메뉴 건너뛰기




Volumn 13, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 9-19

Hepatitis B and hepatitis C in Pakistan: prevalence and risk factors

Author keywords

Hepatitis; Hepatitis B virus; Hepatitis C virus; Injection; Pakistan

Indexed keywords

BLOOD DERIVATIVE; HEPATITIS B ANTIGEN; HEPATITIS B VACCINE; HEPATITIS C ANTIBODY;

EID: 57849102499     PISSN: 12019712     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2008.06.019     Document Type: Review
Times cited : (246)

References (125)
  • 2
    • 0004016899 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization, Geneva Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/ (accessed August 2008).
    • World Health Organization fact sheets. Hepatitis C (2000), World Health Organization, Geneva. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/ Available at: http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs164/en/ (accessed August 2008).
    • (2000) Hepatitis C
    • World Health Organization fact sheets1
  • 3
    • 33748114343 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide
    • Perz J.F., Armstrong G.L., Farrington L.A., Hutin Y.J., and Bell B.P. The contributions of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus infections to cirrhosis and primary liver cancer worldwide. J Hepatol 45 (2006) 529-538
    • (2006) J Hepatol , vol.45 , pp. 529-538
    • Perz, J.F.1    Armstrong, G.L.2    Farrington, L.A.3    Hutin, Y.J.4    Bell, B.P.5
  • 4
    • 57849152156 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The world factbook. Pakistan. USA: Central Intelligence Agency; 2007. Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html (accessed August 2008).
    • The world factbook. Pakistan. USA: Central Intelligence Agency; 2007. Available at: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/pk.html (accessed August 2008).
  • 5
    • 57849092366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • California state facts. United States Geological Survey; 2006. Available at: http://www.usgs.gov (accessed August 2008).
    • California state facts. United States Geological Survey; 2006. Available at: http://www.usgs.gov (accessed August 2008).
  • 6
    • 57849151725 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Country profile: Pakistan. Library of Congress Federal Research Division; 2005. Available at: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf (accessed August 2008).
    • Country profile: Pakistan. Library of Congress Federal Research Division; 2005. Available at: http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/profiles/Pakistan.pdf (accessed August 2008).
  • 7
    • 57849125165 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The Constitutional basis for the Federation of Pakistan. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan; 2007. Available at: http://www.pakistanconstitution-law.com/const_results.asp?artid=1&title=The%20Republic%20and%20its%20territories (accessed).
    • The Constitutional basis for the Federation of Pakistan. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Pakistan; 2007. Available at: http://www.pakistanconstitution-law.com/const_results.asp?artid=1&title=The%20Republic%20and%20its%20territories (accessed).
  • 8
    • 0032377357 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Approximate is better than 'exact' for interval estimation of binomial proportions
    • Agresti A., and Coull B. Approximate is better than 'exact' for interval estimation of binomial proportions. Am Stat 52 (1998) 119-126
    • (1998) Am Stat , vol.52 , pp. 119-126
    • Agresti, A.1    Coull, B.2
  • 10
    • 34248224546 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • A study of seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C in mothers and children in Lahore
    • Khan H.I. A study of seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C in mothers and children in Lahore. Pak Pediatr J 20 (1996) 163-166
    • (1996) Pak Pediatr J , vol.20 , pp. 163-166
    • Khan, H.I.1
  • 11
    • 0031086315 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigenaemia in healthy children
    • Abbas K.A., and Tanwani A.K. Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigenaemia in healthy children. J Pak Med Assoc 47 (1997) 93-94
    • (1997) J Pak Med Assoc , vol.47 , pp. 93-94
    • Abbas, K.A.1    Tanwani, A.K.2
  • 14
    • 33747161320 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B and C: prevalence and risk factors associated with seropositivity among children in Karachi, Pakistan
    • Jafri W., Jafri N., Yakoob J., Islam M., Tirmizi S.F., Jafar T., et al. Hepatitis B and C: prevalence and risk factors associated with seropositivity among children in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Infect Dis 6 (2006) 101
    • (2006) BMC Infect Dis , vol.6 , pp. 101
    • Jafri, W.1    Jafri, N.2    Yakoob, J.3    Islam, M.4    Tirmizi, S.F.5    Jafar, T.6
  • 15
    • 33646528214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of hepatitis B among Afghan refugees living in Balochistan, Pakistan
    • Quddus A., Luby S.P., Jamal Z., and Jafar T. Prevalence of hepatitis B among Afghan refugees living in Balochistan, Pakistan. Int J Infect Dis 10 (2006) 242-247
    • (2006) Int J Infect Dis , vol.10 , pp. 242-247
    • Quddus, A.1    Luby, S.P.2    Jamal, Z.3    Jafar, T.4
  • 16
    • 44449144250 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis viruses A, C, E antibodies and HBsAg - prevalence and associated risk factors in pediatric communities of Karachi
    • Aziz S., Muzzafar R., Hafiz S., Abbas Z., Zafar M.N., Naqvi S.A., et al. Helicobacter pylori, hepatitis viruses A, C, E antibodies and HBsAg - prevalence and associated risk factors in pediatric communities of Karachi. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 17 (2007) 195-198
