Pharyngotonsillitis

Periodontology 2000

Volumn 49, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 140-150

  Stjernquist Desatnik, Anna ^a   Orrling, Arne ^a  

^a NONE

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ANTIINFECTIVE AGENT; VIRULENCE FACTOR;

ADOLESCENT; ARTICLE; CHILD; HUMAN; MICROBIOLOGY; PATHOGENICITY; PHARYNGITIS; PRESCHOOL CHILD; STREPTOCOCCUS; STREPTOCOCCUS INFECTION; TONSILLITIS; VIROLOGY;

ADOLESCENT; ANTI-BACTERIAL AGENTS; CHILD; CHILD, PRESCHOOL; HUMANS; PHARYNGITIS; STREPTOCOCCAL INFECTIONS; STREPTOCOCCUS; TONSILLITIS; VIRULENCE FACTORS;

EID: 57849114421     PISSN: 09066713     EISSN: 16000757     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.2008.00282.x     Document Type: Article

References (96)

1. Banck G, Nyman M. Tonsillitis and rash associated with Corynebacterium haemolyticum. J Infect Dis 1986 : 154 : 1037 1040.
2. Bisno AL. Acute pharyngitis. N Engl J Med 2001 : 344 : 205 211.
3. Bisno AL. Acute pharyngitis. Etiology and diagnosis. Pediatrics 1996 : 97 : 949 954.
4. Bisno AL, Brito MO, Collins CM. Molecular basis of group A streptococcal virulence. Lancet Infect Dis 2003 : 3 : 191 200.
5. Bisno AL. Group A streptococcal infections and acute rheumatic fever. N Engl J Med 1991 : 325 : 783 793.
6. Brook I, Hirokawa R. Treatment of patients with a history of recurrent tonsillitis due to group A β-hemolytic streptococci. A prospective randomized study comparing penicillin, erythromycin, and clindamycin. Clin Pediatr (Phila) 1985 : 24 : 331 336.
7. Brook I. Role of β-lactamase-producing bacteria in the failure of penicillin to eradicate group A streptococci. Pediatr Infect Dis 1985 : 4 : 491 495.
8. Burton MJ, Towler B, Glasziou P. Tonsillectomy versus non-surgical treatment for chronic/recurrent acute tonsillitis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2000 : 2 : CD001802.
9. Carlsson F, Sandin C, Lindahl G. Human fibrinogen bound to Streptococcus pyogenes M protein inhibits complement deposition via the classical pathway. Mol Microbiol 2005 : 56 : 28 39.
10. Carpetis JR, Steer AC, Mulholland EK, Weber M. The global burden of group A streptococcal diseases. Lancet Infect Dis 2005 : 5 : 685 694.
11. Centor RM, Whiterspoon JM, Dalton HP, Brody CE, Link K. The diagnosis of strep throat in adults in the emergency room. Med Decis Making 1981 : 1 : 239 246.
12. Cone LA, Woodard DR, Schlievert PM, Tomory GS. Clinical and bacteriologic observations of a toxic shock-like syndrome due to Streptococcus pyogenes. N Engl J Med 1987 : 317 : 146 149.
13. Dagnelie CF, van der Graaf Y, De Melker RA. Do patients with sore throat benefit from penicillin? A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial with penicillin V in general practice Br J Gen Pract 1996 : 46 : 589 593.
14. Davis HD, McGeer A, Schwartz B, Green K, Cann D, Simor AE, Low DE. Invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada. Ontario Group A streptococcal Study Group. N Engl J Med 1996 : 335 : 547 554.
15. Del Mar CB, Glasziou PP, Spinks AB. Antibiotics for sore throat. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006 : 4 : CD000023.
16. De Meyere M, Mervielde Y, Verschraegen G, Bogaert M. Effect of penicillin on the clinical course of streptococcal pharyngitis in general practice. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992 : 43 : 581 585.
17. Ebenfelt A, Ericson LE, Lundberg C. Acute pharyngotonsillitis is an infection restricted to the crypt and surface secretion. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1998 : 118 : 264 271.
18. Engelgau MM, Woernle CH, Schwartz B, Vance NJ, Horan JM. Invasive group A streptococcus carriage in a child care centre after a fatal case. Arch Dis Child 1994 : 71 : 318 322.
19. Eriksson BK, Andersson J, Holm SE, Norgren M. Epidemiological and clinical aspects of invasive group A streptococcal infections and the streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Clin Infect Dis 1998 : 27 : 1428 1436.
