Fire performance of wood (Pinus radiata) treated with fire retardants and a wood preservative

Fire and Materials

Volumn 32, Issue 6, 2008, Pages 357-370

  Marney, Donavan C O ^a   Russell, L J ^a   Mann, R ^b  

^a CSIRO   (Australia)

^b Ensis   (Australia)

Author keywords

Bromine; Chlorine; Copper naphthenate permethrin; Fire performance index; Fire retardants; Fungi; Mass loss calorimeter; Peak heat release rate; Phosphorus; Pinus radiata; Termites; Time to ignition

Indexed keywords

ASTROPHYSICS; BROMINE; CALORIMETERS; CALORIMETRY; CHLORINE; COPPER; ELECTRIC BATTERIES; FABRY-PEROT INTERFEROMETERS; FUNGI; IGNITION; PHOSPHORUS; PROTECTIVE COATINGS; WOOD; WOOD PRESERVATION;

FIRE PERFORMANCE INDEX; FIRE RETARDANTS; MASS LOSS CALORIMETER; PEAK HEAT RELEASE RATE; PINUS RADIATA; TERMITES; TIME TO IGNITION;

FIRES;

BATTERIES; BROMINE; CALORIMETERS; CHLORINE; COPPER; FLAME RETARDANTS; FUNGI; IGNITION; PHOSPHORUS; PINUS RADIATA; PROTECTIVE COATINGS; TERMITES; WOOD PRESERVATION;

EID: 58049204113     PISSN: 03080501     EISSN: 10991018     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/fam.973     Document Type: Article

References (59)