    • (2007) J Coll Physicians Surg Pak , vol.17 , pp. 195-198
    • Aziz, S.1    Muzzafar, R.2    Hafiz, S.3    Abbas, Z.4    Zafar, M.N.5    Naqvi, S.A.6
  • 20
    • 57849131911 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Presence of hepatitis B virus in healthy donors at blood unit of Punjab Institute of Cardiology Lahore
    • Majed A., and Qayyum A. Presence of hepatitis B virus in healthy donors at blood unit of Punjab Institute of Cardiology Lahore. Pak J Med Res 39 (2000) 111-112
    • (2000) Pak J Med Res , vol.39 , pp. 111-112
    • Majed, A.1    Qayyum, A.2
  • 21
    • 33947146863 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of hepatitis B carrier and HIV in healthy blood donors at Ayub Teaching Hospital
    • Ahmed F., Shah S.H., Tariq M., and Khan J.A. Prevalence of hepatitis B carrier and HIV in healthy blood donors at Ayub Teaching Hospital. Pak J Med Res 39 (2000) 91-92
    • (2000) Pak J Med Res , vol.39 , pp. 91-92
    • Ahmed, F.1    Shah, S.H.2    Tariq, M.3    Khan, J.A.4
  • 22
    • 0034242505 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infections among college going first time voluntary blood donors
    • Abdul M.S., Aamir K., and Mehmood K. Seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infections among college going first time voluntary blood donors. J Pak Med Assoc 50 (2000) 269-270
    • (2000) J Pak Med Assoc , vol.50 , pp. 269-270
    • Abdul, M.S.1    Aamir, K.2    Mehmood, K.3
  • 24
    • 0036769287 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroprevalence of hepatitis B, C and HIV in blood donors in northern Pakistan
    • Khattak M.F., Salamat N., Bhatti F.A., and Qureshi T.Z. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B, C and HIV in blood donors in northern Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 52 (2002) 398-402
    • (2002) J Pak Med Assoc , vol.52 , pp. 398-402
    • Khattak, M.F.1    Salamat, N.2    Bhatti, F.A.3    Qureshi, T.Z.4
  • 25
    • 5044244955 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency of seropositive blood donors for hepatitis B, C and HIV viruses in railway hospital Rawalpindi
    • Mumtaz S., Ur Rehman M., Muzaffar M., Ul Hassan M., and Iqbal W. Frequency of seropositive blood donors for hepatitis B, C and HIV viruses in railway hospital Rawalpindi. Pak J Med Res 41 (2002) 51-53
    • (2002) Pak J Med Res , vol.41 , pp. 51-53
    • Mumtaz, S.1    Ur Rehman, M.2    Muzaffar, M.3    Ul Hassan, M.4    Iqbal, W.5
  • 26
    • 0012303671 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transfusion transmitted HIV and HBV infections in Punjab, Pakistan
    • Rahman M.U., Akhtar G.N., and Lodhi Y. Transfusion transmitted HIV and HBV infections in Punjab, Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci 18 (2002) 18-25
    • (2002) Pak J Med Sci , vol.18 , pp. 18-25
    • Rahman, M.U.1    Akhtar, G.N.2    Lodhi, Y.3
  • 27
    • 33745757701 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in healthy blood donors of NWFP: a single center experience
    • Ahmad J., Taj A.S., Rahim A., Shah A., and Rehman M. Frequency of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in healthy blood donors of NWFP: a single center experience. J Postgrad Med Inst 18 (2004) 343-352
    • (2004) J Postgrad Med Inst , vol.18 , pp. 343-352
    • Ahmad, J.1    Taj, A.S.2    Rahim, A.3    Shah, A.4    Rehman, M.5
  • 28
    • 1842578970 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infection among voluntary non-renumerated and replacement donors in Northern Pakistan
    • Asif N., Khokar N., and Ilahi F. Seroprevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infection among voluntary non-renumerated and replacement donors in Northern Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci 20 (2004) 24-28
    • (2004) Pak J Med Sci , vol.20 , pp. 24-28
    • Asif, N.1    Khokar, N.2    Ilahi, F.3
  • 30
    • 56249131904 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroprevalence of hepatitis B, C and HIV in healthy blood donors in Northwest of Pakistan
    • Zaidi A., Tariq W.Z., Haider K.A., Ali L., Sattar A., Faqeer F., et al. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B, C and HIV in healthy blood donors in Northwest of Pakistan. Pak J Pathol 15 (2004) 11-16
    • (2004) Pak J Pathol , vol.15 , pp. 11-16
    • Zaidi, A.1    Tariq, W.Z.2    Haider, K.A.3    Ali, L.4    Sattar, A.5    Faqeer, F.6
  • 31
    • 26444608735 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Epidemiologic study of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in male volunteer blood donors in Karachi, Pakistan
    • Akhtar S., Younus M., Adil S., Hassan F., and Jafri S.H. Epidemiologic study of chronic hepatitis B virus infection in male volunteer blood donors in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Gastroenterol 5 (2005) 26
    • (2005) BMC Gastroenterol , vol.5 , pp. 26
    • Akhtar, S.1    Younus, M.2    Adil, S.3    Hassan, F.4    Jafri, S.H.5
  • 32
    • 33847614267 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B and C infection in first-time blood donors in Karachi - a possible subgroup for sentinel surveillance
    • Abdul M.S., Nanan D., Sabir S., Altaf A., and Kadir M. Hepatitis B and C infection in first-time blood donors in Karachi - a possible subgroup for sentinel surveillance. East Mediterr Health J 12 (2006) 735-741
    • (2006) East Mediterr Health J , vol.12 , pp. 735-741
    • Abdul, M.S.1    Nanan, D.2    Sabir, S.3    Altaf, A.4    Kadir, M.5
  • 33
    • 57849084957 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of anti hepatitis C antibodies and hepatitis B surface antigen in healthy blood donors in Baltistan
    • Aziz M.S. Prevalence of anti hepatitis C antibodies and hepatitis B surface antigen in healthy blood donors in Baltistan. Pak Armed Forces Med J 56 (2006) 189-191
