation Genetics 4:491-499.
60. KERTH, G., F. MAYER, AND B. KÖNIG. 2000. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) reveals that female Bechstein's bats live in closed societies. Molecular Ecology 9:793-800.
61. KERTH, G., AND K. RECKARDT. 2003. Information transfer about roosts in female Bechstein's bats: an experimental field study. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, B. Biological Sciences 1514:511-515.
62. KERTH, G., M. WAGNER, AND B. KÖNIG. 2001a. Roosting together, foraging apart: information transfer about food is unlikely to explain sociality in female Bechstein's bats (Myotis bechsteinii). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 50:283-291.
63. KERTH, G., K. WEISSMANN, AND B. KÖNIG. 2001b. Day roost selection in female Bechstein's bats (Myotis bechsteinii): a field experiment to determine the influence of roost temperature. Oecologia 126:1-9.
64. KOZHURINA, E. I. 1993. Social-organization of a maternity group in the noctule bat, Nyctalus noctula (Chiroptera, Vespertilionidae). Ethology 93:89-104.
65. KRUTZSCH, P. H. 2000. Anatomy, physiology and cyclicity of the male reproductive tract. Pp. 91-155 in Reproductive biology of bats (E. G. Crichton and P. H. Krutzsch, eds.). Academic Press, London, United Kingdom.
66. KRUUK, L. E. B., T. H. CLUTTON-BROCK, S. D. ALBON, J. M. PEMBERTON, AND F. E. GUINNESS. 1999. Population density affects sex ratio variation in red deer. Nature 399:459-461.
67. KUNZ, T. H., AND E. D. PIERSON. 1994. Bats of the world: an introduction. Pp. 1-46 in Walker's bats of the world (M. R. Nowak, ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
68. LANG, A. B., E. K. V. KALKO, H. ROMER, C. BOCKHOLDT, AND D. K. N. DECHMANN. 2006. Activity levels of bats and katydids in relation to the lunar cycle. Oecologia 146:659-666.
69. LAUSEN, C. L., AND R. M. R. BARCLAY. 2006. Benefits of living in a building: big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) in rocks versus buildings. Journal of Mammalogy 87:362-370.
70. LAW, B. S., AND M. CHIDEL. 2007. Bats under a hot tin roof: comparing the microclimate of eastern cave bat (Vespadelus troughtoni) roosts in a shed and cave overhangs. Australian Journal of Zoology 55: 49-55.
71. LEWIS, S. E. 1995. Roost fidelity of bats - a review. Journal of Mammalogy 76:481-496.
72. LIEGL, C. 2004. Zweifarbenfledermaus. Pp. 296-304 in Fledermäuse in Bayern (A. Meschede and B. U. Rudolph, eds.). Eugen Ulmer GmbH & Co., Stuttgart, Germany.
73. MACKENZIE, G. A., AND G. S. OXFORD. 1995. Prey of the noctule bat (Nyctalus noctula) in east Yorkshire. Journal of Zoology (London) 236:322-327.
74. MASTERS, W. M., K. A. S. RAVER, AND K. A. KAZIAL. 1995. Sonar signals of big brown bats, Eptesicus fuscus, contain information about individual identity, age and family affiliation. Animal Behaviour 50:1243-1260.
75. MCCRACKEN, G. F. 1987. Genetic structure of bat social groups. Pp. 281-298 in Recent advances in the study of bats (M. B. Fenton, P. Racey, and J. M. V. Rayner, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
76. MCCRACKEN, G. F., AND G. S. WILKINSON. 2000. Bat mating systems. Pp. 321-362 in Reproductive biology of bats (E. G. Crichton and P. H. Krutzsch, eds.). Academic Press, San Diego, California.
77. MILLS, R. S., G. W. BARRETT, AND M. P. FARRELL. 1975. Population-dynamics of big brown bat (Eptesicus fuscus) in southwestern Ohio. Journal of Mammalogy 56:591-604.
