Urban Revitalization, Security, and Knowledge Transfer: The Case of Broken Windows and Kiddie Bars

Canadian Journal of Law and Society

Volumn 22, Issue 2, 2007, Pages 29-53

  Lippert, Randy ^a  

^a UNIVERSITY OF WINDSOR   (Canada)

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EID: 57749163313     PISSN: 08293201     EISSN: 19110227     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1017/S0829320100009340     Document Type: Article

References (135)

1. City of Windsor, A Fifteen Year Programme for the Urban Renewal of the City of Windsor (Windsor; Faludi and Associates, 1959).
2. See J. Wilson & G. Kelling, “Broken Windows”(1982) Atlantic Monthly 29.
3. E.g., N. Brenner & N. Theodore, “Cities and the Geographies of ‘Actually Existing Neoliberalism’”(2002) 34 Antipode 349
4. P. Hubbard, “Revenge and Injustice in the Neoliberal City: Uncovering Masculinist Agendas”(2004) 36 Antipode 665
5. E. Ruppert, The Moral Economy of Cities: Making Good Citizens (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2006).
6. E.g., M. Kempa et al., “Reflections on the Evolving Concept of ‘Private Policing’ ”(1999) 7 European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 197
7. R. Coleman, “Images from a Neoliberal City: The State, Surveillance and Social Control”(2003) 12 Critical Criminology 21.
8. K. Stenson, “Some Day Our Prince Will Come: Zero-Tolerance Policing and Liberal Government”in T. Hope & R. Sparks, eds., Crime, Risk and Insecurity: Law and Order in Everyday Life and Political Discourse (London: Routledge, 2000) 215.
9. F. Vindevogel, “Private Security and Urban Crime Mitigation: A Bid for BIDs”(2005) 5 Criminal Justice 233 at 246–247.
10. E.g., T. Osborne & N. Rose, “Governing Cities:.Notes on the Spatialisation of Virtue”(1999) 17 Environment and Planning D Society and Space 737 at 754
11. Brenner & Theodore, Environment and Planning D Society and Space 3 at 372
12. Ruppert, Environment and Planning D Society and Space 3 at 164–165
13. Kempa et al., Environment and Planning D Society and Space 4 at 212
14. Coleman, Environment and Planning D Society and Space 4 at 23.
15. L. Hoyt, The Business Improvement District: An Internationally Diffused Approach to Revitalization (Washington, DC: International Downtown Association, 2003).
16. N. Blomley, Unsettling the City: Urban Land and the Politics of Property (New York: Routledge, 2004) at 30.
17. N. Rose & P. Miller, “Political Power Beyond the State: Problematics of Government”(1992) 43 British Journal of Sociology 173.
18. D. Wilson, “Toward a Contingent Urban Neo-liberalism”(2004) 25 Urban Geography 771 at 774.
19. See M. Valverde & R. Levi, Still the Creatures of the Provinces?: Canadian Cities' Quest for Governmental Status (Ottawa: Law Commission of Canada, 2005).
20. See R. Lippert, “Canadian Refugee Determination and Advanced Liberal Government”(1998) 13 C.J.L.S. 177 [Lippert, “Canadian Refugee”].
21. Valverde & Levi, C.J.L.S. 13 at 35.
22. See N. Rose, Powers of Freedom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)
23. M. Dean, Governmentality: Power and Rule in Modem Society (Thousand Oaks: Sage, 1999).
24. See R. Lippert, Sanctuary, Sovereignty, Sacrifice: Canadian Sanctuary Incidents, Power, and Law (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 2005) at 5–6.
25. See K. Stenson, “Sovereignty, Bio-politics, and the Local Government of Crime in Britain”(2005) 9 Theoretical Criminology 265
26. A. Hunt, Governing Morals: a Social History of Moral Regulation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)
27. R. Lippert, “Rationalities and Refugee Resettlement”(1998) 27 Economy and Society 380.
28. E.g., B. Latour, Science In Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers Through Society (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987)
29. B. Latour, We Have Never been Modem (London: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 1993).
30. M. Valverde, “Authorizing the Production of Urban Moral Order: Appellate Courts and their Knowledge Games”(2005) 39 Law and Society Review 419 at 420 [emphasis in original] [Valverde, “Authorizing”]
31. see also K. Haggerty, Making Crime Count (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2001) at 38–64
32. N. Rose, P. O'Malley & M. Valverde, “Governmentality”(2006) 2 Annual Review of Law and Social Science 83 at 93.
33. Valverde, “Authorizing”, Annual Review of Law and Social Science 20 at 421.
34. City of Windsor, Assessment of Social and Physical Conditions in Windsor's City Centre by Peter Bellmio (January 2003) [Bellmio Report].