    • (2006) Pak Armed Forces Med J , vol.56 , pp. 189-191
    • Aziz, M.S.1
  • 35
    • 34547753645 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Infectious pathogens in volunteer and replacement blood donors in Pakistan: a ten-year experience
    • Sultan F., Mehmood T., and Mahmood M.T. Infectious pathogens in volunteer and replacement blood donors in Pakistan: a ten-year experience. Int J Infect Dis 11 (2007) 407-412
    • (2007) Int J Infect Dis , vol.11 , pp. 407-412
    • Sultan, F.1    Mehmood, T.2    Mahmood, M.T.3
  • 36
    • 33947106875 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C among the healthy blood donors at Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi
    • Chaudhary I.A., Samiullah, Khan S.S., Masood R., Sardar M.A., and Mallhi A.A. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C among the healthy blood donors at Fauji Foundation Hospital, Rawalpindi. Pak J Med Sci 23 (2007) 64-67
    • (2007) Pak J Med Sci , vol.23 , pp. 64-67
    • Chaudhary, I.A.1    Samiullah2    Khan, S.S.3    Masood, R.4    Sardar, M.A.5    Mallhi, A.A.6
  • 37
    • 57849086574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency of hepatitis B surface antigen and anti-hepatitis C antibodies in apparently healthy blood donors in Northern areas
    • Alam M., and Naeem M.A. Frequency of hepatitis B surface antigen and anti-hepatitis C antibodies in apparently healthy blood donors in Northern areas. Pakistan J Pathol 18 (2007) 11-14
    • (2007) Pakistan J Pathol , vol.18 , pp. 11-14
    • Alam, M.1    Naeem, M.A.2
  • 38
    • 0031468845 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The relationship between therapeutic injections and high prevalence of hepatitis C infection in Hafizabad, Pakistan
    • Luby S.P., Qamruddin K., Shah A.A., Omair A., Pahsa O., Khan A.J., et al. The relationship between therapeutic injections and high prevalence of hepatitis C infection in Hafizabad, Pakistan. Epidemiol Infect 119 (1997) 349-356
    • (1997) Epidemiol Infect , vol.119 , pp. 349-356
    • Luby, S.P.1    Qamruddin, K.2    Shah, A.A.3    Omair, A.4    Pahsa, O.5    Khan, A.J.6
  • 39
    • 5044251033 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of hepatitis B antigenaemia in general population of Quetta, Balochistan
    • Marri S.M., and Ahmed J. Prevalence of hepatitis B antigenaemia in general population of Quetta, Balochistan. Biomedica 13 (1997) 51-52
    • (1997) Biomedica , vol.13 , pp. 51-52
    • Marri, S.M.1    Ahmed, J.2
  • 40
    • 33644788686 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and anti-hepatitis C virus in laboratory based data at Islamabad
    • Tanwani A., and Ahmad N. Prevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen and anti-hepatitis C virus in laboratory based data at Islamabad. Pak J Surg 19-20 (2000) 25-29
    • (2000) Pak J Surg , vol.19-20 , pp. 25-29
    • Tanwani, A.1    Ahmad, N.2
  • 41
    • 5044243158 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • General seroprevalence of hepatitis C and hepatitis B virus infections in population
    • Khokhar N., Gill M.L., and Malik G.J. General seroprevalence of hepatitis C and hepatitis B virus infections in population. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 14 (2004) 534-536
    • (2004) J Coll Physicians Surg Pak , vol.14 , pp. 534-536
    • Khokhar, N.1    Gill, M.L.2    Malik, G.J.3
  • 42
    • 57849097272 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroprevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV in Ghurki Teaching Hospital, Lahore
    • Waseem R., Kashif M.A., Khan M., and Qureshi A.W. Seroprevalence of HBsAg and anti-HCV in Ghurki Teaching Hospital, Lahore. Ann King Edward Med Coll 11 (2005) 232-234
    • (2005) Ann King Edward Med Coll , vol.11 , pp. 232-234
    • Waseem, R.1    Kashif, M.A.2    Khan, M.3    Qureshi, A.W.4
  • 43
    • 33748439256 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of hepatitis B in individuals screened during a countrywide campaign in Pakistan
    • Abbas Z., Shazi L., and Jafri W. Prevalence of hepatitis B in individuals screened during a countrywide campaign in Pakistan. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 16 (2006) 497-498
    • (2006) J Coll Physicians Surg Pak , vol.16 , pp. 497-498
    • Abbas, Z.1    Shazi, L.2    Jafri, W.3
  • 44
  • 45
    • 57849128575 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C in healthy adult male recruits
    • Sherif T.B., and Tariq W.Z. Seroprevalence of hepatitis B and C in healthy adult male recruits. Pakistan J Pathol 17 (2006) 147-150
    • (2006) Pakistan J Pathol , vol.17 , pp. 147-150
    • Sherif, T.B.1    Tariq, W.Z.2
  • 47
    • 35248886675 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency of hepatitis B surface antigen and anti-HCV in young adults - experience in southern Punjab
    • Mirza I.A., Kazmi S.M., and Janjua A.N. Frequency of hepatitis B surface antigen and anti-HCV in young adults - experience in southern Punjab. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 17 (2007) 114-115
    • (2007) J Coll Physicians Surg Pak , vol.17 , pp. 114-115
    • Mirza, I.A.1    Kazmi, S.M.2    Janjua, A.N.3
  • 48
    • 34249670302 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seropositive HBsAg frequency in Karachi and interior Sindh, Pakistan
    • Abdulla E.M., and Abdulla F.E. Seropositive HBsAg frequency in Karachi and interior Sindh, Pakistan. Pak J Med Sci 23 (2007) 157-160
    • (2007) Pak J Med Sci , vol.23 , pp. 157-160
    • Abdulla, E.M.1    Abdulla, F.E.2
  • 49
    • 0032939699 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Detection of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in dried blood spot samples from mothers and their offspring in Lahore, Pakistan
