Westermarck's altruism: Charity releasers, moral emotions, and the welfare ethic

Politics and the Life Sciences

Volumn 27, Issue 2, 2008, Pages 28-46

  Salter, Frank ^a,b  

^a Max Planck Forschungsstelle O   (Germany)

^b UNIVERSITY OF UTAH   (United States)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

ALTRUISM; ARTICLE; ETHICS; HUMAN; PHILOSOPHY; SOCIAL WELFARE;

ALTRUISM; ETHICS; HUMANS; PHILOSOPHY; SOCIAL WELFARE;

EID: 57649106114     PISSN: 07309384     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.2990/27_2_28     Document Type: Article

References (127)

1. I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Human Ethology (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1989).
2. K. Lorenz, "On the Concept of Instinctive Action," C. J. Mellor and D. Gove, trans., in Foundations of Comparative Ethology, G. M. Burghardt, ed. (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1985), pp. 405-432.
3. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Human Ethology.
4. C. Darwin, The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (London: Murray, 1872).
5. G. Esping-Andersen, The Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990).
6. R. L. Trivers, "The Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism," Quarterly Review of Biology, 1971, 14:35-57.
7. Welfare rhetoric also deploys concepts of fairness and reciprocity, but this aspect is not the subject of this article.
8. E. A. Westermarck, The Origin and Development of the Moral Ideas, volume 2, 2nd ed. (1912; repr., New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1971), p. 739.
9. E. A. Westermarck, The Future of Marriage in Western Civilization (1936; repr., Freeport, NY: Books for Libraries Press, 1970), p. 257.
10. A. P.Wolf, "Westermarck Redivivus," Annual Review of Anthropology, 1993, 22:157-175.
11. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Human Ethology, p. 707.
12. T. Stroup, "Introduction," in Edward Westermarck: Essays on His Life and Works, volume 34, T. Stroup, ed. (Helsinki: Acta Philosophica Fennica, 1982), p. 10.
13. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, volume I.
14. C. Darwin, Expression of the Emotions.
15. I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Love and Hate: The Natural History of Behavior Patterns, G. Strachan, trans. (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1972).
16. K. Grammer, Signale der Liebe. Die biologischen Gestze der Partnerschaft (Hamburg: Hoffman und Campe, 1993).
17. W. Schiefenhö vel, "Universals in Interpersonal Interactions," in Nonverbal Communication. Where Nature Meets Culture, U. Segerstra° le and P. Molná r, eds. (Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1997), pp. 61-79.
18. W. D. Hamilton, "The Genetic Evolution of Social Behavior, parts 1 and 2," Journal of Theoretical Biology, 1964, 7:1-51.
19. R. L. Trivers, "Parental Investment and Sexual Selection," in Sexual Selection and the Descent of Man: 1871-1971, B. Campbell, ed. (Chicago: Aldine, 1972), pp. 136-179.
20. R. D. Alexander, Darwinism and Human Affairs (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1979).
21. M. Daly and M. Wilson, Sex, Evolution and Behavior, 2nd ed. (Boston: PWS Publishers, 1983).
22. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, volume I, p. 538.
23. P. Wiessner, "Risk, Reciprocity and Social Influences on !Kung San Economics," in Politics and History in Band Societies, E. Leacock and R. Lee, eds. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982), pp. 61-84.
24. P. Wiessner, "Taking the Risk out of Risky Transactions: A Forager's Dilemma," in Risky Transactions: Kinship, Ethnicity, and Trust, F. K. Salter, ed. (New York: Berghahn, 2002), pp. 21-43.
25. Trivers, "Evolution of Reciprocal Altruism."
26. M. Butovskaya, F. Salter, I. Diakonov, and A. Smirnov, "Urban Begging and Ethnic Nepotism in Russia: An Ethological Pilot Study," Human Nature, 2000, 11(2): 157-182
