Environmental fate and toxicology of carbaryl

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

Volumn 196, Issue , 2008, Pages 95-121

  Gunasekara, Amrith S ^a,c   Rubin, Andrew L ^b   Goh, Kean S ^b   Spurlock, Frank C ^b   Tjeerdema, Ronald S ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA   (United States)

^b CALIFORNIA ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY   (United States)

^c CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

CARBARIL; INSECTICIDE;

ANIMAL; ARTICLE; BIOREMEDIATION; CHEMISTRY; HUMAN; METABOLISM; POLLUTANT;

ANIMALS; BIODEGRADATION, ENVIRONMENTAL; CARBARYL; ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS; HUMANS; INSECTICIDES;

EID: 58149149503     PISSN: 01795953     EISSN: None     Source Type: Book Series    
DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-78444-1_4     Document Type: Article

References (132)

1. Ahmed FE, Lewis NJ, Hart RW (1977a) Pesticide induced ouabain resistant mutants in Chinese hamster V79 cells. Chem Biol Interact 19:269-374.
2. Ahmed FE, Hart RW, Lewis NJ (1977b) Pesticide induced DNA damage and its repair in cultured human cells. Mutat Res 42:161-174.
3. Ahmad R, Kookana RS, Alston AM, Bromilow RH (2001a) Differences in sorption behavior of carbaryl and phosalone in soils from Australia, Pakistan, and the United Kingdom. Aust J Soil Res 39:893-908.
4. 13C CPMAS NMR spectroscopy. Environ Sci Technol 35:878-884.
5. Arroyo LJ, Li H, Teppen BJ, Johnston CT, Boyd SA (2004) Hydrolysis of carbaryl by carbonate impurities in reference clay SWy-2. J Agric Food Chem 52:8066-8073.
6. Austin EW (2002) 4 week repeated-dose dermal toxicity study with carbaryl technical in rats. Covance Laboratories Inc. Lab project no. 6224-268, DPR vol no. 169-413, rec no. 186206.
7. Baron RL (1991) Carbamate insecticides. In: Hayes WJ Jr, Laws ER Jr (eds) Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology, vol 3. Academic Press, San Diego, pp 1125-1189.
8. Beyrouty P (1992) An acute study of the potential effects of orally administered carbaryl on behavior in rats. Bio-Research Laboratories Ltd. Lab project no. 97109.
9. Bondarenko S, Gan J (2004) Degradation and sorption of selected organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in urban steam sediments. Environ Toxicol Chem 23: 1809-1814.
10. Brahmia O, Richard C (2003) Phototransformation of carbaryl in aqueous solution: Laser-flash photolysis and steady-state studies. J Photochem Photobiol A 156:9-14.
11. Branch RA, Jacqz E (1986) Subacute neurotoxicity following long-term exposure to carbaryl. Am J Med 80:741-745.
12. Brodeur J, DuBois KP (1963) Comparison of acute toxicity of anticholinesterase insecticides to weanling and adult male rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 114:509-511.
13. Brooks W, Broxup B (1995) A time of peak effects study of a single orally administered dose of carbaryl, technical grade, in rats. Bio-Research Laboratories Ltd. Lab project no. 97388, DPR vol no. 169-338, rec no. 142593.
14. Brooks W, Robinson K, Broxup B (1995) An acute study of the potential effects of a single orally administered dose of carbaryl, technical grade, on behavior and neuromorphology in rats. Bio-Research Laboratories Ltd. Lab project no. 97389, DPR vol no. 169-341, rec. no. 142602.
15. Carpenter CP, Weil CS, Palm PE, Woodside MW, Nair JH, Smyth HF (1961) Mammalian toxicity of 1-naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate (sevin insecticide). J Agric Food Chem 9:30-39.
16. CDPR (2005) Summary Report. Complete Report with Summary Data Indexed by Chemical. California Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Pesticide Regulations, Sacramento, CA, pp 340-341. http://www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/pur/pur04rep/chmrpt04.pdf (verified August 10, 2007).
