Geographic variation in external morphology of North Pacific and Southern Hemisphere blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus)

Journal of Cetacean Research and Management

Volumn 10, Issue 1, 2008, Pages 9-21

  Gilpatrick, James W Jr ^a   Perryman, Wayne L ^a  

^a SOUTHWEST FISHERIES SCIENCE CENTER   (United States)

Author keywords

Blue whale; Distribution; Migration; Morphometrics; Pacific Ocean; Photo ID; Photogrammetry; Photography; Southern Hemisphere; Southern Ocean; Survey aerial; Whaling historical

Indexed keywords

FEEDING GROUND; GENETIC ANALYSIS; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; GEOGRAPHICAL VARIATION; MOLECULAR ANALYSIS; MORPHOLOGY; MORPHOMETRY; PHOTOGRAMMETRY; POPULATION MIGRATION; SOUTHERN HEMISPHERE; SPRING (SEASON); SUMMER; WHALE;

CENTRAL AMERICA; MEXICO [NORTH AMERICA]; NORTH AMERICA; PACIFIC OCEAN; PACIFIC OCEAN (CENTRAL); PACIFIC OCEAN (NORTH);

BALAENOPTERA; BALAENOPTERA MUSCULUS; CETACEA;

EID: 57849119470     PISSN: 15610713     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: None     Document Type: Article

References (112)

