High-dose antipsychotic use in schizophrenia: A comparison between the 2001 and 2004 Research on East Asia Psychotropic Prescription (REAP) studies

British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology

Volumn 67, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 110-117

  Sim, Kang ^a   Su, Hsin Chuan ^a   Fujii, Senta ^b   Yang, Shu Yu ^c   Chong, Mian Yoon ^d   Ungvari, Gabor ^e   Si, Tianmei ^f   He, Yan Ling ^g   Chung, Eun Kee ^h   Chan, Yiong Huak ⁱ   Shinfuku, Naotaka ^b   Kua, Ee Heok ⁱ   Tan, Chay Hoon ⁱ   Sartorius, Norman ^j  

^a INSTITUTE OF MENTAL HEALTH   (Singapore)

^b SEINAN GAKUIN UNIVERSITY   (Japan)

^c TAIPEI CITY HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^d CHANG GUNG MEMORIAL HOSPITAL   (Taiwan)

^e CHINESE UNIVERSITY OF HONG KONG   (Hong Kong)

^f PEKING UNIVERSITY HEALTH SCIENCE CENTER   (China)

^g SHANGHAI MENTAL HEALTH CENTER   (China)

^h Seoul National University Hospital   (South Korea)

ⁱ NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE   (Singapore)

^j UNIVERSITY OF GENEVA   (Switzerland)

more..

Author keywords

Antipsychotic; High dose; Prescriptions; Schizophrenia

Indexed keywords

CHLORPROMAZINE; CLOZAPINE; HALOPERIDOL; LEVOMEPROMAZINE; NEUROLEPTIC AGENT; OLANZAPINE; SULPIRIDE; TRIFLUOPERAZINE; ZOTEPINE;

ADULT; ARTICLE; CHINA; CONFIDENCE INTERVAL; DELUSION; DRUG DOSE REGIMEN; DRUG MEGADOSE; DRUG RESEARCH; EDUCATION PROGRAM; EVIDENCE BASED MEDICINE; FEMALE; GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION; HALLUCINATION; HEALTH CARE FINANCING; HONG KONG; HOSPITAL ADMISSION; HUMAN; JAPAN; KOREA; MAJOR CLINICAL STUDY; MALE; NEGATIVE SYNDROME; OPTIMAL DRUG DOSE; PRESCRIPTION; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RATING SCALE; RISK FACTOR; SCHIZOPHRENIA; SINGAPORE; TAIWAN;

ADULT; ANTIPSYCHOTIC AGENTS; CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDIES; FAR EAST; FEMALE; HUMANS; MALE; MIDDLE AGED; MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS; PHYSICIAN'S PRACTICE PATTERNS; PRESCRIPTIONS; SCHIZOPHRENIA;

EID: 58149129622     PISSN: 03065251     EISSN: 13652125     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2125.2008.03304.x     Document Type: Article

References (39)