17. 14C-carbaryl (XLR Plus) in male rats (preliminary and definitive phases). Rhone-Poulenc Agro. Lab project no. HWI-6224-206, DPR vol no. 169-386, rec no. 167057.
18. Cifone MA (1989) Mutagenicity test on carbaryl technical in the in vitro rat primary hepatocyte unscheduled DNA synthesis assay. Hazleton Laboratories America. Study no. 10862-0-447, DPR vol no. 169-196, rec no. 85659.
19. Collins TFX, Hansen WH, Keeler HV (1971) The effect of carbaryl (sevin) on reproduction of the rat and the gerbil. Toxicol Appl Pharm 19:202-216.
20. Cranmer MF (1986) Carbaryl: A toxicological review and risk analysis. Neurotoxicology 7:247-332.
21. Cox C (1993) The problems with Sevin (carbaryl). J Pestic Reform 13:31-36.
22. Currier W, MacCollom G, Baumann G (1982) Drift residues of air-applied carbaryl in an orchard environment. J Econ Entomol 75:1062-1068.
23. De Mel GM, Pathiratne A (2005) Toxicity assessment of insecticides commonly used in rice pest management to the fry of common carp, Cyprinus carpio, a food fish culturable in rice fields. J Appl Ichthyol 21:146-150.
24. De Oliveira MF, Johnston CT, Premachandra GS, Teppen BJ, Li H, Laird DA, Zhu D, Boyd SA (2005) Spectroscopic study of carbaryl sorption on smectite from aqueous suspension. Environ Sci Technol 39:9123-9129.
25. Desi I, Gonczi L, Simon G, Farkas I, Kneffel Z (1974) Neurotoxicologic studies of two carbamate pesticides in subacute animal experiments. Toxicol Appl Pharm 27:465-476.
26. Deutsch-Wenzel RP, Brune H, Grimmer G, Misfeld J (1985) Local application to mouse skin as a carcinogen specific test system for non-volatile nitroso-compounds. Cancer Lett 29:85-92.
27. Dickoff DJ, Gerber O, Turovsky Z (1987) Delayed neurotoxicity after ingestion of carbamate pesticide. Neurology 37:1229-1231.
28. Doddamani HP, Ninnekar HZ (2001) Biodegradation of carbaryl by a micrococcus species. Curr Microbiol 43:69-73.
29. Dorough HW, Casida JH (1964) Nature of certain carbamate metabolites of the insecticide Sevin. J Agric Food Chem 12:294-304.
30. DPR (2006) Dermal absorption of carbaryl (memo from S. Beauvais to J.P. Frank). Worker Health and Safety Branch, California Environmental Protection Agency, Department of Pesticide Regulation, Sacramento, CA.
31. Dudek R (1985) Four hour acute dust inhalation toxicity study in rats of sevin 97.5 MC. American Biogenics. Study no. 420-1979, DPR vol no. 169-114, rec. no. 51935.
32. Eichelberger JW, Lichtenberg JJ (1971) Persistence of pesticides in river water. Environ Sci Technol 5:541-544.
33. Eisenbrand G, Ungerer O, Preussmann R (1975) The reaction of nitrite with pesticides. II. Formation, chemical properties and carcingenic activity of the N-nitroso derivative of N-methyl-1-naphthyl carbamte (carbaryl). Food Cosmet Toxicol 13:365-367.
34. Feldman RJ, Maibach HI (1974) Percutaneous penetration of some pesticides and herbicides in man. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 28:126-132.
35. Ferrari A, Anguiano OL, Venturion A, Pechen de D'Angelo AM (2004) Different susceptibility of two aquatic vertebrates (Oncorhynchus mykiss and Bufo arenarum) to azinphos methyl and carbaryl. Comp Biochem Physiol 139:239-243.
36. Foreman WT, Majewski MS, Goolsby DA, Wiebe FW, Coupe RH (2000) Pesticides in the atmosphere of the Mississippi River Valley, part II: air. Sci Total Environ 248:213-216.
37. Fytianos K, Pitarakis K, Bobola E (2006) Monitoring of N-methylcarbamate pesticides in the Pinios River (central Greece) by HPLC. Int J Environ Anal Chem 86:131-145.
38. Ghauch A, Gallet C, Charef A, Rima J, Martin-Bouyer M (2001) Reductive degradation of carbaryl in water by zero-valent iron. Chemosphere 42:419-424.
39. Gilliom RJ, Barbash JE, Crawford CG, Hamilton PA, Martin JD, Nakagaki N, Nowell LH, Scott JC, Stackelberg PE, Thelin GP, Wolock DM (2007) The quality of our nation's waters; pesticides in the nation's streams and groundwater, 1992-2001. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1291.