1. Aguayo L, A. 1974. Baleen whales off continental Chile. pp.209-17. In: Schevill, W.E. (eds). The Whale Problem: A Status Report. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. x+419pp.
2. Anderson, R.C. 2005. Observations of cetaceans in the Maldives, 1990-2002. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 7(2): 119-36.
3. Anon. 1992. Abacus Concepts-Statview. Abacus Concepts Inc., Berkeley. 466pp.
4. Barlow, J., Brownell, R.L., DeMaster, D.P., Forney, K.A., Lowry, M.S., Osmek, S., Ragen, T.J., Reeves, R.R. and Small, R.J. 1995. US Pacific marine mammal stock assessments. NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-SWFSC 219:162pp.
5. Bergmann, C. 1847. Uber die Verhaltnisse der Warmeokonomie der Thiere zu ihrer Grosse. Gottinger Studien 1: 595-708. [In German].
6. Berzin, A.A. 1978. Whale distribution in tropical eastern Pacific waters. Rep. int. Whal. Commn 28: 173-77.
7. Berzin, A.A. and Rovnin, A.A. 1966. Raspredelenie i magratsii kitov v severo-vostochnoi chasti Tikhogo Okeana, v Beringovom i Chukotskom moryakh. [Distribution and migrations of whales in the northeastern part of the Pacific, Chukchi and Bering Seas]. pp.179-207.
8. In: Panin, K.I. (eds). Soviet Research on Marine Mammals in the Far East. Izv. Tikhookean. nauchno-Issled. Inst. Rybn. Khoz. Okeanogr. 58. [In Russian. Translated by the U.S. Joint Publications Research Service for the Bureau of Commercial Fisheries. Available from the National Marine Mammal Laboratory, NMFS, NOAA, Seattle, WA].
9. Berzin, A.A. and Vladimirov, V.L. 1981. Changes in the abundance of whalebone whales in the Pacific and the Antarctic since the cessation of their exploitation. Rep. int. Whal. Commn 31: 495-99.
10. Branch, T.A. 2007. Abundance of Antarctic blue whales south of 60°S from three complete circumpolar sets of surveys. J. Cetacean Res. Manage 9(3): 253-62.
11. Branch, T.A., Abubaker, E.M.N., Mkango, S. and Butterworth, D.S. 2007. Separating southern blue whale subspecies based on length frequencies of sexually mature females. Mar. Mammal Sci. 23(4): 803-33.
12. Branch, T.A., Matsuoka, K. and Miyashita, T. 2004. Evidence for increases in Antarctic blue whales based on Bayesian modelling. Mar. Mammal Sci. 20(4): 726-54.
13. Brodie, P.F. 1975. Cetacean energetics, an overview of intraspecific size variation. Ecology 56(1): 152-61.
14. Brodie, RE 1977. Form, function and energetics of cetacea: a discussion. pp.45-46. In: Harrison, R.J. (eds). Functional Anatomy of Marine Mammals. Academic Press, New York. 425pp.
15. Burtenshaw, J.C., Oleson, E.M., Hildebrand, J.A., McDonald, M.A., Andrew, R.K., Howe, B.M. and Mercer, J.A. 2004. Acoustic and satellite remote sensing of blue whale seasonality and habitat in the northeast Pacific. Deep-Sea Res. 11(51): 967-86.
16. Cabrera, E., Carlson, C.A., Galletti, B. and Brownell, R.L., Jr. 2006. Preliminary report on the photo-identification of blue whales off Isla de Chiloé, Chile from 2004 to 2006. Paper SC/58/SH18 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 2006, St Kitts and Nevis, West Indies (unpublished). 5pp. [Paper available from the Office of this Journal].
17. Calambokidis, J. and Barlow, J. 2004. Abundance of blue and humpback whales in the eastern North Pacific estimated by capture-recapture and line-transect methods. Mar. Mammal Sci. 20(1): 63-85.
18. Calambokidis, J., Chandler, T., Rasmussen, K., Steiger, G.H. and Schlender, L. 1998. Humpback and blue whale photographic identification: report of research in 1997. Final report to Southwest Fisheries Science Center, Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuaries, University of California at Santa Cruz, and Cornell University. 41pp. [Available from: Cascadia Research, 218 1/2 W. Fourth Ave., Olympia, WA 98501. CalambokidisCascadiaResearch.org].
19. Calambokidis, J., Steiger, G.H., Cubbage, J.C., Balcomb, K.C., Ewald, C., Kruse, S., Wells, R. and Sears, R. 1990. Sightings and movements of blue whales off central California 1986-88 from photo-identification of individuals. Rep. int. What. Commn (special issue) 12: 343-48.
20. Clarke, R., Aguayo, L.A. and Basulto del Campo, S. 1978. Whale observation and whale marking off the coast of Chile in 1964. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst., Tokyo 30: 117-78.