    • Parker S.P., Khan H.I., and Cubitt W.D. Detection of antibodies to hepatitis C virus in dried blood spot samples from mothers and their offspring in Lahore, Pakistan. J Clin Microbiol 37 (1999) 2061-2063
    • (1999) J Clin Microbiol , vol.37 , pp. 2061-2063
    • Parker, S.P.1    Khan, H.I.2    Cubitt, W.D.3
  • 50
    • 0034751815 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroprevalence of the antibody to hepatitis C in select groups in the Punjab region of Pakistan
    • Aslam M., and Aslam J. Seroprevalence of the antibody to hepatitis C in select groups in the Punjab region of Pakistan. J Clin Gastroenterol 33 (2001) 407-411
    • (2001) J Clin Gastroenterol , vol.33 , pp. 407-411
    • Aslam, M.1    Aslam, J.2
  • 51
    • 34248202068 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroprevalence of anti-HCV in asymptomatic children
    • Hyder S.N., Hussain W., Aslam M., and Maqbool S. Seroprevalence of anti-HCV in asymptomatic children. Pak J Pathol 12 (2001) 89-93
    • (2001) Pak J Pathol , vol.12 , pp. 89-93
    • Hyder, S.N.1    Hussain, W.2    Aslam, M.3    Maqbool, S.4
  • 52
    • 0033810802 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Geographical display of health information: study of hepatitis C infection in Karachi, Pakistan
    • Mujeeb S.A., Shahab S., and Hyder A.A. Geographical display of health information: study of hepatitis C infection in Karachi, Pakistan. Public Health 114 (2000) 413-415
    • (2000) Public Health , vol.114 , pp. 413-415
    • Mujeeb, S.A.1    Shahab, S.2    Hyder, A.A.3
  • 53
    • 33947101154 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of anti-hepatitis C antibodies in healthy blood donors at Services Hospital Lahore
    • Ahmad S., Gull J., Bano K.A., Aftab M., and Khokhar M.S. Prevalence of anti-hepatitis C antibodies in healthy blood donors at Services Hospital Lahore. Pak Postgrad Med J 13 (2002) 18-20
    • (2002) Pak Postgrad Med J , vol.13 , pp. 18-20
    • Ahmad, S.1    Gull, J.2    Bano, K.A.3    Aftab, M.4    Khokhar, M.S.5
  • 54
    • 0013017031 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroprevalence of hepatitis C antibodies in blood donors
    • Rahman M.U., Akhtar G.N., and Lodhi Y. Seroprevalence of hepatitis C antibodies in blood donors. Pak J Med Sci 18 (2002) 193-196
    • (2002) Pak J Med Sci , vol.18 , pp. 193-196
    • Rahman, M.U.1    Akhtar, G.N.2    Lodhi, Y.3
  • 55
    • 0037255832 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency of hepatitis C virus antibodies in blood donors in Combined Military Hospital, Quetta
    • Ali N., Nadeem M., Qamar A., Qureshi A.H., and Ejaz A. Frequency of hepatitis C virus antibodies in blood donors in Combined Military Hospital, Quetta. Pak J Med Sci 19 (2003) 41-44
    • (2003) Pak J Med Sci , vol.19 , pp. 41-44
    • Ali, N.1    Nadeem, M.2    Qamar, A.3    Qureshi, A.H.4    Ejaz, A.5
  • 56
    • 8444226036 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus infection in asymptomatic male volunteer blood donors in Karachi, Pakistan
    • Akhtar S., Younus M., Adil S., Jafri S.H., and Hassan F. Hepatitis C virus infection in asymptomatic male volunteer blood donors in Karachi, Pakistan. J Viral Hepat 11 (2004) 527-535
    • (2004) J Viral Hepat , vol.11 , pp. 527-535
    • Akhtar, S.1    Younus, M.2    Adil, S.3    Jafri, S.H.4    Hassan, F.5
  • 58
    • 34247217581 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evidence of high prevalence of hepatitis C virus in Faisalabad, Pakistan
    • Ahmad N., Asgher M., Shafique M., and Qureshi J.A. Evidence of high prevalence of hepatitis C virus in Faisalabad, Pakistan. Saudi Med J 28 (2007) 390-395
    • (2007) Saudi Med J , vol.28 , pp. 390-395
    • Ahmad, N.1    Asgher, M.2    Shafique, M.3    Qureshi, J.A.4
  • 59
  • 60
    • 0033383553 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Household members of hepatitis C virus-infected people in Hafizabad, Pakistan: infection by injections from health care providers
    • Pasha O., Luby S.P., Khan A.J., Shah S.A., McCormick J.B., and Fisher-Hoch S.P. Household members of hepatitis C virus-infected people in Hafizabad, Pakistan: infection by injections from health care providers. Epidemiol Infect 123 (1999) 515-518
    • (1999) Epidemiol Infect , vol.123 , pp. 515-518
    • Pasha, O.1    Luby, S.P.2    Khan, A.J.3    Shah, S.A.4    McCormick, J.B.5    Fisher-Hoch, S.P.6
  • 61
    • 0036902334 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence and risk factors for intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus in Karachi, Pakistan
    • Akhtar S., Moatter T., Azam S.I., Rahbar M.H., and Adil S. Prevalence and risk factors for intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus in Karachi, Pakistan. J Viral Hepat 9 (2002) 309-314
    • (2002) J Viral Hepat , vol.9 , pp. 309-314
    • Akhtar, S.1    Moatter, T.2    Azam, S.I.3    Rahbar, M.H.4    Adil, S.5
  • 62
    • 3342965310 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intra-household clustering of hepatitis C virus infection in Karachi, Pakistan
    • Akhtar S., and Moatter T. Intra-household clustering of hepatitis C virus infection in Karachi, Pakistan. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 98 (2004) 535-539
    • (2004) Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg , vol.98 , pp. 535-539
    • Akhtar, S.1    Moatter, T.2
  • 63
    • 57849155006 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C virus infection in spouses
    • Irfan A., and Arfeen S. Hepatitis C virus infection in spouses. Pak J Med Res 43 3 (2004) 113-116
    • (2004) Pak J Med Res , vol.43 , Issue.3 , pp. 113-116
    • Irfan, A.1    Arfeen, S.2
  • 64
    • 57849091040 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency of hepatitis C virus in the spouses of HCV positive patients and risk factors of the two groups
    • Kumar N., Sattar R., and Ara J. Frequency of hepatitis C virus in the spouses of HCV positive patients and risk factors of the two groups. J Surg Pak 9 (2004) 36-39