20. Facklam RF, Martin DR, Lovgren M, Johnson DR, Efstratiou A, Thompson TA, Gowan S, Kriz P, Tyrrell GJ, Kaplan E, Beall B. Extension of the Lancefield classification for group A streptococci by addition of 22 new M protein gene sequence types from clinical isolates: emm103 to emm124. Clin Infect Dis 2002 : 34 : 28 38.
21. Falck G, Kjellander J. Outbreak of group A streptococcal infection in a day-care center. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992 : 11 : 914 919.
22. Falck G, Holm SE, Kjellander J, Norgren M, Schwan Å. The role of household contacts in the transmission of group A streptococci. Scand J Infect Dis 1997 : 29 : 239 244.
23. Falck G, Grahn-Håkansson E, Holm SE, Roos K, Lagergren L. Tolerance and efficacy of interfering alpha-streptococci in recurrence of streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis: a placebo-controlled study. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1999 : 119 : 944 948.
24. Fischetti VA. Streptococcal M protein: molecular design and biological behaviour. Clin Microbiol Rev 1989 : 2 : 285 314.
25. Flottorp S, Oxman AD, Cooper JG, Hjortdahl P, Sandberg S, Vorland LH. Guidelines for diagnosis and treatment of sore throat. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2000 : 10 : 1754 1760.
26. Fontaine MC, Lee JJ, Kehoe MA. Combined contributions of streptolysin O and streptolysin S to the virulence of serotype M5 Streptococcus pyogenes strain Manfredo. Infect Immun 2003 : 71 : 3857 3865.
27. Gerber MA, Tanz RR, Kabat W, Bell GL, Siddiqui B, Lerer TJ, Lepow ML, Kaplan EL, Shulman ST. Potential mechanisms for failure to eradicate group A streptococci from the pharynx. Pediatrics 1999 : 104 : 911 917.
28. Glezen WP, Clyde WA Jr., Senior RJ, Sheaffer CI, Denny FW. Group A streptococci, mycoplasmas, and viruses associated with acute pharyngitis. JAMA 1967 : 202 : 119 124.
29. Gutman L, Tomasz A. Penicillin-resistant and penicillin-tolerant mutants of group A streptococci. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1982 : 22 : 128 136.
30. Hansen J, Schmidt H, Bitsch N. Sore throat. Principles of diagnosis and treatment. Practitioner 1983 : 227 : 937 948.
31. Herwald H, Mörgelin M, Olsen A, Rhen M, Dahlbäck B, Muller-Esterl W, Björck L. Activation of the contact-phase system on bacterial surfaces - a clue to serious complications in infectious diseases. Nat Med 1998 : 4 : 298 302.
32. Herwald H, Cramer H, Mörgelin M, Russel W, Sollenberg U, Norrby-Teglund A, Flodgaard H, Lindbom L, Björck L. M protein, a classical bacterial virulence determinant, forms complexes with fibrinogen that induce vascular leakage. Cell 2004 : 116 : 367 379.
33. Hjortdahl P, Melbye H. Does near-to-patient testing contribute to the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis in adults? Scand J Prim Health Care 1994 : 12 : 70 76.
34. Hofkosh D, Wald ER, Chiponis DM. Prevalence of non-group A beta-hemolytic streptococci in childhood pharyngitis. South Med J 1988 : 81 : 329 331.
35. Hoffman S, Kolmos HJ. Effect of antibiotics on symptoms and complications of sore throat. Comments on a meta-analysis from the Cochrane Collaboration. Läkartidn 2000 : 97 : 2730 2732.
36. Hoge CW, Schwartz B, Talkington DF, Breiman RF, MacNeill EM, Englender SJ. The changing epidemiology of invasive group A streptococcal infections and the emergence of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome. A retrospective population-based study. JAMA 1993 : 269 : 384 389.
37. Holm SE, Roos K, Strömberg A. A randomized study of treatment of streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis with cefadroxil or phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V). Pediatr Infect Dis J 1991 : 10 : S68 S71.