21. Cox, R.C.A. 1992. Commercial photography: technology adopted. The benefits of forward motion compensation for aerial survey photography. Photogramm. Rec. 14(79): 5-17.
22. Croll, D., Demer, D., Hewitt, R., Tershey, B., Hayes, S.A., Gendron, D. and Urban, J. 1995. Foraging ecology and behaviour of blue and fin whales. Proceedings of the Eleventh Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, December 14-18 1995, Orlando, Florida. p.26. [Abstract].
23. Croll, D.A., Marinovic, B., Benson, S., Chavez, F.P., Black, N., Termullo, R. and Tershy, B.R. 2000. From wind to whales: trophic links in an upwelling ecosystem. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 289: 117-30. Final report to the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, Contract no. 50ABNF500153.
24. Donovan, G.P. 1984. Blue whales off Peru, December 1982, with special reference to pygmy blue whales. Rep. int. Whal. Commn 34: 473-76.
25. Donovan, G.P. 1991. A review of IWC stock boundaries. Rep. int. What. Commn (special issue) 13: 39-68.
26. Donovan, G.P. 2007. Whales -overview. pp. 1067-72. In: Riffenburgh, B. (eds). Encyclopedia of the Antarctic. Routledge, Taylor and Francis, New York and London.
27. Etnoyer, P, Canny, D., Mate, B. and Morgan, L. 2004. Persistent pelagic habitats in the Baja California to Bering Sea (B2B) Ecoregion. Oceanography 17(1): 90-101.
28. Eyre, E.J. 1995. Observations of cetaceans in the Indian Ocean Whale Sanctuary, May-July 1993. Rep. int. What. Commn 45: 419-26.
29. Fiedler, P., Reilly, S., Hewitt, R.P., Demer, D., Philbrick, V.A., Smith, S., Armstrong, W., Croll, D.A., Tershy, B.R. and Mate, B.R. 1997. Blue whale habitat and prey in the Channel Islands. Deep-Sea Res. II 45: 1,781-1,801.
30. Fiedler, P.C. 2002. The annual cycle and biological effects of the Costa Rica Dome. Deep-Sea Res. 1 49: 321-38.
31. Forney, K.A. and Brownell, R.L., Jr. 1996. Preliminary report of the 1994 Aleutian Island marine mammal survey. Paper SC/48/O11 presented to IWC Scientific Committee, June 1996, Aberdeen (unpublished). 15pp. [Paper available from the Office of this Journal].
32. Fujise, Y., Kishiro, T., Zenitani, R., Matsuoka, K., Kawasaki, M. and Shimamoto, K. 1995. Cruise report of the Japanese whale research program under a Special Permit for North Pacific minke whales in 1994. Paper SC/ 47/NP3 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 1995 (unpublished). 29pp. [Paper available from the Office of this Journal].
33. Gambell, R. 1993. International Management of Whales and Whaling: An Historical Review of the Regulation of Commercial and Aboriginal Subsistence Whaling. Arctic 40(2): 97-107.
34. Gendron, D. 1992. Population structure of daytime surface swarms of Nyctiphanes simplex (Crustacea: Euphausiacea) in the Gulf of California, Mexico. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 97: 1-6.
35. Gendron, D. 1995. The biggest animal ever to have lived on earth. Sonar 13: 4-6.
36. Gendron, D. 2002. Population ecology of the blue whale Balaenoptera musculus, of the Baja California Peninsula. PhD thesis., Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico.
37. Ghosh, S.K. 1988. Analytical Photogrammetry. Pergamon Press, NY. 308pp.
38. Gill, P.C. 2002. A blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) feeding ground in a southern Australian coastal upwelling zone. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 4(2): 179-84.
39. Gilpatrick, J.W. 1996. Calibration of radar altimeter readings used in aerial photogrammetry of eastern tropical Pacific dolphins 1992-1993. NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS NMFS-SWFSC-226: 11pp. [Available from: http://www.nmfs.gov].
40. Gilpatrick, J.W. and Lynn, M.S. 1994. A test of two photogrammetric measuring instruments used to determine dolphin lengths from vertical aerial photographs. NOAA Tech. Memo. NOAA-NMFS-SWFSC-196. [Available from: swfsc.noaa.gov/Publications].
41. Hucke-Gaete, R., Osman, L.P., Moreno, C.A., Findlay, K.P. and Ljungblad, D.K. 2004. Discovery of a blue whale feeding and nursing ground in southern Chile. Proc. R. Soc. Land. Ser. B. 271: S170-S73.
42. Hucke-Gaete, R., Rosenbaum, H., Torres, J.P., Montecinos, Y., Cuellar, S., Ruiz, J. and Viddi, F.A. 2006. Blue whale research off southern Chile: update 2006. Paper SC/58/SH9 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, May 2006, St. Kitts and Nevis, West Indies (unpublished) 5pp. [Paper available from the Office of this Journal].
