A novel intumescent flame-retardant LDPE system and its thermo-oxidative degradation and flame-retardant mechanisms

Polymers for Advanced Technologies

Volumn 19, Issue 11, 2008, Pages 1566-1575

  Liu, Yun ^a   Wang, De Yi ^a   Wang, Jun Sheng ^a   Song, Yan Peng ^a   Wang, Yu Zhong ^a,b  

^a SICHUAN UNIVERSITY   (China)

^b State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering ^*  (China)

Author keywords

Flame retardance; Intumescence; LDPE; Mechanism; Py GC MS; Thermal degradation

Indexed keywords

ACETONE; ACIDS; AMMONIUM COMPOUNDS; CARBONIZATION; COKE; DEGRADATION; FORMIC ACID; FOURIER TRANSFORM INFRARED SPECTROSCOPY; GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS; MELAMINE FORMALDEHYDE RESINS; NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE; ORGANIC ACIDS; OXYGEN; PHOSPHORUS; POLYPROPYLENES; PUMPING PLANTS; THERMOGRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS;

FLAME RETARDANCE; INTUMESCENCE; LDPE; PY-GC/MS; THERMAL DEGRADATION;

FLAMMABILITY;

DEGRADATION; FLAME RESISTANCE; POLYETHYLENE; SYNTHESIS; THERMAL PROPERTY; THERMOGRAVIMETRY;

EID: 58049124915     PISSN: 10427147     EISSN: 10991581     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1002/pat.1171     Document Type: Article

References (35)