27. F. K. Salter, "The Welfare State versus Ethnic Pluralism: Ethological Theory, Research Program, and Invitation to Collaborate," Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the European Sociobiology Society, Russian State University for Humanities, Institute of Cultural Anthropology, Moscow, 31 May to 4 June 1998.
28. F. K. Salter, "Introduction: The Symposium Target Paper in Broader Context," in Welfare, Ethnicity, and Altruism. New Data and Evolutionary Theory, F. K. Salter, ed. (London: Frank Cass, 2004), pp. 3-24.
29. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Human Ethology.
30. Westermarck, Future of Marriage, pp. 164-167.
31. H. Spencer, The Principles of Psychology, 1890,
32. quoted byWestermarck, Future of Marriage, pp. 164-165. (London: Press, 1890), p. 623.
33. Westermarck, Future of Marriage, pp. 164-166.
34. K. Lorenz, "Die angeborenen Formen Mö glicher Erfahrung," Zeitschrift fü r Tierpsychologie, 1943, 5:235-409.
35. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Love and Hate.
36. Westermarck, Future of Marriage, pp. 164-166.
37. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Love and Hate.
38. I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, "Warfare, Man's Indoctrinability and Group Selection," Ethology (Zeitschrift fü r Tierpsychologie), 1982, 60:177-198.
39. K. Lorenz, "The Fashionable Fallacy of Dispensing with Description," Naturwissenschaften, 1973, 60:1-9.
40. F. K. Salter, "TheWelfare State versus Ethnic Pluralism.".
41. M. Butovskaya, et al., "Urban Begging and Ethnic Nepotism.".
42. J. S. Lockard, L. L. McDonald, D. A. Clifford, and R. Martinez, "Panhandling: Sharing of Resources," Science, 30 January 1976, 191:406-408.
43. J. S. Lockard, "Studies of Human Social Signals: Theory, Methods and Data," in The Evolution of Human Social Behavior, J. S. Lockard, ed. (New York: Elsevier, 1980), pp. 1-30.
44. D. Bischof-Kö hler, Spiegelbild und Empathie: Die Anfänge der sozialen Kognition (Bern: Hans Huber, 1989).
45. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Human Ethology, p. 701.
46. Westermarck, Future of Marriage, p. 166.
47. J. P. Rushton, "Genetic similarity, human altruism, and group selection," Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 1989, 12:503-559.
48. P. L. van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon (New York: Elsevier, 1981).
49. M. Butovskaya, et al., "Urban Begging and Ethnic Nepotism.
50. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Human Ethology.
51. M. Walzer, "What Does It Mean to Be an 'American'?" in What It Means to Be an American, M. Walzer, ed. (New York: Marsilio, 1992), pp. 23-49, 82.
52. M. Walzer, Spheres of Justice (New York: Basic Books, 1983).
53. D. Miller, On Nationality (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
54. Butovskaya et al., "Urban Begging and Ethnic Nepotism," p. 177.
55. H. Garner, "Beggars in New York," in True Stories: Selected Non-fiction (Melbourne: Text Publishing, 1996), pp. 213-214.
56. C. Darwin, Voyage of the Beagle (1839; New York: Bantam Books, 1972), p. 433.
57. R. M. Solow, "Guess Who Pays for Workfare?" New York Review of Books, 5 November 1998, 45(17):37.
58. S. J. Gould, "Introduction," The Mismeasure of Man, 2nd ed. (New York: Norton. 1996).
59. Paul C.Roberts, BusinessWeek, 11November 1996, p. 12.
60. W. Reuther quoted in Time magazine, 7 December 1998, p. 100.
61. R. C. Leone, "Supporting Retirees II: Stick with Public Pensions," Foreign Affairs, 1997, 76(4):53.
62. Acts 20:35. Authorized King James version 66. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Human Ethology, pp. 706-707.
63. Bischof-Kö hler, Spiegelbild und Empathie.
64. J. Piaget, The Moral Judgement of the Child (London: Routledge, 1932).
65. L. Kohlberg, "Stage and Sequence: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach to Socialization," in Handbook of Socialization Theory and Research, D. A. Goslin, ed. (Chicago: Rand McNally, 1969), pp. 347-480.