38. Kahn JO, Walker BD. Current concepts. Acute human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. N Engl J Med 1998 : 339 : 33 39.
39. Kaplan EL, Gastanaduy AS, Huwe BB. The role of carrier in treatment failures after antibiotic for group A streptococci in the upper respiratory tract. J Lab Clin Med 1981 : 98 : 326 335.
40. Kaplan EL, Wannamaker LW. C-reactive protein in streptococcal pharyngitis. Pediatrics 1977 : 60 : 28 32.
41. Kaplan EL, Johnson DR. Eradication of group A streptococci from the upper respiratory tract by amoxicillin with clavulanate after oral penicillin V treatment failure. J Pediatr 1988 : 113 : 400 403.
42. Kim KS, Kaplan EL. Association of penicillin tolerance with failure to eradicate group A streptococci from patients with pharyngitis. J Pediatr 1985 : 107 : 681 684.
43. Komaroff A, Aronson M, Pass T, Ervin C. Prevalence of pharyngeal gonorrhea in general medical patients with sore throats. Sex Transm Dis 1980 : 7 : 116 119.
44. Krasinski K, Hanna B, LaRussa P, Desiderio D. Penicillin tolerant group A streptococci. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1986 : 4 : 291 297.
45. Kreikemeyer B, Klenk M, Podbielski A. The intracellular status of Streptococcus pyogenes: role of extracellular matrix-binding proteins and their regulation. Int J Med Microbiol 2004 : 294 : 177 188.
46. Lancefield RC. The antigenic complex of Streptococcus haemolyticus. I. Demonstration of a type-specific substance in extracts of Streptococcus haemolyticus. J Exp Med 1928 : 47 : 91 103.
47. La Penta D, Rubens XC, Chi E, Cleary P. Group A streptococci efficiently invade human respiratory epithelial cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994 : 91 : 12115 12119.
48. Lilja M, Myklebust R, Raisanen S, Stenfors LE. Selective attachment of β-haemolytic streptococci group A to oropharyngeal epithelium in health and disease. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1997 : 117 : 744 749.
49. Lindbaek M, Hoiby EA, Lermark G, Steinsholt IM, Hjortdahl P. Which is the best method to trace group A streptococci in sore throat patients: culture or GAS antigen test? Scand J Prim Health Care 2004 : 22 : 233 238.
50. Linder JA, Stafford RS. Antibiotic treatment of adults with sore throat by community primary care physicians: a national survey, 1989-1999. JAMA 2001 : 286 : 1181 1186.
51. Lottenberg R, Minning-Wenz D, Boyle MD. Capturing host plasmin(ogen): a common mechanism for invasive pathogens. Trends Microbiol 1994 : 2 : 20 24.
52. Mackenzie A, Fuite LA, Chan FT, King J, Allen U, MacDonald N, Diaz-Mitoma F. Incidence and pathogenicity of Arcanobacterium haemolyticum during a 2-year study in Ottawa. Clin Infect Dis 1995 : 21 : 177 181.
53. Marouni MJ, Barzilai A, Keller N, Rubinstein E, Sela S. Intracellular survival of persistent group A streptococci in cultured epithelial cells. Int J Med Microbiol 2004 : 294 : 27 33.
54. Martin JM, Green M, Barbadora KA, Wald ER. Group A streptococci among school-aged children: clinical characteristics and the carrier state. Pediatrics 2004 : 114 : 1212 1219.
55. Milatovic D, Knauer J. Cefadroxil versus penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1989 : 8 : 282 288.
56. Mora M, Bensi G, Capo S, Falugi F, Zingaretti C, Manetti AG, Maggi T, Taddei AR, Grandi G, Telford JL. Group A Streptococcus produce pilus-like structures containing protective antigens and Lancefield T antigens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005 : 102 : 15641 15646.
57. Nakayama M, Miyazaki C, Ueda K, Kusuhara K, Yoshikawa H, Nishima S, Shibata R, Tokugewa K. Pharyngoconjunctival fever caused by adenovirus type 11. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992 : 11 : 6 9.
58. Nerbrand C, Jasir A, Schalen C. Are current rapid detection tests for Group A Streptococci sensitive enough? Evaluation of 2 commercial kits Scand J Infect Dis 2002 : 34 : 797 799.