    • (2004) J Surg Pak , vol.9 , pp. 36-39
    • Kumar, N.1    Sattar, R.2    Ara, J.3
  • 66
  • 67
    • 57849130918 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Serological screening of female prostitutes for anti-HIV and hepatitis B surface antigen
    • Anwar M.S., Jaffery G., and Rasheed S.A. Serological screening of female prostitutes for anti-HIV and hepatitis B surface antigen. Pak J Health 35 (1998) 69-73
    • (1998) Pak J Health , vol.35 , pp. 69-73
    • Anwar, M.S.1    Jaffery, G.2    Rasheed, S.A.3
  • 68
    • 57849160380 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroprevalence of HIV, HBV and syphilis and associated risk behaviours in male transvestites (Hijras) in Karachi, Pakistan
    • Baqi S., Shah S.A., Baig M.A., Mujeeb S.A., and Memon A. Seroprevalence of HIV, HBV and syphilis and associated risk behaviours in male transvestites (Hijras) in Karachi, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 56 1 Suppl 1 (2006) S17-21
    • (2006) J Pak Med Assoc , vol.56 , Issue.1 SUPPL. 1
    • Baqi, S.1    Shah, S.A.2    Baig, M.A.3    Mujeeb, S.A.4    Memon, A.5
  • 69
    • 0029385927 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in Pakistani thalassaemics by particle agglutination test utilizing C 200 and C 22-3 viral antigen coated particles
    • Bhatti F.A., Amin M., and Saleem M. Prevalence of antibody to hepatitis C virus in Pakistani thalassaemics by particle agglutination test utilizing C 200 and C 22-3 viral antigen coated particles. J Pak Med Assoc 45 (1995) 269-271
    • (1995) J Pak Med Assoc , vol.45 , pp. 269-271
    • Bhatti, F.A.1    Amin, M.2    Saleem, M.3
  • 70
    • 8244238390 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among beta-thalassaemia major patients
    • Abdul M.S., Shiekh M.A., Khanani R., and Jamal Q. Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among beta-thalassaemia major patients. Trop Doct 27 (1997) 105
    • (1997) Trop Doct , vol.27 , pp. 105
    • Abdul, M.S.1    Shiekh, M.A.2    Khanani, R.3    Jamal, Q.4
  • 71
    • 57849162859 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency of hepatitis B and C in hemophiliac children
    • Hussain M., Khan M.A., Mohammad J., and Jan A. Frequency of hepatitis B and C in hemophiliac children. Pak Pediatr J 27 (2003) 157-160
    • (2003) Pak Pediatr J , vol.27 , pp. 157-160
    • Hussain, M.1    Khan, M.A.2    Mohammad, J.3    Jan, A.4
  • 72
    • 25644459091 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection in thalassemic children
    • Mohammad J., Hussain M., and Khan M.A. Frequency of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection in thalassemic children. Pak Pediatr J 27 (2003) 161-164
    • (2003) Pak Pediatr J , vol.27 , pp. 161-164
    • Mohammad, J.1    Hussain, M.2    Khan, M.A.3
  • 73
    • 57849162079 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis C seropositivity in repeatedly transfused thalassemia major patients
    • Younus M., Hassan K., Ikram N., Naseem L., Zaheer H.A., and Khan M.F. Hepatitis C seropositivity in repeatedly transfused thalassemia major patients. Int J Pathol 2 (2004) 20-23
    • (2004) Int J Pathol , vol.2 , pp. 20-23
    • Younus, M.1    Hassan, K.2    Ikram, N.3    Naseem, L.4    Zaheer, H.A.5    Khan, M.F.6
  • 74
    • 57849118487 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of anti-hepatitis C antibodies in multiply transfused beta thalassemia major patients
    • Burki M.F., Hassan M., Hussain H., Nisar Y., and Krishan J. Prevalence of anti-hepatitis C antibodies in multiply transfused beta thalassemia major patients. Ann Pak Inst Med Sci 1 (2005) 150-153
    • (2005) Ann Pak Inst Med Sci , vol.1 , pp. 150-153
    • Burki, M.F.1    Hassan, M.2    Hussain, H.3    Nisar, Y.4    Krishan, J.5
  • 75
    • 25644443197 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infection in multi-transfused thalassemia major patients in North West Frontier Province
    • Shah M.A., Khan M.T., Ulla Z., and Ashfaq Y. Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infection in multi-transfused thalassemia major patients in North West Frontier Province. Pak J Med Sci 21 (2005) 281-283
    • (2005) Pak J Med Sci , vol.21 , pp. 281-283
    • Shah, M.A.1    Khan, M.T.2    Ulla, Z.3    Ashfaq, Y.4
  • 77
    • 0010674342 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Profile of hepatitis B surface antigen positivity in health care personnel
    • Khan G.M., Malik M.N., Rana K., and Fayyaz A. Profile of hepatitis B surface antigen positivity in health care personnel. Mother Child 34 (1996) 135-138
    • (1996) Mother Child , vol.34 , pp. 135-138
    • Khan, G.M.1    Malik, M.N.2    Rana, K.3    Fayyaz, A.4
  • 78
    • 0032130135 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of hepatitis B virus in dental clinics in Rawalpindi/Islamabad
    • Fazli Z., Asghar H., Baig N.U., Fahmi A., Dil A.S., Zaidi S.S., et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus in dental clinics in Rawalpindi/Islamabad. J Pak Med Assoc 48 (1998) 259
    • (1998) J Pak Med Assoc , vol.48 , pp. 259
    • Fazli, Z.1    Asghar, H.2    Baig, N.U.3    Fahmi, A.4    Dil, A.S.5    Zaidi, S.S.6
  • 79
    • 0031916181 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency of parenteral exposure and seroprevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV among operation room personnel
    • Mujeeb S.A., Khatri Y., and Khanani R. Frequency of parenteral exposure and seroprevalence of HBV, HCV, and HIV among operation room personnel. J Hosp Infect 38 (1998) 133-137
    • (1998) J Hosp Infect , vol.38 , pp. 133-137
    • Mujeeb, S.A.1    Khatri, Y.2    Khanani, R.3
  • 81
    • 0036491518 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and C amongst health workers of Civil Hospital Karachi