40. Grover IS, Ladhar SS, Randhawa SK (1989) Carbaryl: A selective genotoxicant. Environ Pollut 58:313-323.
41. Hamada NH (1987) One-year oral toxicity study in beagle dogs with carbaryl technical. Hazleton Laboratories America. Lab project no. 400-715, DPR vol no. 169-169, rec. no. 056429.
42. Hamada NH (1993a) Oncogenicity study with carbaryl technical in CD-1 mice. Hazleton Laboratories America. Lab project no. 656-138, DPR vol no. 169-267, rec. no. 123769.
43. Hamada NH (1993b) Combined chronic toxicity and oncogenicity study with carbaryl technical in Sprague-Dawley rats. Hazleton Laboratories America. Lab project no. 656-139, DPR vol no. 169-271, rec. no. 126241.
44. Hastings FL, Holsten EH, Shea PJ, Werner RA (2001) Carbaryl: A review of its use against bark beetles in coniferous forests of north America. Environ Entomol 30:803-810.
45. Holbert MS (1989) Acute inhalation toxicity study in rats. Stillmeadow. Study no. 6280-89, DPR vol no. 169-238, rec no. 97885.
46. Ishidate M, Odashima S (1977) Chromosome tests with 134 compounds on Chinese hamster cells in vitro: A screening for chemical carcinogens. Mutat Res 48:337-354.
47. Jana T, Das B (1997) Sorption of carbaryl (1-napthyl n-methyl carbamate) by soil. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 59:65-71.
48. Kao AS (1994) Formation and removal reactions of hazardous air pollutants. J Air Waste Manag 44:683-696.
49. Karinen JF, Lambertson JG, Stewart NE, Terrier LC (1967) Persistence of carbaryl in marine estuarine systems. J Agric Food Chem 15:148.
50. Knaak JB, Sullivan LJ (1967) Metabolism of carbaryl in the dog. J Agric Food Chem 15:1125-1126.
51. Knaak JB, Tallant MJ, Bartley WJ, Sullivan LJ (1965) The metabolism of carbaryl in the rat, guinea pig, and man. J Agric Food Chem 13:537-543.
52. Knaak JB, Tallant MJ, Kozbelt SJ, Sullivan LJ (1968) The metabolism of carbaryl in man, monkey, pig, and sheep. J Agric Food Chem 16:465-470.
53. 14 C]-carbaryl in rats following mixed oral and dermal exposure. Bayer CropScience. Study no. 04MECAY004, DPR vol no. 169-0476, rec no. 225213.
54. LaFleur K (1976) Movement of carbaryl through congaree soil into ground water. J Environ Qual 5:91-92.
55. Larson DM (1987a) Acute dermal toxicity evaluation of Carbaryl 90DF in rabbits. Toxicology Pathology Services. Study 320C-301-210-87; DPR vol 169-238, rec. 97888.
56. Larson DM (1987b) Acute oral toxicity evaluation of carbaryl 90DF in rats. Toxicology Pathology Services. Study 320A-101-010-87, DPR vol no. 169-238, rec no. 97883.
57. Larson DM (1987c) Evaluation of the sensitization potential of carbaryl 90DF in guinea pigs. Toxicology Pathology Services. Study no. 320B-201-215-87, DPR vol no. 169-238, rec. no. 97884.
58. Lawlor TE (1989) Mutagenicity test on carbaryl (technical) in the Ames Salmonella microsome reverse mutation assay. Hazleton Laboratories America. Study no. 10862-0-401, DPR vol no. 169-196, rec no. 85660.
59. Li AY, Davey RB, George JE (2005) Carbaryl resistance in Mexican strains of the southern cattle tick (Acari: Ixodidae). J Econ Entomol 98:552-556.
60. Lijinsky W, Schmahl D (1978) Carcinogenicity of n-nitroso derivatives of n-methylcarbamate insecticides in rats. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 2:413-419.
61. Lijinsky W, Taylor HW (1976) Carcinogenesis in Sprague-Dawley rats of n-nitrosos-n-alkylcarbamate esters. Cancer Lett 1:275-279.
62. Marshall R (1996) Carbaryl: Induction of micronuclei in the bone marrow of treated mice. Corning Hazleton. Study no. 198/89-1052, DPR vol no. 169-458, rec no. 209661.
63. Martin JD, Crawford CG, Larson SJ (2003) Pesticides in streams: preliminary results from cycle I of the National Water Quality Assessment Program (NAWQA), 1992-2001.
64. Meeker JD, Ryan L, Barr DB, Herrick RF, Bennett DH, Bravo R, Hauser R (2004a) The relationship of urinary metabolites of carbaryl/naphthalene and chlorpyrifos with human semen quality. Environ Health Perspect 112:1665-1670.