59. Nyberg P, Sakai T, Cho HK, Caparon MG, Fässler R, Björck L. Interactions with fibronectin attenuate the virulence of Streptococcus pyogenes. EMBO J 2004 : 23 : 2.
60. Nyman M, Banck G, Thore M. Penicillin tolerance in Arcanobacterium haemolyticum. J Infect Dis 1990 : 161 : 261 265.
61. Orrling A, Kamme C, Stjernquist-Desatnik A. Penicillin V, loracarbef and clindamycin in tonsillar surface fluid during acute group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. Scand J Inf Dis 2005 : 37 : 429 435.
62. Orrling A, Stjernquist-Desatnik A, Schalén C. Clindamycin in recurrent Group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis - an alternative to tonsillectomy? Acta Otolaryngol 1997 : 117 : 618 622.
63. Orrling A, Stjernquist-Desatnik A, Schalén C, Kamme C. Treatment failure in streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. An attempt to identify penicillin tolerant Streptococcus pyogenes. Scand J Infect Dis 1996 : 28 : 143 147.
64. Orrling A, Kamme C, Stjernquist-Desatnik A. Penicillin V, loracarbef and clindamycin in tonsillar surface fluid during acute group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. Scand J Infect Dis 2005 : 37 : 429 435.
65. Paradise JL, Bluestone CD, Ruth Z, Bachman RZ, Colborn DK, Bernard BS, Taylor FH, Rogers KD, Schwarzbach RH, Stool SE, Friday GA, Smith IH, Saez CA. Efficacy of tonsillectomy for recurrent throat infection in severely affected children. Results of parallel randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials. N Eng J Med 1984 : 310 : 674 683.
66. Paradise JL, Bluestone CD, Colborn DK, Bernard BS, Rockette HE, Kurs-Lasky M. Tonsillectomy and adenotonsillectomy for recurrent throat infection in moderately affected children. Pediatrics 2002 : 110 : 7 15.
67. Pichichero ME, Disney FA, Aronovitz GH, Talpey WB, Green JL, Francis AB. Randomized, single-blind evaluation of cefadroxil and phenoxymethyl penicillin in the treatment of streptococcal pharyngitis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1987 : 31 : 903 906.
68. Pichichero ME, Gooch WM, Rodriguez W, Blumer JL, Aronof SC, Jacobs RF, Musser JM. Effective short-course treatment of acute group A β-haemolytic streptococcal tonsillopharyngitis. Ten days of penicillin V vs 5 days or 10 days of cefpodoxime therapy in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 1994 : 148 : 1053 1060.
69. Powel C, Parks D. Anti-streptolysin and anti-DNAse B test. In : Isenberg HD editor. Clinical microbiology procedures handbook. Washington DC : ASM, 1994 : 9.3 1-4 9.4 1-4.
70. Putto A, Meurman O, Ruuskanen O. C-reactive protein in the differentiation of adenoviral, Epstein-Barr viral and streptococcal tonsillitis in children. Eur J Pediatr 1986 : 145 : 204 206.
71. Roos K. The diagnostic value of symptoms and signs in acute tonsillitis in children over the age of 10 and in adults. Scand J Infect Dis 1985 : 17 : 259 267.
72. Roos K, Prellner K, Holm S, Larsson P, Stjernquist-Desatnik A, Strömberg A. Norwegian guidelines for "sore throats" nothing for Swedish throats! Läkartidn 2000 : 97 : 5144 5145.
73. Roos K, Grahn E, Holm SE, Johansson H, Lind L. Interfering alpha-streptococci as a protection against recurrent streptococcal tonsillitis in children. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 1993 : 25 : 141 148.
74. Sanders C, Sanders E, Harrow D. Bacterial interference: effects of oral antibiotics on the normal throat flora and its ability to interfere with group A streptococci. Infect Immun 1976 : 13 : 808 812.
75. Schwartz RH, Wientzen RL Jr., Pedreira F, Feroli EJ, Mella GW, Guandolo VL. Penicillin V for group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis. A randomized trial of seven vs ten days' therapy. JAMA 1981 : 246 : 1790 1795.