    • Aziz S., Memon A., Tily H.I., Rasheed K., Jehangir K., and Quraishy M.S. Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis B and C amongst health workers of Civil Hospital Karachi. J Pak Med Assoc 52 (2002) 92-94
    • (2002) J Pak Med Assoc , vol.52 , pp. 92-94
    • Aziz, S.1    Memon, A.2    Tily, H.I.3    Rasheed, K.4    Jehangir, K.5    Quraishy, M.S.6
  • 82
    • 57849109136 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroprevalence of HBsAg and HCV antibodies in hospital workers compared to aged matched healthy blood donors
    • Nadeem M., Yousaf M.A., Mansoor S., Mansoor S., Khan F.A., Zakaria M., et al. Seroprevalence of HBsAg and HCV antibodies in hospital workers compared to aged matched healthy blood donors. Pak J Pathol 15 (2004) 17-20
    • (2004) Pak J Pathol , vol.15 , pp. 17-20
    • Nadeem, M.1    Yousaf, M.A.2    Mansoor, S.3    Mansoor, S.4    Khan, F.A.5    Zakaria, M.6
  • 83
    • 0028512828 scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of HB infection in haemodialysis patients
    • Mujeeb S.A., Shaikh M.A., and Kehar S.I. Prevalence of HB infection in haemodialysis patients. J Pak Med Assoc 44 (1994) 226
    • (1994) J Pak Med Assoc , vol.44 , pp. 226
    • Mujeeb, S.A.1    Shaikh, M.A.2    Kehar, S.I.3
  • 84
    • 57849163763 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B surface antigenemia in patients on hemodialysis
    • Khokhar N., Alam A.Y., and Naz F. Hepatitis B surface antigenemia in patients on hemodialysis. Rawalpindi Med J 29 (2004) 18-21
    • (2004) Rawalpindi Med J , vol.29 , pp. 18-21
    • Khokhar, N.1    Alam, A.Y.2    Naz, F.3
  • 85
    • 0037260838 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of hepatitis C in patients on maintenance haemodialysis
    • Gul A., and Iqbal F. Prevalence of hepatitis C in patients on maintenance haemodialysis. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 13 (2003) 15-18
    • (2003) J Coll Physicians Surg Pak , vol.13 , pp. 15-18
    • Gul, A.1    Iqbal, F.2
  • 86
    • 21844461039 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in patients on long-term hemodialysis
    • Khokhar N., Alam A.Y., Naz F., and Mahmud S.N. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in patients on long-term hemodialysis. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 15 (2005) 326-328
    • (2005) J Coll Physicians Surg Pak , vol.15 , pp. 326-328
    • Khokhar, N.1    Alam, A.Y.2    Naz, F.3    Mahmud, S.N.4
  • 87
    • 0036259433 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B markers in mothers and its transmission in newborn
    • Mehnaz A., Hashmi H., Syed S., and Kulsoom. Hepatitis B markers in mothers and its transmission in newborn. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 12 (2002) 240-242
    • (2002) J Coll Physicians Surg Pak , vol.12 , pp. 240-242
    • Mehnaz, A.1    Hashmi, H.2    Syed, S.3    Kulsoom4
  • 88
  • 90
    • 1942427337 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Prevalence of hepatitis C among pregnant women
    • Zafar M.A., Mohsin A., Husain I., and Shah A.A. Prevalence of hepatitis C among pregnant women. J Surg Pak 6 (2001) 32-33
    • (2001) J Surg Pak , vol.6 , pp. 32-33
    • Zafar, M.A.1    Mohsin, A.2    Husain, I.3    Shah, A.A.4
  • 91
    • 0842323814 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Frequency of hepatitis C in obstetric cases
    • Rizvi T.J., and Fatima H. Frequency of hepatitis C in obstetric cases. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 13 (2003) 688-690
    • (2003) J Coll Physicians Surg Pak , vol.13 , pp. 688-690
    • Rizvi, T.J.1    Fatima, H.2
  • 92
    • 1942502366 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus infection and its risk factors in pregnant women
    • Khokhar N., Raja K.S., and Javaid S. Seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus infection and its risk factors in pregnant women. J Pak Med Assoc 54 (2004) 135
    • (2004) J Pak Med Assoc , vol.54 , pp. 135
    • Khokhar, N.1    Raja, K.S.2    Javaid, S.3
  • 93
  • 94
    • 0032726232 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unsafe injections in the developing world and transmission of bloodborne pathogens: a review
    • Simonsen L., Kane A., Lloyd J., Zaffran M., and Kane M. Unsafe injections in the developing world and transmission of bloodborne pathogens: a review. Bull World Health Organ 77 (1999) 789-800
    • (1999) Bull World Health Organ , vol.77 , pp. 789-800
    • Simonsen, L.1    Kane, A.2    Lloyd, J.3    Zaffran, M.4    Kane, M.5
  • 95
    • 0347302936 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • The global burden of disease attributable to contaminated injections given in health care settings
    • Hauri A.M., Armstrong G.L., and Hutin Y.J. The global burden of disease attributable to contaminated injections given in health care settings. Int J STD AIDS 15 (2004) 7-16
    • (2004) Int J STD AIDS , vol.15 , pp. 7-16
    • Hauri, A.M.1    Armstrong, G.L.2    Hutin, Y.J.3
  • 96
    • 0033841466 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Unsafe injections and the transmission of hepatitis B and C in a periurban community in Pakistan
    • Khan A.J., Luby S.P., Fikree F., Karim A., Obaid S., Dellawala S., et al. Unsafe injections and the transmission of hepatitis B and C in a periurban community in Pakistan. Bull World Health Organ 78 (2000) 956-963
    • (2000) Bull World Health Organ , vol.78 , pp. 956-963
    • Khan, A.J.1    Luby, S.P.2    Fikree, F.3    Karim, A.4    Obaid, S.5    Dellawala, S.6
  • 97
    • 0037398339 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Injections in health care settings: a risk factor for acute hepatitis B virus infection in Karachi, Pakistan