35. City of Windsor, Windsor City Centre Revitalization and Design Study: Final Report (Brisbin Brook Beynon Architect/Urban Design and Planning, September 1994) at 1 [Windsor Revitalization and Design Study]
36. City of Windsor, By-law No. 395–2004, By-Law Respecting the Licensing and Regulation of Various Businesses (13 December 2004).
37. See Superior Court of Justice (30 September 2005) 14 M.P.L.R. (4th) 195.
38. Windsor Revitalization and Design Study, M.P.L.R. 24 at 5.
39. City of Windsor, City Centre Interim Control Land-Use Study, prepared by Next-plan Architecture Corporation and Downtown Dynamics, Inc. (2004) at 17 [Windsor Land-Use Study].
40. Interview 1, prepared by Next-plan Architecture Corporation and Downtown Dynamics, Inc. 27.
41. S.O. 2001, c.25.
42. E.g., L. Houstoun, “BIDs at Home and Abroad”(2002) Urban Land 42.
43. “Windsor Revitalization and Design Study, “BIDs at Home and Abroad” 24 at 158.
44. E.g., Valverde & Levi, “BIDs at Home and Abroad” 13 at 26. The Harris government came to power in 1995 on a hybrid neo-liberal'neo-conservative platform. The City of Windsor was rumoured to have been promised a full ten percent of casino revenues in the 1990s, but what have been a lucrative arrangement never materialized.
45. Interview 1, “BIDs at Home and Abroad” 27.
46. See “BIDs at Home and Abroad”
47. Interview 3, “BIDs at Home and Abroad” 36
48. Interview 4, “BIDs at Home and Abroad” 36
49. Interview 2, “BIDs at Home and Abroad”
50. Some residents were able to gain the attention of several City councillors but no consensus on Council formed about the bars as a consequence. A study of youth-oriented, night-time, alcohol-based industries in northern cities in the U.K. found significant age segregation whereby elderly residents were driven away from “entertainment districts.”See D. Hobbs et al., Bouncers: Violence and Governance in the Night-time Economy (New York: Oxford University Press, 2003).
51. Interview 3, Bouncers: Violence and Governance in the Night-time Economy 36.
52. E.g., E. Mayne, “Proposed Restaurant under Fire”Windsor Star (25 November 1999) A3
53. D. Battagello, “Freeze on New Clubs Backed
54. “Kiddie bars' Targeted” Windsor Star (20 June 2003) A3
55. C. Thompson, “North-core Bars Shed ‘Kiddie’ Tag”Windsor Star (30 December 2004) A2.
56. “Council approves 8-month Bar Ban”Windsor Star (9 December 2003) A1.
57. E.g., D. Hall, “Sin City Reputation”Windsor Star (16 September 2003) A3. Besides adult entertainment establishments, massage parlours also gained B.R.'s attention.
58. J. Laycock, “Bloom Falls off'Bartown’ Rose”Windsor Star (5 October 2001) A1.
59. E.g., G. Macaluso, “Paid-duty Policing: In Whose Interest?: Potential Conflict Sparks City Debate”Windsor Star (29 August 2004) A1.
60. J. Veresuk & M. Borysiak, “Hospitality Resource Panel would Benefit City- Guest Colunui”Windsor Star (18 October 2005) A6.
61. Windsor Revitalization and Design Study, Windsor Star 24 at 4 [emphasis added].
62. Windsor Star at 24.
63. Interview 4, Windsor Star 34.
64. City of Windsor, “Report of the S.A.R.A. Model Committee regarding the recommendations by Peter Belimio- Assessment of Social and Physical Conditions in Windsor's City Centre”(30 January 2003) at 2 [Windsor S.A.R.A. Report]
65. Interview 2, S.A.R.A. Report 39.
66. Interview 3, S.A.R.A. Report 36.
67. S.A.R.A. Report.
68. Interview 4, S.A.R.A. Report 34.
69. Interview 4, S.A.R.A. Report 34 [emphasis added].
70. See Rose, S.A.R.A. Report 16.
71. See Latour, Science in Action, S.A.R.A. Report 19.
72. Interview 4, S.A.R.A. Report 34.
73. Valverde, “Authorizing”, S.A.R.A. Report 20 at 422.
74. Rose, S.A.R.A. Report 16 at 28.
75. Windsor S.A.R.A. Report, S.A.R.A. Report 52 at 2 [emphasis added].
76. See Ruppert, S.A.R.A. Report 3.
77. Interview 6, S.A.R.A. Report 39.
78. M. Gladwell, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference (New York: Black Bay Books, 2003) at 141–146.
79. See Valverde, “Authorizing”, The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference 20 at 431.
80. E.g., Downtown Windsor Business Improvement Area, “Annual Report”online: Downtown Windsor BIA [Windsor Annual Report].
81. “Annual Report” 2 at 31 [emphasis added].
82. Bellmio Report, “Annual Report” 23 at 8.
83. A code of conduct was introduced into downtown bars by owners and a host program was introduced with support of the BIA after B.R., both of which plainly targeted bar patrons and operators (see Interview 4, “Annual Report” 34
84. Interview 5, “Annual Report” 56). While beyond this article's scope, the code of conduct also implies young bar patrons govern “from below”according to their own logic, which undoubtedly requires having “fun”by making noise, destroying property, and occasionally engaging in violence during various stages of inebriation.