65. Meeker JD, Singh NP, Ryan L, Duty SM, Barr DB, Herrick RF, Bennett DH, Hauser R (2004b) Urinary levels of insecticide metabolites and DNA damage in human sperm. Hum Reprod 19:2573-2580
66. Meister RT (2001) Farm Chemicals Handbook. Meister Publishing Company, Willoughby, OH.
67. Mellon Inst (1957) The toxicity of insecticide sevin. Report 20-89, DPR vol no. 169-055, rec. no. 23486.
68. Menon P, Gopal M (2003) Dissipation of 14 C carbaryl and quinalphos in soil under a groundnut crop (Arachis hypogaea L.) in semi-arid India. Chemosphere 53:1023-1031.
69. Miller PL, Chin Y-P (2002) Photoinduced degradation of carbaryl in wetland surface water. J Agric Food Chem 50:6758-6765.
70. Murray FJ, Staples RE, Schwetz BA (1979) Teratogenic potential of carbaryl given to rabbits and mice by gavage or by dietary inclusion. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 51:81-89.
71. Murli H (1989) Mutagenicity test on carbaryl technical in an in vitro cytogenetic assay measuring chromosomal aberration frequencies in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Hazleton Laboratories America. Study no. 10862-0-437. DPR vol no. 169-196, rec. no. 85657.
72. MG, Kavlock RJ (1995) A multidisciplinary approach to toxicological screening: II. Developmental toxicity. J Toxicol Environ Health 45:145-171.
73. Onfelt A, Klasterska I (1984) Sister-chromatid exchanges and thioguanine resistance in V79 Chinese hamster cells after treatment with the aneuploidy-inducing agent carbaryl ± S9 mix. Mutat Res 125:269-274.
74. Osman M, Belal M (1980) Persistence of carbaryl in canal water. J Environ Sci Health B 15:307-311.
75. Pant N, Srivastava SC, Prasad AK, Shankar R, Srivastava SP (1995) Effects of carbaryl on the rat's male reproductive system. Vet Hum Toxicol 37:421-425.
76. Pant N, Shankar R, Srivastava SP (1996) Spermatotoxic effects of carbaryl in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 15:736-738.
77. Phillips PJ, Bode RW (2004) Pesticides in surface water runoff in south-eastern New York State, USA: Seasonal and stormflow effects on concentrations. Pestic Manag Sci 60:531-543.
78. Rajagopal BS, Chendrayan K, Reddy BR, Sethunathen N (1983) Persistence of carbaryl in flooded soils and its degradation by soil enrichment cultures. Plant Soil 73:35-45.
79. Rajagopal BS, Brahmaprakash GP, Reddy BR, Singh UD, Sethunathan N (1984) Effect and persistence of selected carbamate pesticides in soils. In: Gunther FA, Gunter JD (eds) Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. Residue Rev 93:87-203.
80. Regan JD, Setlow RB, Francis AA, Lijinsky W (1976) Nitrosocarbaryl: Its effect on human DNA. Mutat Res 38:293-302.
81. Repetto-Larsay M (1998) Carbaryl: Developmental toxicology study in the rat by gavage. Rhone-Poulenc Agro. Study no. SA 98070, DPR vol no. 169-383, rec. no. 166125.
82. Reyes JGG, Leyva NR, Millan OA, Lazcano GA (2002) Effects of pesticides on DNA and protein of shrimp larvae Litopenaeus stylirostris of the California Gulf. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 53:191-195.
83. Ribera D, Narbonne JF, Arnaud C, Denis MS (2001) Biochemical responses of the earthworm Eisenia fetida andrei exposed to contaminated artificial soil: Effects of carbaryl. Soil Biol Biochem 33:1123-1130.
84. Rickard RW, Dorough HW (1984) In vitro formation of nitrosocarbamates in the stomach of rats and guinea pigs. J Toxicol Environ Health 142:279-290.
85. Robinson K, Broxup B (1997) A developmental neurotoxicity study of orally administered carbaryl, technical grade, in the rat. ClinTrials BioResearch Ltd. Lab project no. 97391, DPR vol no. 169-384, rec. no. 166126.
86. Rodriguez LD, Dorough HW (1977) Degradation of carbaryl by soil microorganisms. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 6:47-56.
87. Rybakova MN (1966) Toxic effect of sevin on animals. Gigena Sanitariya 31:402-407.