78. MØLLER, A. P., R. DUFVA, AND K. ALLANDER. 1993. Parasites and the evolution of host social-behavior. Advances in the Study of Behavior 22:65-102.
79. MYSTERUD, A. 2000. The relationship between ecological segregation and sexual body size dimorphism in large herbivores. Oecologia 124:40-54.
80. NEGRAEFF, O. E., AND R. M. BRIGHAM. 1995. The influence of moonlight on the activity of little brown bats (Myotis lucifugus). Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde - International Journal of Mammalian Biology 60:330-336.
81. NEUHAUS, P., AND K. E. RUCKSTUHL. 2002. The link between sexual dimorphism, activity budgets, and group cohesion: the case of the plains zebra (Equus burchelli). Canadian Journal of Zoology - Revue Canadienne de Zoologie 80:1437-1441.
82. NIETHAMMER, J., AND F. KRAPP. 2001. Handbuch der Säugetiere Europas: Fiedertiere (Chirpotera). Vol. 4. Aula Verlag, Weibelsheim, Germany.
83. PARADISO, J. L., AND A. M. GREENHAL. 1967. Longevity records for American bats. American Midland Naturalist 78:251-252.
84. PERRIN, N., AND V. MAZALOV. 1999. Dispersal and inbreeding avoidance. American Naturalist 154:282-292.
85. PITCHER, T. E., P. O. DUNN, AND L. A. WHITTINGHAM. 2005. Sperm competition and the evolution of testes size in birds. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 18:557-567.
86. REED, R. N., AND R. SHINE. 2002. Lying in wait for extinction: ecological correlates of conservation status among Australian elapid snakes. Conservation Biology 16:451-461.
87. RIEGER, I. 1996. How do Daubenton's bats, Myotis daubentonii, use their day roosts? Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde - International Journal of Mammalian Biology 61:202-214.
88. ROSSITER, S. J., G. JONES, R. D. RANSOME, AND E. M. BARRATT. 2002. Relatedness structure and kin-biased foraging in the greater horseshoe bat (Rhinolophus ferrumequinum). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 51:510-518.
89. RUCKSTUHL, K. E. 1998. Foraging behaviour and sexual segregation in bighorn sheep. Animal Behaviour 56:99-106.
90. RUCKSTUHL, K. E., AND T. CLUTTON-B ROCK. 2005. Sexual segregation and the ecology of the two sexes. Pp. 3-7 in Sexual segregation in vertebrates (K. E. Ruckstuhl and P. Neuhaus, eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
91. RUCKSTUHL, K. E., AND H. KOKKO. 2002. Modelling sexual segregation in ungulates: effects of group size, activity budgets and synchrony. Animal Behaviour 64:909-914.
92. RUCKSTUHL, K. E., AND P. NEUHAUS. 2000. Sexual segregation in ungulates: a new approach. Behaviour 137:361-377.
93. RUCKSTUHL, K. E., AND P. NEUHAUS. 2002. Sexual segregation in ungulates: a comparative test of three hypotheses. Biological Reviews 77:77-96.
94. RUCKSTUHL, K. E., AND P. NEUHAUS (EDS.). 2005. Sexual segregation in vertebrates. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
95. RUCZYNSKI, I. 2006. Influence of temperature on maternity roost selection by noctule bats (Nyctalus noctula) and Leisler's bats (N. leisteri) in Białowieża Primeval Forest, Poland, Canadian Journal of Zoology - Revue Canadienne de Zoologie 84:900-907.
96. RUEDI, M., AND V. CASTELLA. 2003. Genetic consequences of the ice ages on nurseries of the bat Myotis myotis: a mitochondrial and nuclear survey. Molecular Ecology 12:1527-1540.