1. Sen AK, Mukheriee B, Bhattacharya AS, Sanghi LK, De PP, Bhowmich K. Preparation and characterization of low-halogen and nonhalgoen fire-resistant low-smoke (FRLS) cable sheating compound from blends of functionalized polyolefins and PVC. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1991; 43: 1673-1684.
2. Xie F, Wang YZ, Yang B, Liu Y. A novel intumescent flame-retardant polyethylene system. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2006; 291: 247-253.
3. Ebert J, Bahadir M. Formation of PBDD/F from flame-retarded plastic materials under thermal stress. Environ. Int. 2003; 29: 711-716.
4. Luda MP, Balabanovich AI, Hornung A, Camino G. Thermal degradation of a brominated bisphenol a derivativem. Polym. Adv. Technol. 2003; 14: 741-748.
5. Le Bras M, Bgajny M, Lefebvre JM, Bourbigot S. Vulcanization of carboxylated nitrile rubber (XNBR) by a mixed zinc peroxide-sulphur system. Polym. Int. 2000; 49: 115-121.
6. Xie RC, Qu BJ. Expandable graphite systems for halogen-free flame-retarding of polyolefins I: flammability characterization and synergistic effect. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2001; 80: 1181-1189.
7. Camino G, Costa L, Martinasso G. Intumescent fire-retardant systems. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 1989; 23: 359-376.
8. Horacek H, Grabner P. Advantages of flame retardants based on nitrogen compounds. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 1996; 54: 205-215.
9. Baljinder KK, Horrocks AR. Complex char formation in flame-retarded fibre-intumescent combinations II: thermal analytical studies. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 1996; 54: 289-303.
10. Chiu SH, Wang WK. The dynamic flammability and toxicity of magnesium hydroxide filled intumescent fire polypropylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1998; 67: 989-995.
11. Hu XP, Li WY, Wang YZ. Synthesis and characterization of a novel nitrogen-containing flame retardant. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2004; 94: 1556-1561.
12. Horacek H, Pieh S. The importance of intumescent systems for fire protection of plastic materials. Polym. Int. 2000; 49: 1106-1114.
13. Li Q, Jiang PK, Wei P. Thermal degradation behavior of poly(propylene) with a novel silicon-containing intumscent flame retardant. Macromol. Mater. Eng. 2005; 290: 912-919.
14. Ma ZL, Zhao M, Hu HF, Ding HT, Zhang J. Compatibilization of intumescent flame retardant/polypropylene composites based on α-methacrylic acid grafted polypropylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2002; 83: 3128-3132.
15. Zhu WM, Weil ED, Mukhopadhyay S. Intumescent flame-retardant system of phosphates and 5, 5 5′, 5′, 5″, 5″- hexamethyItris (1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinanemethan) amine 2,2′,2″-trioxide for polyolefins. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1996; 62: 2267-2280.
16. Cullis CF, Hirschler MM. Char formation from polyolefins: correlations with low-temperature oxygen uptake and with flammability in the presence of metal halogen systems. Eur. Polym. J. 1984; 20: 53-60.
17. Ou YX. Applied Flame-retarding Technology. Chemical Industrial Press: Beijing, 2002.
18. Chiang WY, Hu HH. Phosphate-containing flame-retardant polymers with good compatibility to polypropylene II: effect of the flame-retardant polymers on polypropylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2001; 82: 2399-2403.
19. Balabanovich AI. Thermal decomposition study of intumescent additives: pentaerythritol phosphate and its blend with melamine phosphate. Thermochim. Acta 2005; 435: 188-196.
20. Birum GH, Kirkwood MO. Hydrogen phosphonates and polymer compositions containing them as flame retardants. US Patent No. 4,070,336, 1978.
21. Li Q, Jiang PK, Su ZP, Wei P, Wang GL, Tang XZ. Synergistic effect of phosphorus, nitrogen, and silicon on flame-retardant properties and char yield in polypropylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2005; 96: 854-860.
22. Cullis CF, Hirschler MM. The significance of thermoanalytical measurements in the assessment of polymer flammability. Polymer 1983; 24: 834-840.
23. Hirschler MM. Thermal analysis and flammability of polymers: effect of halogen-metal additive systems. Eur. Polym. J. 1983; 19: 121-129.
24. Camino G, Delobel R. Intumescence. In Fire Retardancy of Polymeric Material, Grand AR, Wilkie CA (eds). Marcel Dekker: New York, 2000, 217-243.
25. Camino G, Lomakin S. Intumescent materials. In Fire Retardant Material, Horrocks AR, Price D (eds). Woodhead Publishing Ltd: Cambridge, 2001, 318-336.
26. Li B, Xu MJ. Effect of a novel charring-foaming agent on flame retardancy and thermal degradation of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2006; 91: 1380-1386.
27. Hussain M, varley RJ, Znka M, Simon GP. Synthesis, thermal behavior, and cone calorimetry of organophosphorus epoxy materials. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2003; 90: 3696-3707.
28. Adil K, Bilgesü Ali Y. Catalytic and thermal oxidative pyrolysis of LDPE in a continuous reactor system. J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis 2007; 78: 7-13.
29. Gugumus F. Re-examination of the thermal oxidation reaction of polymers 2: thermal oxidation of polyethylene. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2002; 76: 329-340.
30. Xie RC, Qu BJ. Thermo-oxidative degradation behaviors of expandable graphite-based intumescent halogen-free flame retardant LLDPE blends. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2001; 71: 395-402.
31. Pagès P, Carrasco F, Saurina J, Colom X. Colom, FTIR and DSC study of HDPE structural changes and mechanical properties variation when exposed to weathering aging during canadian winter. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 1996; 60: 153-159.
32. Weil ED, Zhu GM, Patel N, Mukhopadhyay SM. A systems approach to flame retardancy and comments on modes of action. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 1996; 54: 125-136.
33. Wang JQ. Foundation and Application of Halogen-free Flame-retardant Polymers. Science Press: Beijing, 2005, 56-58.
34. Berlin KD, Costa JG. Studies on the mechanism of decomposition of alkyl diphenylphosphinates. J. Org. Chem. 1969; 34: 1266-1271.
35. Haake P, Diebert CE. Phosphinic acids and derivatives: pyrolytic elimination in phosphinate esters. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971; 93: 6931-6937.