    • Usman H.R., Akhtar S., Rahbar M.H., Hamid S., Moattar T., and Luby S.P. Injections in health care settings: a risk factor for acute hepatitis B virus infection in Karachi, Pakistan. Epidemiol Infect 130 (2003) 293-300
    • (2003) Epidemiol Infect , vol.130 , pp. 293-300
    • Usman, H.R.1    Akhtar, S.2    Rahbar, M.H.3    Hamid, S.4    Moattar, T.5    Luby, S.P.6
  • 98
    • 0034839199 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in male adults in Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Pakistan
    • Bari A., Akhtar S., Rahbar M.H., and Luby S.P. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus infection in male adults in Rawalpindi-Islamabad, Pakistan. Trop Med Int Health 6 (2001) 732-738
    • (2001) Trop Med Int Health , vol.6 , pp. 732-738
    • Bari, A.1    Akhtar, S.2    Rahbar, M.H.3    Luby, S.P.4
  • 99
    • 33745611188 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Comparison of risk factors for hepatitis B and C in patients visiting a gastroenterology clinic
    • Shazi L., and Abbas Z. Comparison of risk factors for hepatitis B and C in patients visiting a gastroenterology clinic. J Coll Physicians Surg Pak 16 (2006) 104-107
    • (2006) J Coll Physicians Surg Pak , vol.16 , pp. 104-107
    • Shazi, L.1    Abbas, Z.2
  • 100
    • 10444259706 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Long-term improvement in unsafe injection practices following community intervention
    • Luby S., Hoodbhoy F., Jan A., Shah A., and Hutin Y. Long-term improvement in unsafe injection practices following community intervention. Int J Infect Dis 9 (2005) 52-59
    • (2005) Int J Infect Dis , vol.9 , pp. 52-59
    • Luby, S.1    Hoodbhoy, F.2    Jan, A.3    Shah, A.4    Hutin, Y.5
  • 101
    • 44949228644 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Evaluation of blood bank practices in Karachi, Pakistan, and the government's response
    • Luby S., Khanani R., Zia M., Vellani Z., Ali M., Qureshi A.H., et al. Evaluation of blood bank practices in Karachi, Pakistan, and the government's response. J Pak Med Assoc 56 1 Suppl 1 (2006) S25-30
    • (2006) J Pak Med Assoc , vol.56 , Issue.1 SUPPL. 1
    • Luby, S.1    Khanani, R.2    Zia, M.3    Vellani, Z.4    Ali, M.5    Qureshi, A.H.6
  • 102
    • 33947182730 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Hepatitis B surface antigen study in professional and volunteer blood donors
    • Ahmed M. Hepatitis B surface antigen study in professional and volunteer blood donors. Ann Abbasi Shaheed Hospital Karachi Med Dental Coll 6 (2001) 304-306
    • (2001) Ann Abbasi Shaheed Hospital Karachi Med Dental Coll , vol.6 , pp. 304-306
    • Ahmed, M.1
  • 103
    • 57849151316 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Drug abuse in Pakistan - results from year 2000 national assessment. Pakistan: United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention and The Narcotics Control Division, Anti-Narcotics Force, Government of Pakistan; 2000.
    • Drug abuse in Pakistan - results from year 2000 national assessment. Pakistan: United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention and The Narcotics Control Division, Anti-Narcotics Force, Government of Pakistan; 2000.
  • 104
    • 33749127648 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • High HCV seroprevalence and HIV drug use risk behaviors among injection drug users in Pakistan
    • Kuo I., Ul-Hasan S., Galai N., Thomas D.L., Zafar T., Ahmed M.A., et al. High HCV seroprevalence and HIV drug use risk behaviors among injection drug users in Pakistan. Harm Reduct J 3 (2006) 26
    • (2006) Harm Reduct J , vol.3 , pp. 26
    • Kuo, I.1    Ul-Hasan, S.2    Galai, N.3    Thomas, D.L.4    Zafar, T.5    Ahmed, M.A.6
  • 105
    • 33947319142 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Seroprevalences and co-infections of HIV, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus in injecting drug users in Quetta, Pakistan
    • Achakzai M., Kassi M., and Kasi P.M. Seroprevalences and co-infections of HIV, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus in injecting drug users in Quetta, Pakistan. Trop Doct 37 (2007) 43-45
    • (2007) Trop Doct , vol.37 , pp. 43-45
    • Achakzai, M.1    Kassi, M.2    Kasi, P.M.3
  • 106
    • 57849122192 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Pilot survey of vulnerable populations of IDUs, FSWs, MSWs, and Hijras in Karachi. Pakistan: The Consultant Group, Infection Control Society P, Pakistan AIDS Prevention Society, Interactive Research and Development; 2005.
    • Pilot survey of vulnerable populations of IDUs, FSWs, MSWs, and Hijras in Karachi. Pakistan: The Consultant Group, Infection Control Society P, Pakistan AIDS Prevention Society, Interactive Research and Development; 2005.
  • 107
    • 57849099351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • National study of reproductive tract and sexually transmitted infections - survey of high risk groups in Lahore and Karachi. Pakistan: National AIDS Control Program, Ministry of Health, Government of Pakistan/Family Health International/Department for International Development; 2005.
    • National study of reproductive tract and sexually transmitted infections - survey of high risk groups in Lahore and Karachi. Pakistan: National AIDS Control Program, Ministry of Health, Government of Pakistan/Family Health International/Department for International Development; 2005.
  • 108
    • 57849106841 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Immunization profile - Pakistan. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006. Available at: http://www.who.int/vaccines/globalsummary/immunization/countryprofileresult.cfm?C='pak' (accessed August 2008).
    • Immunization profile - Pakistan. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2006. Available at: http://www.who.int/vaccines/globalsummary/immunization/countryprofileresult.cfm?C='pak' (accessed August 2008).