66. D. D. Cummins, "Evidence for the Innateness of Deontic Reasoning," Mind and Language, 1996, 11(2):160-190.
67. N. Chater and M. Oaksford, "Deontic Reasoning, Modules and Innateness: A Second Look," Mind and Language, 1996, 11(2):191-202.
68. P. O'Neill and L. Petrinovich, "A Preliminary Cross-Cultural Study of Moral Intuitions," Evolution and Human Ethology, 1998, 19:349-367.
69. For example: L. Arnhart, "The New Darwinian Naturalism in Political Theory," American Political Science Review, 1995, 89(2):389-400;
70. J. Q. Wilson, The Moral Sense (New York: Free Press, 1993).
71. R. D. Alexander, The Biology of Moral Systems (New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1987).
72. A. Gibbard, "Moral Emotions," chapter 7 in Wise Choices, Apt Feelings: A Theory of Normative Judgment (Oxford: Clarendon, 1990).
73. E. A. Westermarck, Ethical Relativity (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner and Co., 1932), pp. 107-108.
74. R. L. Trivers, "Sociobiology and Politics," in Sociobiology and Human Politics, E. White, ed. (Lexington, MA: Lexington Books, 1981), pp. 1-43.
75. Westermarck, Future of Marriage, p. 257.
76. P. G. Hepper, ed., Kin Recognition (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991).
77. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, Love and Hate.
78. G. R. Johnson, "In the Name of the Fatherland: An Analysis of Kin Terms Usage in Patriotic Speech and Literature," International Political Science Review, 1987, 8:165-174.
79. W. Connor, "Beyond Reason: The Nature of the Ethnonational Bond," Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1993, 16(3):373-389.
80. J. J. Holper, "Kin Term Usage in The Federalist: Evolutionary Foundations of Publius's Rhetoric," Politics and the Life Sciences, 1996, 15(2):265-272.
81. I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt, "Us and the Others: The Familial Roots of Ethnonationalism," in Indoctrinability, Ideology, and Warfare: Evolutionary Perspectives, I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt and F. K. Salter, eds. (New York: Berghahn, 1998), pp. 21-53.
82. van den Berghe, The Ethnic Phenomenon.
83. Especially Westermarck, Moral Ideas, volume 1, pp. 546-560.
84. G. Hardin, The Limits of Altruism: An Ecologist's View of Survival (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1977).
85. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, volume 1, pp. 548-549.
86. G. P. Freeman, "Migration and the Political Economy of the Welfare State," The Annals of the American Academy (AAPSS), 1986, 485(May):51-63.
87. T. Faist, "Ethnicization and Racialization of Welfare-State Politics in Germany and the USA," Ethnic and Racial Studies, 1995, 18(2): 219-250.
88. M. Gilens, "'Race Coding' and White Opposition to Welfare," American Political Science Review, 1996, 90(3):593-604.
89. A. Alesina, R. Baqir, and W. Easterly, "Public Goods and Ethnic Divisions," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1999, 114(November):1243-1284.
90. R. D. Brown, "Party Cleavages andWelfare Effort in the American States," American Political Science Review, 1995, 89(1):23-33.
91. R. E. Hero and C. J. Tolbert, "A Racial/Ethnic Diversity Interpretation of Politics and Policy in the States of the U.S.," American Journal of Political Science, 1996, 40(3):851-871.
92. J. Schubert and M. Tweed, "Ethnic Diversity, Population Size and Charitable Giving at the Local Level in the United States," in Welfare, Ethnicity, and Altruism. New Data and Evolutionary Theory, F. K. Salter, ed. (London: Frank Cass, 2004), pp. 53-73.
93. R. D. Masters, "Why Welfare States Rise-and Fall: Ethnicity, Belief Systems, and Environmental Influences on the Support for Public Goods," in Welfare, Ethnicity, and Altruism. New Data and Evolutionary Theory, F. K. Salter, ed. (London: Frank Cass, 2004), pp. 248-280.
94. S. Sanderson, "Ethnic Heterogeneity and Public Spending: Testing the Evolutionary Theory of Ethnicity with Cross-National Data," in Welfare, Ethnicity, and Altruism. New Data and Evolutionary Theory, F. K. Salter, ed. (London: Frank Cass, 2004), pp. 74-87.