43. Ichihara, T. 1961. Blue whales in the waters around Kerguelen Island. Norsk Hvalfangsttid. 50(1): 1-20.
44. Ichihara, T. 1963. Identification of the pygmy blue whale in the Antarctic. Norsk Hvalfangsttid. 52(5): 128-30.
45. Ichihara, T. 1966. The pygmy blue whale, Balaenoptera musculus brevicauda, a new subspecies from the Antarctic. pp.79-113.
46. In: Norris, K.S. (eds). Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles. xv+789pp.
47. Ichihara, T. 1975. Review of pygmy blue whale stocks in the Antarctic. United Nations, FAO ACMRR/MM/EDC/28. 8pp.
48. Ichihara, T. 198 1. Review of pygmy blue whale stock in the Antarctic. pp.211-18.
49. In: Clark, J.G. (eds). Mammals in the Seas. FAO, Rome. 504pp.
50. Ivashin, M.V. and Rovnin, A.A. 1967. Some results of the Soviet whale marking in the waters of the North Pacific. Norsk Hvalfangsttid. 56(6): 123-35.
51. International Whaling Commission. 1950. International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling, Washington, 2nd December, 1946, and Schedule (as amended at the First Meeting of the Commission). Rep. int. What. Commn 1:9-19.
52. International Whaling Statistics. 1954. International Whaling Statistics No. 31. Det. Norske Hvalrads Statistiske Publikasjoner, Oslo, Norway.
53. Kashahara, H. 1950. Whales and whaling in the adjacent waters of Japan. Rep. Nikon Suisan Col Ltd. Inst. 4: 103 plus 95 figs. [In Japanese].
54. Kato, H., Honno, Y., Yoshida, H., Kojima, E., Nomura, A. and Okamura, H. 2002. Further developments on morphological and behavioural key for sub-species discrimination in southern blue whales, analyses from data through 1995/96 to 2001/02 SOWER cruises. Paper SC/54/IA8 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, April 2002, Shimonoseki, Japan (unpublished). l6pp. [Paper available from the Office of this Journal].
55. Kato, H., Miyashita, T. and Shimada, H. 1995. Segregation of the two sub-species of the blue whale in the Southern Hemisphere. Rep. int. Whal. Commn 45: 273-83.
56. Kato, H., Yoshioka, M. and Ohsumi, S. 2005. Current status of cetaceans and other marine mammals in the North Pacific, with review of advanced research activities on cetacean biology in Japan. Mamm. Study 30: S113-S24.
57. LeDuc, R.G., Dizon, A.E., Goto, M., Pastene, L.A., Kato, H., Nishiwaki, S., LeDuc, C.A. and Brownell, R.L. 2007. Patterns of genetic variation in Southern Hemisphere blue whales, and the use of assignment test to detect mixing on the feeding grounds. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 9(1): 73-80.
58. Lindstedt, S.L. and Boyce, M.S. 1985. Seasonality, fasting endurance, and body size in mammals. Am. Nat.: 873-78.
59. Lockyer, C. 1984. Review of baleen whale (Mysticeti) reproduction and implications for management. Rep. int. What. Commn (special issue) 6: 27-50.
60. Mackintosh, N.A. and Wheeler, J.F.G. 1929. Southern blue and fin whales. Discovery Rep. 1(4): 257-540.
61. Mate, B.R., Lagerquist, B.A. and Calambokidis, J. 1999. Movements of North Pacific blue whales during the feeding season off Southern California and their southern fall migration. Mar. Mammal Sci. 15(4): 1246-57.
62. Matsuura, Y. 1935. The distribution and behaviour of blue whales in the waters adjacent to Japan. J. Zool. (Japan) 47(565): 742-59.
63. Mayr, E. 1969. Animal Species and Evolution. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 811pp.
64. McDonald, M.A., Hildebrand, J.A. and Webb, S.C. 1995. Blue and fin whales observed on a seafloor array in the northeast Pacific. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 98(2): 712-21.
65. McDonald, M.A., Mesnick, S.L. and Hildebrand, J.A. 200& Biogeographic characterisation of blue whale song worldwide: using song to identify populations. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 8(1): 55-65.
66. Miyashita, T., Kato, H. and Kasuya, T. 1995. Worldwide Map of Cetacean Distribution Based on Japanese Sighting Data. Vol. 1. National Research Institute of Far Seas Fisheries, Shimizu, Japan. 140pp.
67. Miyazaki, I. 1952. Study on maturity and body length of the whales caught in the waters adjacent to Japan. Fisheries Agency of the Japanese Government, Japan Whaling Association, Kokusai Bunkan Insatsusha Chiyoda-ku. Tokyo. 27pp.