76. Sela S, Barzilai A. Who do we fail with penicillin in the treatment of group A streptococcus infections? Ann Med 1999 : 31 : 303 307.
77. Sierig G, Cywes C, Wessels MR, Asbaugh C. Cytotoxic effects of streptolysin O and streptolysin S enhance the virulence of poorly encapsulated group A streptococci. Infect Immun 2003 : 71 : 446 455.
78. Smith TD, Huskins WC, Kim KS, Kaplan EL. Efficacy of β-lactamase resistant penicillin and influence of penicillin tolerance in eradicating streptococci from the pharynx after failure of penicillin therapy for group A streptococcal pharyngitis. J Pediatr 1987 : 110 : 777 782.
79. Stjernquist-Desatnik A, Prellner K, Christensen P. Clinical and laboratory findings in patients with acute tonsillitis. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1987 : 104 : 351 359.
80. Stjernquist-Desatnik A, Orrling A, Schalen C, Kamme C. Penicillin tolerance in group A streptococci and treatment failure in streptococcal tonsillitis. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) Suppl 1992 : 492 : 68 71.
81. Stjernquist-Desatnik A, Samuelsson P, Walder M. Penetration of penicillin V tonsillar surface fluid in healthy individuals and in patients with acute tonsillitis. Laryngol Otol 1993 : 107 : 309 312.
82. Strömberg A, Schwan Å, Cars O. Five versus ten days treatment of group A streptococcal pharyngotonsillitis: a randomized controlled clinical trial with phenoxymethylpenicillin and cefradroxil. Scand J Infect Dis 1988 : 20 : 37 46.
83. Tanz RR, Shulman ST, Sroka PA, Marubio S, Brook I, Yogev R. Lack of influence of β-lactamase-producing flora on recovery of group A streptococci after treatment of acute pharyngitis. J Pediatr 1990 : 117 : 859 863.
84. Tunér K, Nord CE. Emergence of β-lactamase producing anaerobic bacteria in the tonsils during penicillin treatment. Eur J Clin Microbiol 1986 : 5 : 399 404.
85. Tuomanen E, Durack DT, Tomasz A. Antibiotic tolerance among clinical isolates of bacteria. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1986 : 30 : 521 527.
86. Wannamaker LW. Perplexity and precision in the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis. Am J Dis Child 1972 : 124 : 352 358.
87. Wannamaker LW. Differences between streptococcal infections of the throat and of the skin. N Eng J Med 1970 : 8 : 78 85.
88. Veasy LG, Wiedmeier SE, Orsmond GS, Ruttenberg HD, Boucek MM, Roth SJ, Tait VF, Thompson JA, Daly JA, Kaplan EL, Hill HR. Resurgence of acute rheumatic fever in the intermountain area of the United States. N Engl J Med 1987 : 316 : 421 427.
89. Weiss K, Laverdiere M, Lovgren M, Delorme J, Poirier L, Beliveau C. Group A Streptococcus carriage among close contacts of patients with invasive infection. Am J Epidemiol 1999 : 149 : 863 868.
90. Wessels MR, Moses AE, Goldberg JB, DiCesare TJ. Hyaluronic acid capsule is a virulence factor for mucoid group A streptococci. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1991 : 88 : 8317 8321.
91. Woolfrey BJ. Penicillin tolerance in β-streptococci. Scand J Infect Dis 1988 : 20 : 235 237.
92. Woodruff C. Microbiology of infectious diseases of Waldeyer's ring. Ear Nose Throat J 1980 : 59 : 454 456.
93. Zwart S, Sachs APE, Ruijs GJHM, Gubbels JW, Hoes AW, de Melker RA. Penicillin for acute sore throat: randomized double blind trial of seven days versus three days treatment of placebo in adults. BMJ 2000 : 320 : 150 154.
94. Österlund A, Engstrand L. Intracellular penetration and survival of Streptococcus pyogenes in respiratory epithelial cells in vitro. Acta Otolaryngol 1995 : 115 : 685 688.
95. Österlund A, Popa R, Nikkilä T, Scheynius A, Engstrand L. Intracellular reservoir of Streptococcus pyogenes in vivo: a possible explanation for recurrent pharyngo-tonsillitis. Laryngoscope 1997 : 107 : 640 647.
96. Öymar K, Kristoffersen EK. Periodic fever syndrome in children. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2007 : 12 : 1651 1653.