1. Willis M. Bushfire Arson: A Review of the Literature, 2004. Available from: http://www.aic.gov.au/publications/rpp/61/ (accessed 9 January 2007).
2. AS 3959. Construction of Buildings in Bushfire-prone Areas. Standards Australia: Sydney, NSW, 1999.
3. AS 1604.1. Specification for Preservative Treatment Part I: Sawn and Round Timber. Standards Australia: Sydney, NSW, Australia, 2005.
4. Sweet MS, LeVan SL, White RH, Tran HC, De Groot R. Fire performance of wood treated with combined fire-retardant and preservative systems. FPL-RP-545, USDA Forest Service, 1996. Available from: http:// www.fpl.fs. fed.us/documnts/fplrp/fplrp545.pdf (accessed 24 August 2007).
5. Thompson DC. Weather resistant, fire retardant preservative and protective compositions for the treatment of wood and cellulosic products. United States Patent US 5,151,127.
6. Juneja SC. Urea based fire retardant formulations and products. Canada Patent CA917334.
7. Australasian Wood Preservation Committee. Protocols for Assessment of Wood Preservatives. Laboratory Test Procedures for Termites, 1997. Available from: http://www.tpaa.com.au/files/AWPC%20protocols.pdf (accessed 9 January 2007).
8. Australasian Wood Preservation Committee. Protocols for Assessment of Wood Preservatives. Laboratory Test Procedures for Decay, 1997. Available from: http://www.tpaa.com.au/files/AWPC%20protocols.pdf (accessed 9 January 2007).
9. ASTM E 2102-04a. Standard Test Method for Measurement of Mass Loss and Ignitibility for Screening Purposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, 2004.
10. AS/NZS 3837. Method of Test for Heat and Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter. Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand: Sydney, NSW, 1998.
11. ISO 5660-1. Reaction-to-fire Tests - Heat Release, Smoke Production and Mass Loss Rate - Part 1: Heat Release Rate (Cone Calorimeter Method). The International Organization for Standardization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2002.
12. ASTM E1354. Standard Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Consumption Calorimeter. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, 2004.
13. ASTM D2898. Standard Test Methods for Accelerated Weathering of Fire-retardant-treated Wood for Fire Testing. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, 1981.
14. ASTM D1413. Standard Test Method for Wood Preservatives by Laboratory Soil-block Cultures. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, 1986.
15. CEN/TR 14839. Wood Preservatives. Determination of the Preventive Efficacv Against Wood Destroying Basidionzycetes Fungi. European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium, 2004.
16. ASTM D3345. Standard Test Method for Laboratory Evaluation of Wood and Other Cellulosic Materials for Resistance to Termites. ASTM International: West Conshohocken, PA, 1999.
17. EN 118. Wood Preservatives - Determination of Preventive Action Against Reticulitermes Species (European Termites) (Laboratorv Method). European Committee for Standardization: Brussels, Belgium, 2005.
18. Preston AF, Walcheski PJ, McKaig PA. Recent studies with ammoniacal copper carboxylate. Proceedings from the 81st Annual Meeting of the American Wood-Preservers' Association. American Wood-Preservers' Association: Reno, NV, 1985.
19. Nicholas DD, Freeman MH. A comparison of pentachlorophenol and copper naphthenate in long term field stake tests. Proceedings: International Conference on Utility Line Structures, Ft Collins, CO, 2000.
20. Barnes HM, Brient JA. Freeman MH, Kerr Jr CN. Performance of copper-naphthenate-treated poles in service. Forest Products Journal 2002; 52(4):60-63.
21. Freeman MH. Copper naphthenate: An effective wood pole and crossarm preservative. First Southeastern Pole Conference. Mississippi State University, Starkville, Mississippi, Forest Products Society, 1992.
22. Freeman MH. An update on the performance and efficacy of copper naphthenate. Northeast Pole Conference, Binghamton, NY, 2000.
23. Grace JK, Yamamoto RT, Laks PE. Evaluation of the termite resistance of wood pressure treated with copper naphthenate. Forest Products Journal 1993; (11/12):72-76.
24. Ocloo JK. A comparative study of the protection offered to wood samples by permethrin, dieldrin and lindane against damage by subterranean termites and fungi. International Journal of Wood Preservation 1983; 3(1):31-38.
25. Peters BC, Creffield JW. Susceptibility of envelope-treated softwood to subterranean termite damage. Forest Products Journal 2004; 54(12):9-14.
26. Schell SH, Gibbons C, Petrella RV. Effect of neopentyl alcohols on the flame and smoke resistance of flexible-polyurethane foams. Advances in Urethane Science and Technology 1976; 4:198-211.
27. Murphy J. Burning issues choosing the right flame retardant. Plastics, Additives and Compounding 1999; 1(1):20-25. DOI: 10.1016/S1464-39lX(99)80169-X.
28. Smith CS, Metcalfe E. A study of fire-retardant mechanisms in the gas phase by FTIR spectroscopy. Polymer International 2000; 49(10):1169-1176. DOI: 10.1002/ 1097-0126(200010)49:10(1169::AID-PI552)3.0.CO;2-G.
29. Green J. Phosphorus-bromine flame retardant synergy in polycarbonate/ABS blends. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1996; 54(2-3):189-193. DOI: 10.1016/S0141-3910(96)00043-2.
30. Jang BN, Wilkie CA. The effects of triphenylphosphate and resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) on the thermal degradation of polycarbonate in air. Thermochimica Acta 2005; 433(1-2):1-12. DOI: 10.1016/ j.tca.2005.01.071.
31. Gupta YN, Chakraborty A, Pandey GD, Setua DK. High-resolution thermogravimetry/coupled mass spectrometry analysis of flame-retardant rubber. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 2003; 89(8):2051-2057. DOI: 10.1002/app. 12074.