88. Sagelsdorff P (1994) Investigation of the potential for protein- and DNA-binding of carbaryl. CIBA-GEIGY Ltd. Lab project no. CB93/52, DPR vol no. 169-456, rec. no. 209659.
89. Sakamoto M, Chang KH, Hanazato T (2005) Differential sensitive of a predacious cladoceran (Leptodora) and its prey (the cladoceren Bosmina) to the insecticide carbaryl: Results of acute toxicity tests. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 75:28-33.
90. Sanusi A, Millet M, Mirabel P, Wortham H (2000) Comparison of atmospheric pesticide concentrations measured at three sampling sites: local, regional and long-range transport. Sci Total Environ 263:263-277.
91. Savitz DA, Arbuckle T, Kaczor D, Curtis KM (1997) Male pesticide exposure and pregnancy outcome. Am J Epidemiol 146:1025-1036.
92. Shah PV, Guthrie FE (1983) Percutaneous penetration of three insecticides in rats: A comparison of two methods for in vivo determination. J Invest Dermatol 80:291-293.
93. Sharom MS, Miles JR, Harris CR, McEwen FL (1980) Behavior of 12 insecticides in soil and aqueous suspensions of soil and sediment. Water Res 14:1095-1100.
94. Shehata T, Eichardson E, Cotton E (1984) Assessment of human population exposure to carbaryl from the 1982 main spruce budworm spray project. J Environ Health 46:293-297.
95. Sheng G, Johnston CT, Teppen BJ, Boyd SA (2001) Potential contributions of smectite clays and organic matter to pesticide retention in soils. J Agric Food Chem 49:2899-2907.
96. Shtenberg AI, Rybakova MN (1968) Effect of carbaryl on the neuroendocrine system of rats. Food Cosmet Toxicol 6:461-467.
97. Smalley HE, Curtis JM, Earl FL (1968) Teratogenic action of carbaryl in beagle dogs. Toxicol Appl Pharm 13:392-403.
98. Soderpalm-Berndes C, Onfelt A (1988) The action of carbaryl and its metabolite -naphthol on mitosis in V79 Chinese hamster fibroblasts. Indications of the involvement of some cholinester in cell division. Mutat Res 201:349-363.
99. Sogorb MA, Carrera V, Benabent M, Vilanova E (2002) Rabbit serum albumin hydrolyzes the carbamate carbaryl. Chem Res Toxicol 15:520-526.
100. Sogorb MA, Carrera V, Vilanova E (2004) Hydrolysis of carbaryl by human serum albumin. Arch Toxicol 78:629-634.
101. Stenersen J (1992) Uptake and metabolism of xenobiotics by earthworms. In: Greigh-Smith PW, Becker H, Edwards PJ, Heimbach F (eds) Ecotoxicology of Earthworms. Intercepts Ltd, Andover, UK, pp 129-138.
102. Struble CS (1994) Metabolism of 14 C-carbaryl in rats (preliminary and definitive phases). Hazleton Wisconsin Inc. Lab project no. HWI 6224-184, DPR vol no. 169-453, rec. no. 209656.
103. Sun F, Zhu T, Shang I, Han L (2005) Gas-phase reaction of dichlorvos, carbaryl, chlordimeform, and 2,4-D butyl ester with OH radicals. Int J Chem Kinet 37:755-762.
104. Tang J, Cao Y, Rose RL, Hodgson E (2002) In vitro metabolism of carbaryl by human cytochrome p450 and its inhibition by chlorpyrifos. Chem Biol 141:229-241.
105. Todd NE, Van Leeuwan MV (2002) Effects of sevin (carbaryl insecticide) on early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio). Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 53:267-272.
106. Tomlin CDS (2000) The Pesticide Manual, 12th Ed. British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, UK, pp 133-134.
107. Tomlin CDS (2003) The Pesticide Manual, 13th Ed. British Crop Protection Council, Surrey, UK, pp 135-136.
108. 14 C-carbaryl in the 15 month old male rat following chronic dietary administration. Rhone-Poulenc Acrochimie. Lab project no. SA 95288, DPR vol no. 169-454, rec. no. 209657.
109. Tripathi PK, Singh A (2001) Toxic effects of dimethoate and carbaryl pesticides on carbohydrate metabolism of freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminate. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 70:717-722.