  • 109
    • 1942534210 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Knowledge and practices of barbers about hepatitis B and C transmission in Rawalpindi and Islamabad
    • Janjua N.Z., and Nizamy M.A. Knowledge and practices of barbers about hepatitis B and C transmission in Rawalpindi and Islamabad. J Pak Med Assoc 54 (2004) 116-119
    • (2004) J Pak Med Assoc , vol.54 , pp. 116-119
    • Janjua, N.Z.1    Nizamy, M.A.2
  • 110
    • 2942677351 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of evidence of sexual transmission of hepatitis C among monogamous couples: results of a 10-year prospective follow-up study
    • Vandelli C., Renzo F., Romano L., Tisminetzky S., De Palma M., Stroffolini T., et al. Lack of evidence of sexual transmission of hepatitis C among monogamous couples: results of a 10-year prospective follow-up study. Am J Gastroenterol 99 (2004) 855-859
    • (2004) Am J Gastroenterol , vol.99 , pp. 855-859
    • Vandelli, C.1    Renzo, F.2    Romano, L.3    Tisminetzky, S.4    De Palma, M.5    Stroffolini, T.6
  • 111
    • 14644440574 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Lack of evidence of sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus in a prospective cohort study of men who have sex with men
    • Alary M., Joly J.R., Vincelette J., Lavoie R., Turmel B., and Remis R.S. Lack of evidence of sexual transmission of hepatitis C virus in a prospective cohort study of men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health 95 (2005) 502-505
    • (2005) Am J Public Health , vol.95 , pp. 502-505
    • Alary, M.1    Joly, J.R.2    Vincelette, J.3    Lavoie, R.4    Turmel, B.5    Remis, R.S.6
  • 112
    • 33646909214 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Intrafamilial prevalence of hepatitis B virus in Western Brazilian Amazon region: epidemiologic and biomolecular study
    • Lobato C., Tavares-Neto J., Rios-Leite M., Trepo C., Vitvitski L., Parvaz P., et al. Intrafamilial prevalence of hepatitis B virus in Western Brazilian Amazon region: epidemiologic and biomolecular study. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 21 (2006) 863-868
    • (2006) J Gastroenterol Hepatol , vol.21 , pp. 863-868
    • Lobato, C.1    Tavares-Neto, J.2    Rios-Leite, M.3    Trepo, C.4    Vitvitski, L.5    Parvaz, P.6
  • 113
    • 0026341062 scopus 로고
    • Household clustering and intra-household transmission patterns of hepatitis B virus infection in South Africa
    • Abdool Karim S.S., Thejpal R., and Coovadia H.M. Household clustering and intra-household transmission patterns of hepatitis B virus infection in South Africa. Int J Epidemiol 20 (1991) 495-503
    • (1991) Int J Epidemiol , vol.20 , pp. 495-503
    • Abdool Karim, S.S.1    Thejpal, R.2    Coovadia, H.M.3
  • 115
    • 0141905878 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transmission of hepatitis B and C viruses in outpatient settings - New York, Oklahoma, and Nebraska, 2000-2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003;52:901-6.
    • Transmission of hepatitis B and C viruses in outpatient settings - New York, Oklahoma, and Nebraska, 2000-2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2003;52:901-6.
  • 116
    • 14544299241 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transmission of hepatitis B virus among persons undergoing blood glucose monitoring in long-term-care facilities - Mississippi, North Carolina, and Los Angeles County, California, 2003-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005;54:220-3.
    • Transmission of hepatitis B virus among persons undergoing blood glucose monitoring in long-term-care facilities - Mississippi, North Carolina, and Los Angeles County, California, 2003-2004. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005;54:220-3.
  • 117
    • 3242892641 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Transmission of hepatitis B virus in correctional facilities - Georgia, January 1999-June 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004;53:678-81.
    • Transmission of hepatitis B virus in correctional facilities - Georgia, January 1999-June 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2004;53:678-81.
  • 118
    • 0242574305 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Use of injections in healthcare settings worldwide, 2000: literature review and regional estimates
    • Hutin Y.J., Hauri A.M., and Armstrong G.L. Use of injections in healthcare settings worldwide, 2000: literature review and regional estimates. BMJ 327 (2003) 1075
    • (2003) BMJ , vol.327 , pp. 1075
    • Hutin, Y.J.1    Hauri, A.M.2    Armstrong, G.L.3
  • 119
    • 33747344542 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Population beliefs about the efficacy of injections in Pakistan's Sindh province
    • Janjua N.Z., Hutin Y.J., Akhtar S., and Ahmad K. Population beliefs about the efficacy of injections in Pakistan's Sindh province. Public Health 120 (2006) 824-833
    • (2006) Public Health , vol.120 , pp. 824-833
    • Janjua, N.Z.1    Hutin, Y.J.2    Akhtar, S.3    Ahmad, K.4
  • 121
    • 0035104147 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Therapeutic injections in Pakistan: from the patients' perspective
    • Raglow G.J., Luby S.P., and Nabi N. Therapeutic injections in Pakistan: from the patients' perspective. Trop Med Int Health 6 (2001) 69-75
    • (2001) Trop Med Int Health , vol.6 , pp. 69-75
    • Raglow, G.J.1    Luby, S.P.2    Nabi, N.3
  • 122
    • 0037673002 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Injection practices and sharp waste disposal by general practitioners of Murree, Pakistan
    • Janjua N.Z. Injection practices and sharp waste disposal by general practitioners of Murree, Pakistan. J Pak Med Assoc 53 (2003) 107-111
    • (2003) J Pak Med Assoc , vol.53 , pp. 107-111
    • Janjua, N.Z.1
  • 123
    • 22144467122 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Injection use in two districts of Pakistan: implications for disease prevention
    • Janjua N.Z., Akhtar S., and Hutin Y.J. Injection use in two districts of Pakistan: implications for disease prevention. Int J Qual Health Care 17 (2005) 401-408
    • (2005) Int J Qual Health Care , vol.17 , pp. 401-408
    • Janjua, N.Z.1    Akhtar, S.2    Hutin, Y.J.3
  • 124
    • 33845729155 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • World Health Organization/National Institute of Health, Federal Health Ministry, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
    • Kazi B.M. Standards and guidelines for blood transfusion services (1999), World Health Organization/National Institute of Health, Federal Health Ministry, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
    • (1999) Standards and guidelines for blood transfusion services
    • Kazi, B.M.1
  • 125
    • 3042575856 scopus 로고    scopus 로고
    • Need for national blood policy to ensure safe blood transfusion
    • Rahman M., and Jawaid S.A. Need for national blood policy to ensure safe blood transfusion. Pak J Med Sci 20 (2004) 81-84
    • (2004) Pak J Med Sci , vol.20 , pp. 81-84
    • Rahman, M.1    Jawaid, S.A.2


* 이 정보는 Elsevier사의 SCOPUS DB에서 KISTI가 분석하여 추출한 것입니다.