68. Moore, S.E., Watkins, W.A., Daher, M.A., Davies, J.R. and Dahlheim, M.E. 2002. Blue whale habitat associations in the northwest Pacific: analysis of remotely-sensed data using a Geographic Information System. Oceanography 15(3): 20-25.
69. Nishiwaki, M. 1966. Distribution and migration of the larger cetaceans in the North Pacific as shown by Japanese whaling results. pp.171-91. In: Norris, K.S. (eds). Whales, Dolphins and Porpoises. University of California, Berkeley and Los Angeles. xv+789pp.
70. National Marine Fisheries Service. 1998. Recovery plan for the blue whale Balaenoptera musculus. Prepared by R.R. Reeves, P.J. Clapham, R.L. Brownell, Jr., and G.K. Silber for the National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, MD. 42pp. [Available at: www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/pdfs/recovery/whale_blue.pdf]
71. Norris, K.S. and Prescott, J.H. 1961. Observations on Pacific cetaceans of Californian and Mexican waters. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 63(4): 291-402 + pls. 27-41.
72. Northrop, J., Cummings, W.C. and Morrison, M.F. 1971. Underwater 20-Hz signals recorded near Midway Island. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 49: 1909-10.
73. Ohsumi, S. and Masaki, Y. 1975. Japanese whale marking in the North Pacific, 1963-1972. Bull. Far Seas Fish. Res. Lab. 13: 171-219.
74. Ohsumi, S. and Wada, S. 1972. Stock assessment of blue whales in the North Pacific. Paper SC/24/13 presented to the IWC Scientific Committee, June 1972 (unpublished). 20pp. [Paper available from the Office of this Journal].
75. Omura, H. 1950. Whales in the adjacent waters of Japan. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst., Tokyo 4: 27-113.
76. Omura, H. 1984. Measurements of body proportions of the pygmy blue whale, left by the late Dr. Tadayoshi Ichihara. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst., Tokyo 35: 199-203.
77. Omura, H. 1986. History of right whale catches in the waters around Japan. Rep. int. Whal. Commn (special issue) 10: 35-41.
78. Omura, H., Ichihara, T. and Kasuya, T. 1970. Osteology of pygmy blue whale with additional information on external and other characteristics. Sci. Rep. Whales Res. Inst., Tokyo 22: 1-27.
79. Omura, H. and Ohsumi, S. 1964. A review of Japanese whale marking in the North Pacific to the end of 1962, with some information on marking in the Antarctic. Norsk Hvalfangsttid. 54(4): 90-112.
80. Palacios, D.M. 1999. Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) occurence off the Galapagos Islands, 1978-1995. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 1(1): 41-51.
81. Perryman, W.L. and Lynn, M.S. 1993. Identification of geographic forms of common dolphin (Delphinus delphis) from aerial photogrammetry. Mar. Mammal Sci. 9(2): 119-37.
82. Perryman, W.L. and Lynn, M.S. 1994. Examination of stock and school structure of striped dolphin (Stenella coeruleoalba) in the Eastern Pacific from aerial photogrammetry. Fish, Bull. 92(1): 122-31.
83. Pitman, R., Fearnbach, H., LeDuc, R., Gilpatrick, J.W., Ford, J.K.B. and Ballance, L.T. 2007. Killer whales preying on a blue whale calf on the Costa Rica Dome: genetics, morphometrics, vocalizations and composition of the group. J. Cetacean Res. Manage 9(2): 151-58.
84. Rankin, S., Ljungblad, D., Clark, C. and Kato, H. 2005. Vocalizations of Antarctic blue whales, Balaenoptera intermedia, recorded during the 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 IWC-SOWER circumpolar cruises, Area V, Antarctica. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 7(1): 13-20.
85. Reeves, R.R., Leatherwood, S., Karl, S.A. and Yohe, E.R. 1985. Whaling results at Akutan (1912-39) and Port Hobron (1926-37), Alaska. Rep. int. Whal. Commn 35: 441-57.
86. Reilly, S.B. and Thayer, V.G. 1990. Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) distribution in the eastern tropical Pacific. Mar. Mammal Sci. 6(4): 265-77.
87. Rice, D.W. 1963. Progress report on biological studies of the larger Cetacea in the waters off California. Norsk Hvalfangsttid. 52(7): 181-87.
88. Rice, D.W. 1974. Whales and whale research in the eastern North Pacific. pp. 170-95. In: Schevill, W.E. (eds). The Whale Problem: a Status Report. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. x+419pp.
89. Rice, D.W. 1977. A list of the marine mammals of the world (third edition). NOAA Technical Report NMFS NMFS SSRF 711: 1-75.