110. Tripathi PK, Singh A (2004) Carbaryl induced alteration in the reproduction and metabolism of freshwater snail Lymnaea acuminata. Pestic Biochem Phys 79:1-9.
111. Tyl RW, Marr MC, Myers CB (1999) Developmental toxicity evaluation (with cholinesterase assessment) of carbaryl administered by gavage to New Zealand white rabbits. Research Triangle Institute. Report no. 65C-7297-200/100, DPR vol no. 169-389, rec. no. 170646.
112. Tyl RW, Myers CB, Marr MC (2001) Two-generation reproductive toxicity evaluation of carbaryl (RPA007744) administered in the feed to CD (Sprague-Dawley) rats. Research Triangle Institute. Report no. 65C-07407-400, DPR vol no. 169-410, rec no. 182115.
113. Union Carbide (1983a) Sevin 99% Technical: Acute toxicity and irritancy study. Project no. 46-71, DPR vol no. 169-085, rec. no. 695 (oral toxicity).
114. Union Carbide (1983b) Sevin 99% Technical: Acute toxicity and irritancy study. Project no. 46-71, DPR vol no. 169-085, rec. no. 693 (dermal toxicity).
115. Union Carbide (1983c) Sevin 99% Technical: Acute toxicity and irritancy study. Project no. 46-71, DPR vol no. 169-085, rec. no. 694 (primary eye irritation).
116. Union Carbide (1983d) Sevin 99% Technical: Acute toxicity and irritancy study. Project no. 46-71, DPR vol no. 169-085, rec. no. 696 (primary dermal irritation).
117. Union Carbide (1985) Compilation of available APC carbaryl acute toxicity data from 1954 to the present. DPR vol no. 169-117, rec no. 34482.
118. US EPA (2002) Carbaryl: Updated Toxicology Chapter for RED (Dobozy VA). DP Barcode D282980.
119. US EPA (2003) Carbaryl: Revised Dietary Exposure Analysis Including Acute Probabilistic Water Analysis for the HED Revised Human Health Risk Assessment (Fort FA). Chemical no. 056801/List A Re-registration Case no. 0080. DP Barcode D288479.
120. US EPA (2004) Interim Re-registration Eligibility Document for Carbaryl. List A, Case 0080. Revision date: October 22, 2004.
121. USGS (2007) NAWQA data warehouse. United States Geological Survey. Available at: http://infotrek.er.usgs.gov/traverse/f?p=NAWQA:HOME (verified August 17, 2007).
122. 1 mouse. Rhone-Poulenc Agro. Lab project no. SA 97481, DPR vol no. 169-402, rec. no. 177759.
123. Venkateswarlu K, Chendrayan K, Sethunathan N (1980) Persistence and biodegradation of carbaryl in soils. J Environ Sci Health B 15:421-429.
124. Walters J, Goh KS, Li L, Feng H, Hernandez J, White J (2003) Environmental monitoring of carbaryl applied in urban areas to control the glassy-winged sharpshooter in California. Environ Monit Assess 82:265-280.
125. Wang Q, Lemley AT (2002) Oxidation of carbaryl in aqueous solution by membrane anodic fenton treatment. J Agric Food Chem 50:2331-2337.
126. Ware GW (2000) The Pesticide Book. Thomson Publications, Fresno, CA, pp 57, 83, 302.
127. Weil CJ (1972) Comparative study of dietary inclusion versus stomach intubation on three-generations of reproduction, on teratology and on mutagenesis. Mellon Institute. Report no. 35-65, DPR vol no. 169-099, rec. no. 27202.
128. Wilson PC, Foos JF (2006) Survey of carbamate and organophosphorous pesticide export from a south Florida (USA) agricultural watershed: implications of sampling frequency on ecological risk estimation. Environ Toxicol Chem 25:2847-2852.
129. Wolfe NL, Zepp RC, Paris DF (1978) Carbaryl, propham, chloropropham: A comparison of rates of hydrolysis and photolysis with the rate of biolysis. Water Res 12:565.
130. Wyrobek AJ, Watchmaker G, Gordon L, Wong K, Moore D, Whorton D (1981) Sperm shape abnormalities in carbaryl-exposed employees. Environ Health Perspect 40:255-265.
131. Xia Y, Cheng S, Bian Q, Xu L, Collins MD, Chang HC, Song L, Liu J, Wang S, Wang X (2005) Genotoxic effects on spermatozoa of 1carbaryl-exposed workers. Toxicol Sci 85:615-623.
132. Young RR (1989) Mutagenicity test on carbaryl (technical) in the CHO/ HGPRT forward mutation assay. Hazleton Laboratories America. Study no. 10862-0-435, DPR vol no. 169-106, rec. no. 85658.