85. Interviews 7, 8; Windsor Annual Report, “Annual Report” 68 at 13.
86. Downtown Windsor Business Improvement Association, “Position Statement,”online: Downtown Windsor BIA .
87. Windsor S.A.R.A. Report, “Position Statement,” 52 at 3.
88. “Position Statement,”.
89. “Position Statement,”.
90. R. Levi & M. Valverde, “Knowledge on Tap: Police Science and Common Knowledge in the Legal Regulation of Drunkenness”(2001) 26 Law and Social Inquiry 819 at 821 [Levi & Valverde, “Knowledge”].
91. Valverde, “Authorizing”, Law and Social Inquiry 20 at 442.
92. R.S.O. 1990.
93. Windsor Land-Use Study, R.S.O. 29 at 5.
94. City of Windsor, City Centre Revitalization Task Force, Meeting minutes (30 July 2003) at 5.
95. Interview 4, City Centre Revitalization Task Force 34.
96. See S. Ashenden, “Reflexive Governance and Child Sexual Abuse: Liberal Welfare Rationality and the Cleveland Inquiry”(1996) 25 Economy and Society 64.
97. Windsorfocus, “Interim Control Bylaw Good for Downtown”(December 2003) online: .
98. Windsor Police Service, “Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) Assessment: Windsor City Centre Sep. 9- Jan. 10”(February 2003).
99. City of Windsor Corporate Services Department, “Report on ‘Municipal Act, 2001 and Recovery of Policing Costs’”(5 February 2003) at 1.
100. Interview 4, “Report on ‘Municipal Act, 2001 and Recovery of Policing Costs’” 34.
101. “Report on ‘Municipal Act, 2001 and Recovery of Policing Costs’”.
102. Levi & Valverde, “Knowledge”, “Report on ‘Municipal Act, 2001 and Recovery of Policing Costs’” 77 at 823.
103. D. Williamson, “City Centre's Future at Stake?”Windsor Star (11 February 2003) A1.
104. Windsor S.A.R.A. Report, Windsor Star 52.
105. Levi & Valverde, “Knowledge”, Windsor Star 77 at 823.
106. W. McKaig, “Review of Contract Duty Policing Issue for the Windsor Police Services Board”Sullivan-Mahoney, LLP (2006) at 7.
107. Bellmio Report, Sullivan-Mahoney, LLP 23 at 4.
108. E.g., G. Henderson, “Questioning Contract Cops”Windsor Star (9 September 2000) A3
109. Lippert, “Canadian Refogee”, Windsor Star 14.
110. Windsor Star
111. McKaig, Windsor Star 93.
112. M. Wolfson, “New Contract rules for cops: Officers Randomly Chosen for Night Club, Festival Duty”Windsor Star (27 July 2006) A3.
113. McKaig, Windsor Star 93 at 49 [emphasis added].
114. Letter to City of Windsor SARA Committee from Windsor Police Service, “Policing Costs for Downtown Core”(31 January 2003).
115. Letter to City Council from City Centre Business Association, “Fact Sheet for Procedures RE: Liquor Licensing Establishment”(3 February 2003) at 1.
116. Windsor Land-Use Study, “Fact Sheet for Procedures RE: Liquor Licensing Establishment” 29 at 7.
117. “Fact Sheet for Procedures RE: Liquor Licensing Establishment”. at 26.
118. “Fact Sheet for Procedures RE: Liquor Licensing Establishment”. at 32.
119. “Fact Sheet for Procedures RE: Liquor Licensing Establishment”. at 33 [emphasis added].
120. Interview 5, “Fact Sheet for Procedures RE: Liquor Licensing Establishment” 56.
121. “Fact Sheet for Procedures RE: Liquor Licensing Establishment”. [emphasis added].
122. Windsor Land-Use Study, “Fact Sheet for Procedures RE: Liquor Licensing Establishment” 29.
123. “Fact Sheet for Procedures RE: Liquor Licensing Establishment”. at 26.
124. Bellmio Report, “Fact Sheet for Procedures RE: Liquor Licensing Establishment” 23 at 12 [emphasis added].
125. Interview 6, “Fact Sheet for Procedures RE: Liquor Licensing Establishment” 39.
126. See Windsor Annual Report, “Fact Sheet for Procedures RE: Liquor Licensing Establishment” 68.
127. E.g., Coleman, “Fact Sheet for Procedures RE: Liquor Licensing Establishment” 4.
128. Bellmio Report, “Fact Sheet for Procedures RE: Liquor Licensing Establishment” 23 at 9, 12.
129. G. Henderson, “Concrete Jungle Here”Windsor Star (14 September 2004) A3.
130. E.g., Ruppert, Windsor Star 3.
131. E. Wagenningen, “Thirty per cent of Downtown Office Space is Now Vacant and about 15 per cent of Stores are Empty”Windsor Star (22 May 1996) A3.
132. Interview 5, Windsor Star 56.
133. “Storefront Vacancies”Windsor Star (9 March 2006) A3.
134. Windsor Revitalization and Design Study, Windsor Star 24 at 3. Of course these effects are not wholly attributable to the downtown's security problem that threatened its economic viability. But nor would other factors (e.g., falling world oil prices, domestic automotive industry resurgence, etc.) likely have been invoked in local discourse if revitalization had prevailed.
135. Interview 5, Windsor Star 56.