90. Rice, D.W. 1992. The blue whales of the southeastern North Pacific Ocean. AFSC Quarterly Report October/November/December: 1-3.
91. Rice, D.W. 1998. Marine Mammals of the World: Systematics and Distribution, Special Publication Number 4, The Society for Marine Mammalogy. Allen Press, USA. ix+231pp.
92. Sakiura, H., Ozaki, K. and Fujino, K. 1953. Biological Investigation of the Northen Pacific Baleen Whales Caught by the Japanese Whaling Fleet in 1952. 1st ed. Vol. 1. Japan Whaling Association, Tokyo. 64pp.
93. Sears, R. 1987. The photographic identification of individual blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) in the Sea of Cortez. Cetus 7(1): 14-17.
94. Sears, R. 1990. The Cortez blues. Whalewatcher 24(2): 12-15.
95. Sears, R. 2002. Blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus). pp.112-16. In: Perrin, W.F., Wursig, B. and Thewissen, G.M. (eds). Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals. Academic Press, New York. 1414pp.
96. Smith, J.T. 1968. American Society of Photogrammetry: Manual of Colour Aerial Photography. Geo. Banta Co., Menasha, WI. 550pp.
97. Sokal, R.R. and Rohlf, F.J. 1981. Biometry: The Principles and Practices of Statistics in Biological Research. 2nd ed. W.H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco. 895pp.
98. Stafford, K. and Fox, C.G. 1998. A comparison of the acoustic signals produced by blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) in the North Pacific and their use in stock definition/differentiation. Abstract presented to the World Marine Mammal Science Conference, Monte Carlo Monaco January 20-24 1998. [Available from Kate.Staffordνoaa.gov].
99. Stafford, K.M., Bohnenstiehl, D.R., Tolstoy, M., Chapp, E., Mellinger, D.K. and Moore, S.E. 2004. Antarctic-type blue whale calls recorded at low latitudes in the Indian and eastern Pacific Oceans. Deep-Sea Res. I 51: 1337-46.
100. Stafford, K.M. and Fox, C.G. 1995. Passive acoustic determination of seasonality and localization of calling blue whales (Balaenoptera musculus) in the northeast Pacific. Proceedings of the Eleventh Biennial Conference on the Biology of Marine Mammals, December 14-18, 1995, Orlando, Florida. p.109. [Abstract].
101. Stafford, K.M., Nieukirk, S.L. and Fox, C.G. 2001. Geographic and seasonal variation of blue whale calls in the North Pacific. J. Cetacean Res. Manage. 3(1): 65-76.
102. Sumich, J.L. 1984. Gray whales along the Oregon coast in summer, 1977-1980. Murrelet 65: 33-40.
103. Tago, K. 1922. On whales in Japanese coastal waters. J. Zool. (Japan) 34(401): 446-79.
104. Thompson, P.O. and Friedl, W.A. 1982. A long term study of low frequency sounds from several species of whales off Oahu, Hawaii. Cetology 45: 1-19.
105. Tomilin, A.G. 1957. Zveri SSSR i Prilezhasfchikh Stran. Zveri Vostochnoi Evropy i Severnoi Azii. Vol. IX. Kitoobraznye. Izdatel'stvo Akademi Nauk SSSR (Soviet Academy of Sciences Publishers), Moscow. 756pp. [Translated in 1967 as Mammals of the USSR and Adjacent Countries. Mammals of Eastern Europe and Adjacent Countries. Vol. IX. Cetacea by the Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem, 717pp.][In Russian].
106. Tønnessen, J.N. and Johnsen, A.O. 1982. The History of Modern Whaling. C. Hurst & Co., London. i-xx+798pp.
107. Wells, R.S. and Scott, M.D. 1990. Estimating bottlenose dolphin population parameters from individual identification and capture-release techniques. Rep. int. Whal. Commit (special issue) 12: 407-15.
108. Whitehead, H.P. and Payne, R. 1981. New techniques for assessing populations of right whales without killing them. FAO Fisheries Series No. 5 (Mammals in the Seas) Mammals in the Sea: 189-209.
109. Williams, R. and Donovan, G.P. 2007. Blue whale. pp.170-71. In: Riffenburgh, B. (eds). Encyclopedia of the Antarctic. Routledge, Taylor and Francis, New York and London.
110. Yablokov, A.V. 1994. Validity of Soviet whaling data. Nature, Lond. 367(6459): 108.
111. Zar, J.H. 1984. Biostatistical Analysis. 2nd ed. Prentice Hall Inc., New Jersey. i-xiv+718pp.
112. Zemsky, V.A. and Sazhinov, E.G. 1982. Distribution and current abundance of pygmy blue whales. Marine Mammals: Collected Papers: 53-70. [Translated as SWFSC Admin. Rep. LJ-94-02, 17pp. Translation by V.S. Gurevich. Available from: http://www.nmfs.gov].