1. Ayd FJ. Large doses of chlorpromazine in the treatment of psychiatric patients. Dis Nerv Syst 1955 16 : 146 9.
2. Prien RF, Cole JO. High dose chlorpromazine therapy in chronic schizophrenia. Report of National Institute of Mental Health - psychopharmacology research branch collaborative study group. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1968 18 : 482 95.
3. McClelland HA, Farquharson RG, Leyburn P, Furness JA, Schiff AA. Very high dose fluphenazine decanoate: a controlled trial in chronic schizophrenia. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976 33 : 1435 9.
4. Baldessarini RJ, Cohen BM, Teicher MH. Significance of neuroleptic dose and plasma level in the pharmacological treatment of psychoses. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1988 45 : 79 915.
5. National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health. Schizophrenia: Core Interventions in the Treatment and Management of Schizophrenia in Primary and Secondary Care. London : National Institute of Clinical Excellence Guidelines, 2002.
6. Lehman AF, Steinwachs DM. Translating research into practice: the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research Team (PORT) treatment recommendations. Schizophr Bull 1998 24 : 1 10.
7. Barbui C, Biancosino B, Esposito E, Marmai L, Dona S, Grassi L. Factors associated with antipsychotic dosing in psychiatric inpatients: a prospective study. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2007 22 : 221 5.
8. Diaz FJ, De Leon J. Excessive antipsychotic dosing in 2 U.S. State hospitals. J Clin Psychiatry 2002 63 : 998 1003.
9. Valenstein M, Copeland L, Owen R, Blow F, Visnic S. Delays in adopting evidence-based dosages of conventional antipsychotics. Psychiatr Serv 2001 52 : 1242 4.
10. Suzuki T, Uchida H, Tanaka KF, Tomita M, Tsunoda K, Nomura K, Takano H, Tanabe A, Watanabe K, Yagi G, Kashima H. Reducing the dose of antipsychotic medications for those who had been treated with high-dose antipsychotic polypharmacy: an open study of dose reduction for chronic schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2003 18 : 323 9.
11. Sim K, Su A, Leong JY, Yip K, Chong MY, Fujii S, Yang S, Ungvari GS, Si T, Chung EK, Tsang HY, Shinfuku N, Kua EH, Tan CH. High dose antipsychotic use in schizophrenia: findings of the REAP (research on east Asia psychotropic prescriptions) study. Pharmacopsychiatry 2004 37 : 175 9.
12. Sim K, Su A, Fujii S, Yang SY, Chong MY, Ungvari GS, Si T, Chung EK, Tsang HY, Chan YH, Heckers S, Shinfuku N, Tan CH. Antipsychotic polypharmacy in patients with schizophrenia: a multicentre comparative study in East Asia. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2004 58 : 178 83.
13. World Health Organisation. International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 10 rev. Geneva : World Health Organisation, 1992.
14. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edn. Washington DC : American Psychiatric Association, 1994.
15. American Psychiatric Association. Practice Guidelines for the Treatment of Patients with Schizophrenia. Washington DC : American Psychiatric Press, 2004.
16. Kane JM, Aguglia E, Altamura AC, Ayuso Gutierrez JL, Brunello N, Fleischhacker WW, Gaebel W, Gerlach J, Guelfi JD, Kissling W, Lapierre YD, Lindström E, Mendlewicz J, Racagni G, Carulla LS, Schooler NR. Guidelines for depot antipsychotic treatment in schizophrenia. European Neuropsychopharmacology Consensus Conference in Siena, Italy. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 1998 8 : 55 66.
17. Woods SW. Chlorpromazine equivalent doses for the newer atypical antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 2003 64 : 663 7.
18. Barbui C, Nose M, Mazzi MA, Thornicroft G, Schene A, Becker T, Bindman J, Leese M, Helm H, Koeter M, Weinmann S, Tansella M. Persistence with polypharmacy and excessive dosing in patients with schizophrenia treated in four European countries. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2006 21 : 355 62.
19. WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistic Methodology. Guidelines for ATC Classification and DDD Assignment. Oslo : WHO Collaborating Centre for Drug Statistic Methodology, World Health Organisation, 2003.
20. Ungvari GS, Pang AH, Chiu HF, Wong CK, Lum FC. Psychotropic drug prescription in rehabilitation. A survey in Hong Kong. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 1996 31 : 288 91.
21. Carnahan RM, Lund BC, Perry PJ, Chrischilles EA. Increased risk of extrapyramidal side-effect treatment associated with atypical antipsychotic polytherapy. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2006 113 : 135 41.
22. Krausz M, Moritz S, Lambert M, Naber D. Dosage of conventional neuroleptic medication and subjective cognitive functioning in schizophrenia. Int Clin Psychopharmacol 2000 15 : 77 81.
23. Waddington JL, Youssef HA, Kinsella A. Mortality in schizophrenia. Antipsychotic polypharmacy and absence of adjunctive anticholinergics over the course of a 10-year prospective study. Br J Psychiatry 1998 173 : 325 9.
24. Nordstrom AL, Farde L, Wiesel FA, Forslund K, Pauli S, Halldin C, Uppfeldt G. Central D2 dopamine receptor occupancy in relation to antipsychotic drug effects: a double-blind PET study of schizophrenic patients. Biol Psychiatry 1993 15 : 227 35.
25. Farde L, Nordstrom AL, Wiesel FA, Pauli S, Halldin C, Sedvall G. Positron emission tomographic analysis of central D1 and D2 dopamine receptor occupancy in patients treated with classical neuroleptics and clozapine. Relation to extrapyramidal side effects. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992 49 : 538 44.
26. Kapur S, Zipursky R, Jones C, Remington G, Houle S. Relationship between dopamine D(2) occupancy, clinical response, and side effects: a double-blind PET study of first-episode schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry 2000 157 : 514 20.
27. McEvoy JP, Hogarty GE, Steingard S. Optimal dose of neuroleptic in acute schizophrenia. A controlled study of the neuroleptic threshold and higher haloperidol dose. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991 48 : 739 45.
28. Lieberman JA, Stroup TS, McEvoy JP, Swartz MS, Rosenheck RA, Perkins DO, Keefe RS, Davis SM, Davis CE, Lebowitz BD, Severe J, Hsiao JK. Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) Investigators. Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with chronic schizophrenia. N Engl J Med 2005 353 : 1209 23.
29. Correll CU. Real-life dosing with second-generation antipsychotics. J Clin Psychiatry 2005 66 : 1610 1.
30. Botts S, Littrell R, de Leon J. Variables associated with high olanzapine dosing in a state hospital. J Clin Psychiatry 2004 65 : 1138 43.
31. Zito JM, Craig TJ, Wanderling J, Siegel C. Pharmaco-epidemiology in 136 hospitalized schizophrenic patients. Am J Psychiatry 1987 144 : 778 82.
32. Sohler NL, Walkup J, McAlpine D, Boyer C, Olfson M. Antipsychotic dosage at hospital discharge and outcomes among persons with schizophrenia. Psychiatr Serv 2003 54 : 1258 63.
33. Walkup JT, McAlpine DD, Olfson M, Labay LE, Boyer C, Hansell S. Patients with schizophrenia at risk for excessive antipsychotic dosing. J Clin Psychiatry 2000 61 : 344 8.
34. Centorrino F, Goren JL, Hennen J, Salvatore P, Kelleher JP, Baldessarini RJ. Multiple versus single antipsychotic agents for hospitalized psychiatric patients: case-control study of risks versus benefits. Am J Psychiatry 2004 161 : 700 6.
35. Tognomi G. Pharmacoepidemiology of psychotropic drugs in patients with severe mental disorders in Italy. Italian Collaborative Study Group on the Outcome of Severe Mental Disorders. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1999 55 : 685 90.
36. Knottnerus JA, Dinant GJ. Medicine based evidence, a prerequisite for evidence based medicine. BMJ 1997 315 : 1109 10.
37. Covell NH, Jackson CT, Evans AC, Essock SM. Antipsychotic prescribing practices in Connecticut's public mental health system: rates of changing medications and prescribing styles. Schizophr Bull 2002 28 : 17 29.
38. Volavka J, Cooper TB, Czobor P, Lindenmayer JP, Citrome LL, Mohr P, Bark N. High-dose treatment with haloperidol: the effect of dose reduction. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2000 20 : 252 6.
39. Ungvari GS, Chung YG, Chee YK, Fung-Shing N, Kwong TW, Chiu HF. The pharmacological treatment of schizophrenia in Chinese patients: a comparison of prescription patterns between 1996 and 1999. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2002 54 : 437 44.