95. T. Vanhanen, "An Exploratory Comparative Study of the Relationship between Ethnic Heterogeneity and Welfare Politics," in Welfare, Ethnicity, and Altruism. New Data and Evolutionary Theory, F. K. Salter, ed. (London: Frank Cass, 2004), pp. 88-118.
96. S. Sanderson and T. Vanhanen, "Reconciling the Differences between Sanderson's and Vanhanen's Results," in Welfare, Ethnicity, and Altruism. New Data and Evolutionary Theory, F. K. Salter, ed. (London: Frank Cass, 2004), pp. 119-120.
97. W. Easterly and R. Levine, "Africa's Growth Tragedy: Policies and Ethnic Divisions," Quarterly Journal of Economics, 1997, 112(November):1203-1250.
98. W. Masters and M. McMillan, "Ethnolinguistic Diversity, Government, and Growth," in Welfare, Ethnicity, and Altruism. New Data and Evolutionary Theory, F. K. Salter, ed. (London: Frank Cass, 2004), pp. 123-147.
99. E. C. Banfield, The Moral Basis of a Backward Society (New York: Free Press, 1967).
100. P. Wiessner, "The Impact of Tribalism on the Post-colonial State" (Unpublished manuscript, Department of Anthropology, University of Utah, 2006).
101. Esping-Andersen, Three Worlds of Welfare Capitalism.
102. C. Darwin, The Descent of Man and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871; London: Murray, 1913), p. 203.
103. J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971).
104. B. Barry, "Nationalism, Intervention and Redistribution," (working paper 3/96, Insitut fü r Interkulturelle und Internationale Studien [INIIS], Universitä t Bremen, 1996).
105. Walzer, Spheres of Justice.
106. Walzer, "What Does It Mean to Be an 'American'?" 115. D. Miller, On Nationality.
107. B. O'Leary, "On the Nature of Nationalism: An Appraisal of Ernest Gellner's Writings on Nationalism," British Journal of Political Science, 1997, 27:191-222.
108. M. Walzer, "Notes on the New Tribalism," in Political Restructuring in Europe: Ethical Perspectives, C. Brown, ed. (London: Routledge, 1994), pp. 199-200.
109. J. Rawls, A Theory of Justice.
110. T. H. Huxley, Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays (New York: Appleton, 1894).
111. G. C. Williams, "Huxley's Evolution and Ethics in Sociobiological Perspective," Zygon: Journal of Religion and Science, 1988, 23:383-407.
112. F. K. Salter, On enetic nterests: Family, Ethnicity, and Humanity in an Age of Mass Migration (New York: Transaction, 2003).
113. Alexander, Biology of Moral Systems.
114. T. J. J. Bouchard, "Genes, Environment, and Personality," Science, 17 June 1994, 264:1700-1701.
115. J. P. Rushton, D. W. Fulker, M. C. Neal, D. K. B. Nias, and H. J. Eysenck, "Altruism and Aggression: The Heritability of Individual Differences," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 1986, 50:1192-1198.
116. Gibbard, Wise Choices, Apt Feelings, p. 127.
117. Walzer, "Notes on the New Tribalism," p. 200.
118. Alexander, Darwinism and Human Affairs, pp. 134-136.
119. J. S. Lockard and D. L. Paulhus, eds., Self-deception: An Adaptive Mechanism? (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988).
120. Westermarck, Ethical Relativity, p. 106.
121. Westermarck, Moral Ideas, volume II, p. 739.
122. Esping-Andersen, Three Worlds ofWelfare Capitalism.
123. L. Tiger, "Notions of Nature, Culture, and the Sources of Indoctrinability," in Indoctrinability, Ideology, and Warfare: Evolutionary Perspectives, I. Eibl-Eibesfeldt and F. K. Salter, eds. (New York: Berghahn, 1998), pp. 97-106.
124. Westermarck, as quoted by A. P. Wolf, Sexual Attraction and Childhood Association: A Chinese Brief for Edward Westermarck (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1995), p. 12.
125. Stroup, "Introduction," p. xvi.
126. E. O. Wilson, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998).
127. C. Wedekind, T. Seebeck, F. Bettens, and A. J. Paepke, "MHC-Dependent Mate Preferences in Humans," Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Science, 1995, 260, 245-249.