32. Kwak S-B, Jung C-H, Nam J-D, Kim J-H, Choi M-A, Kong J-H. Fire resistance and thermal stability study of fire-retarded polypropylene systems by using cone calorimeter and thermogravimetry. Polymer (Korean) 2000; 24(6):777-786.
33. Saad ALG, Hassan AM, Youqsif MA, Ahmed MGM. Studies of electrical properties of some fire-retarding poly (vinyl chloride) compositions. Journal of Applied Polymer Science 1997; 65(1):27-35. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI) 1097- 4628(19970705)65:1 (27::AID-APP4)3.0.CO;2-S.
34. Camino G, Costa L. Thermal degradation of a highly chlorinated paraffin used as a fire retardant additive for polymers. Polymer Degradation and Stability 1980; 2(1):23-33. DOI: 10.1016/ 0141-3910(8C)90013-0.
35. Luda MP, Balabanovich AI, Hornung A, Camino G. Thermal degradation of a brominated bisphenol A derivative. Polymers for Advanced Technologies 2003; 14(11-12):741-748. DOI: 10.1002/pat.389.
36. Batabanovich AI, Luda MP, Operti L. GC/MS identification of pyrolysis products from fire-retardant brominated epoxy resin. Journal of Fire Sciences 2005; 23(3):227-245. DOI: 10.1177/0734904105047006.
37. Canesi L, Lorusso LC, Ciacci C, Betti M, Gallo G. Effects of the brominated flame retardant tetrabromobisphenol-A (TBBPA) on cell signaling and function of mytilus hemocytes: involvement of MAP kinases and protein kinase C. Aquatic Toxicology 2005; 75(3):277-287. DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2005.08.010.
38. Hirschler MM, Shakir S. Measurements of cable fire properties by using heat release equipment. Proceedings of Flame Retardants 92. Elsevier Applied Science: Amsterdam, 1992.
39. Gay FJ, Calaby JH. Termites of the Australian region. In Biology of Termites, vol. 11, Krishna K, Weesner FM (eds). Academic Press: New York and London, 1970; 393-448.
40. Creffield JW, Howick CD, Pahl PJ. Comparative wood consumption within and between mounds of Coptotermes acinaciformis (Froggatt) (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). Sociobiology 1985; 11(1):77-86.
41. Neter J, Kutner M, Nachtsheim C, Wasserman M. Applied Linear Statistical Models. McGraw-Hill: Boston, MA, 1996.
42. Tewarson A. Heat release rate in fires. Fire and Materials 1980; 4(4):185-191. DOI: 10.1002/fam.810040405.
43. Parker WJ. Prediction of heat release rate from basic measurements. In Heat Release in Fires, Babrauskas V, Grayson SJ (eds). Elsevier Applied Science: London, 1992; 333-356.
44. Tran HC. Experimental data on wood materials. In Heal Release in Fires, Babrauskas V, Grayson SJ (eds). Elsevier Applied Science: London, 1992; 357-372.
45. Spearpoint MJ, Quintiere JG. Predicting the burning of wood using an integral model. Combustion and Flame 2000; 123(3):308-325. DOI: 10.1016/S0010-2180(00)00162-0.
46. Spearpoint MJ. Predicting the ignition and burning rate of wood in the cone calorimeter using an integral model. NIST GCR 99-775, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 1999. Available from: htip://vww.fire.nist.gov/bfrlpubs/fire99/PDF/f99043.pdf.
47. Hagge MJ, Bryden KM, Dietenberger MA. Effect of backing board materials on wood combustion performance. Wood & Fire Safety: 5th International Scientific Conference, Slovak-Republic, 2004.
48. Grexa O, Janssens M, White R, Dietenberger M. Fundamental thermophysical properties of materials derived from the cone calorimeter measurements. Third International Scientific Conference Wood and Fire. Safety Proceedings, Slovakia, 1996.
49. White RH, Dietenberger MA. Cone calorimeter evaluation of wood products. Recent Advances in Flame Retardancy of Polymeric Materials: Proceedings of 15th Annual BCC Conference on Fame Retardancy. Business Communications Company Inc.: Stamford, CT, 2004.
50. De Groot RC. Water-dispersible pentachlorophenol: a preliminary report on field tests with southern pine stakes. Proceedings: American Wood Preservers Association Annual Meeting, Dallas, Stevensville, MD, 1984.
51. Gjovik LR, Davidson HL. Service records on treated and untreated fence-posts. FPL-068, U.S.D.A. Forest Service, 1975. Available from: http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn068a.pdf (accessed 24 August 2007).
52. Crawford DM, Woodward DM, Hatfield CA. Comparison of wood preservatives in stake tests; 2000 Progress Report. FPL-RN-02, 2002. Available from: http://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplrn/fplrn002.pdf (accessed 24 August 2007).
53. Smith VK. Pesticides in soil: long term movement of DDT applied to soil for termite control. Pesticides Monitoring Journal 1968; 2(1):55-57.
54. Sharma S, Vasudevan P, Madan M. Insecticidal value of castor (Ricinus communis) against termites. International Biodeterioration 1991; 27(3):249-254. DOI:10.1016/0265-3036(91)90053-T.
55. Yoshida S, Moriguchi Y, Konishi Y, Taguchi S, Yakushiji T. Analysis of organophosphorus termiticides in human milk. Japanese Journal of Toxicology, and Environmental Health 1992; 38(1):52-56.
56. Smith PA, Thompson MJ, Edwards JW. Estimating occupational exposure to the pyrethroid termiticide bifenthrin by measuring metabolites in urine. Journal of Chromatography B Analytical Technologies in the Biomedical and Life Sciences 2002; 778(1-2):113-120 DOI: 10.1016/ S0378-4347(01)00440-6.
57. DeSouza O, Miramontes, O, Santos CA, Bernardo DL. Social facilitation affecting tolerance to poisoning in termites (Inseçta, Isoptera). Insectes Sociaux 2001; 49(1):21-24. DOI: 10.1007 /PL00001739.
58. Baskaran S, Kookana RS, Naidu R. Degradation of bifenthrin, chlorpyrifos and imidacloprid in soil and beddiiig materials at terauticidal application rates. Pesticide Science 1999; 55(12):1222-1228. DOI: 10.1002/(SICI) 1096- 9063(199912)55:12(1222::AID-PS83)3.0.CO;2-7.
59. Greaves H, Schmatzl KJ, Cookson LJ. Laboratory tests on light organic solvent preservatives for. use in Australia, part 4. Assessment of several new candidate fungicides. Journal of the Institute of Wood Science 1988; 11(4): 145-148.