97. RYDELL, J. 1992. The diet of the parti-coloured bat Vespertilio murinus in Sweden. Ecography 15:195-198.
98. RYDELL, J., AND H. J. BAAGØE. 1994. Vespertilio murinus. Mammalian Species 467:1-6.
99. RYDELL, J., A. ENTWISTLE, AND P. A. RACEY. 1996. Timing of foraging flights of three species of bats in relation to insect activity and predation risk. Oikos 76:243-252.
100. RYDELL, J., AND G. PETERSONS. 1998. The diet of the noctule bat Nyctalus noctula in Latvia. Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde - International Journal of Mammalian Biology 63:79-83.
101. SAFI, K. 2006. Die Zweifarbfledermaus in der Schweiz: Status und Grundlagen zum Schutz. Haupt Verlag, Bern, Switzerland.
102. SAFI, K., AND G. KERTH. 2003. Secretions of the interaural gland contain information about individuality and colony membership in the Bechstein's bat. Animal Behaviour 65:363-369.
103. SAH, K., AND G. KERTH. 2007. Comparative analyses suggest that information transfer promoted sociality in male bats in the temperate zone. American Naturalist 170:465-472.
104. SAFI, K., B. KÖNIG, AND G. KERTH. 2007. Sex differences in population genetics, home range size and habitat use of the parti-colored bat (Vespertilio murinus, Linnaeus 1758) in Switzerland and their consequences for conservation. Biological Conservation 137:28-36.
105. SENIOR, P., R. K. BUTLIN, AND J. D. ALTRINGHAM. 2005. Sex and segregation in temperate bats, Proceedings of the Royal Society, B. Biological Sciences 272:2467-2473.
106. SIEMERS, B. M., AND G. KERTH. 2006. Do echolocation calls of wild colony-living Bechstein's bats (Myotis bechsteinii) provide individual-specific signatures? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 59:443-454.
107. SOMMER, S. 2000. Sex-specific predation on a monogamous rat, Hypogeomys antimena (Muridae: Nesomyinae). Animal Behaviour 59:1087-1094.
108. SPEAKMAN, J. R., ET AL. 2000. Activity patterns of insectivorous bats and birds in northern Scandinavia (69° N), during continuous midsummer daylight. Oikos 88:75-86.
109. SULLIVAN, C. M., ET AL. 1993. Analysis of the diets of Leisler's Nyctalus leisleri, Daubenton's myotis Myotis daubentonii and pipistrelle Pipistrellus pipistrellus bats in Ireland. Journal of Zoology (London) 231:656-663.
110. TRIVERS, R. L. 1972. Parental investment and sexual selection. Pp. 136-179 in Sexual selection and the descent of man (B. Campbell, ed.). Aldine-Atherton, Chicago, Illinios.
111. VAUGHAN, N. 1997. The diets of British bats (Chiroptera). Mammal Review 27:77-94.
112. VEITH, M., N. BEER, A. KIEFER, J. JOHANNESEN, AND A. SEITZ. 2004. The role of swarming sites for maintaining gene flow in the brown long-eared bat (Plecotus auritus). Heredity 93:342-349.
113. WELBERGEN, J. A. 2006. Timing of the evening emergence from day roosts of the grey-headed flying fox, Pteropus poliocephalus: the effects of predation risk, foraging needs, and social context. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 60:311-322.
114. WESTERDAHL, H., S. BENSCH, B. HANSSON, D. HASSELQUIST, AND T. VON SCHANTZ. 2000. Brood sex ratios, female harem status and resources for nestling provisioning in the great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus). Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 47:312-318.
115. WILKINSON, G. S. 1992. Information-transfer at evening bat colonies. Animal Behaviour 44:501-518.
116. WILKINSON, G. S., AND J. M. SOUTH. 2002. Life history, ecology and longevity in bats. Aging Cell 1:124-131.
117. WILSON, D. E., AND D. A. REEDER (EDS.). 2005. Mammals species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. 3rd ed. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland.
118. ZUBAID, A., G. F. MCCRACKEN, AND T. H. KUNZ. 2006. Functional and evolutionary ecology of bats. Oxford University Press, New York.