Framework for the design and operation of high-level isolation units: consensus of the European Network of Infectious Diseases

The Lancet Infectious Diseases

Volumn 9, Issue 1, 2009, Pages 45-56

  Bannister, Barbara ^a   Puro, Vincenzo ^b   Fusco, Francesco Maria ^b   Heptonstall, Julia ^c   Ippolito, Giuseppe ^b  

^a ROYAL FREE HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

^b NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR INFECTIOUS DISEASES L SPALLANZANI   (Italy)

^c SCARBOROUGH HOSPITAL   (United Kingdom)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

AIR CONDITIONING; AIRBORNE INFECTION; EUROPE; HEALTH CARE FACILITY; HEALTH CARE PERSONNEL; HIGH LEVEL ISOLATIN UNIT; HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT; INFECTION; MEDICAL CARE; PATIENT CARE; PATIENT TRANSPORT; PRACTICE GUIDELINE; PRIORITY JOURNAL; PUBLIC HEALTH; REVIEW; SAFETY;

EUROPE; GUIDELINES AS TOPIC; HEALTH PLANNING; HOSPITAL DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION; HUMANS; INFECTION CONTROL; MEDICAL WASTE DISPOSAL; PATIENT ISOLATION; PATIENT ISOLATORS;

EID: 57549097286     PISSN: 14733099     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1016/S1473-3099(08)70304-9     Document Type: Review

References (75)

1. Jernigan J.A., Stephens D.S., Ashford D.A., et al. Bioterrorism-related inhalational anthrax: the first 10 cases reported in the United States. Emerg Infect Dis 7 (2001) 933-944
2. Hughes J.M., and Gerberding J.L. Anthrax bioterrorism: lessons learned and future directions. Emerg Infect Dis 8 (2002) 1013-1014
3. National Advisory Committee on SARS and Public Health. Learning from SARS: renewal of public health in Canada (2003), Health Canada, Ottawa, Canada
4. WHO. Summary of probable SARS cases with onset of illness from 1 November 2002 to 31 July 2003. Based on data as of 31 December 2003. http://www.who.int/csr/sars/country/table2004_04_21/en/index.html (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
5. Mounier-Jack S., and Coker R.J. How prepared is Europe for pandemic influenza? Analysis of national plans. Lancet 367 (2006) 1405-1411
6. Nicoll A., and Kaiser R. Limitations of recently published review of national influenza pandemic plans in Europe. Euro Surveill 11 (2006). http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=2950 (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
7. Commission of the European Communities. Programme of cooperation on preparedness and response to biological and chemical agent attacks, [health security] (Dec 17, 2001). http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/health/ph_threats/Bioterrorisme/bioterrori sm01_en.pdf (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
8. EUNID. European Network of Infectious Disease Physicians report of the first annual meeting, May 27-28, 2005, Rome, Italy. http://www.eunid.com/privato/upload_folder/Final%20EUNID2005%20meeting%2 0report.pdf (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
9. EUNID. European Network for Infectious Diseases report of the second annual meeting, April 7-8, 2006, London, UK. http://www.eunid.com/privato/upload_folder/EUNID%20meeting%20report%20-% 20London%202006.pdf (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
10. EUNID. European Network for Infectious Diseases report of the third annual meeting, May 24, 2007, Rome, Italy. http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_projects/2003/action2/docs/2003_2_04_frep_ a4_en.pdf (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
11. Baka A., Fusco F.M., Puro V., et al. A curriculum for training healthcare workers in the management of highly infectious diseases. Euro Surveill 12 (2007) E5-E6. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=716 (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
12. EUNID. Compendium of national guidelines on highly infectious diseases. http://www.eunid.com/privato/partners/guidelines2.asp (accessed Dec 22, 2007).
13. Smith P.W., Anderson A.O., Christopher G.W., et al. Designing a biocontainment unit to care for patients with serious communicable diseases: a consensus statement. Biosecur Bioterror 4 (2006) 351-365
14. CDC. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care facilities, 1994. MMWR Recomm Rep 43 (1994) 1-132
15. Jensen P.A., Lambert L.A., Iademarco M.F., and Ridzon R. Guidelines for preventing the transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in health-care settings, 2005. MMWR Recomm Rep 54 (2005) 1-141
16. National Collaborating Centre for Chronic Conditions. Tuberculosis: clinical diagnosis and management of tuberculosis, and measures for its prevention and control (2006), Royal College of Physicians, London
17. EUNID. Highly infectious diseases and isolation room capabilities in European countries. http://www.eunid.eu/privato/upload_folder/Inventory%20of%20isolation%20f acilities%20in%20EUNID%20countries.pdf (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
18. Siegel J.D., Rhinehart E., Jackson M., and Chiarello L. Guideline for isolation precautions: preventing transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings (June 2007). http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/guidelines/Isolation2007.pdf (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
19. Department of Health. Guidelines for smallpox response and management in the post-eradication era (smallpox plan). Appendix 5: specification for smallpox care centres (2003), Department of Health, London
20. Henderson D.A., Inglesby T.V., Bartlett J.G., et al. Working Group on Civilian Biodefense. Smallpox as a biological weapon: medical and public health management. JAMA 281 (1999) 2127-2137
21. Neff J., Modlin J., Birkhead G.S., et al. Monitoring the safety of a smallpox vaccination program in the United States: report of the joint Smallpox Vaccine Safety Working Group of the advisory committee on immunization practices and the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board. Clin Infect Dis 46 suppl 3 (2008) S257-S270
22. European Commission. Directive 2000/54/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 18 September 2000 on the protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological agents at work. Official Journal of the European Communities (2000). http://eurlex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2000:262:0021: 0045:EN:PDF (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
23. Anon. Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (as amended) SI 2002/2677 (2002), The Stationery Office, London, London
24. Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens. Biological agents: managing the risks in laboratories and healthcare premises (2006), Health and Safety Executive, London. http://www.advisorybodies.doh.gov.uk/acdp/managingtherisks.pdf (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
25. Advisory Committee on Dangerous Pathogens. Management and control of viral haemorrhagic fevers. December, 1996 (1996), The Stationery Office, London
26. WHO. Guidance on regulations for the transport of infectious substances 2007-2008 (2007), World Health Organization, Geneva WHO/CDS/EPR/2007.2.
27. WHO. Laboratory biosafety manual, 3rd edition (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva WHO/CDS/CSR/LYO/2004.11.
28. CDC. Interim guidance for managing patients with suspected viral haemorrhagic fever in US hospitals. http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/bp_vhf_interimGuidance.html (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
29. American Society for Microbiology. Sentinel laboratory guidelines for suspected agents of bioterrorism. Clinical laboratory bioterrorism readiness plan (August, 2006). http://www.asm.org/ASM/files/LeftMarginHeaderList/DOWNLOADFILENAME/00000 0001204/BTtemplateRevised8-10-6.pdf (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
30. Wirtz A., Niedrig A., and Fock R. Management of patients with suspected viral haemorrhagic fever and other potentially lethal contagious infections in Germany. Euro Surveill 7 (2002) 36-42. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=341 (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
31. Ippolito G., Nicastri E., Capobianchi M., Di Caro A., Petrosillo N., and Puro V. Hospital preparedness and management of patients affected by viral haemorrhagic fever or smallpox at the Lazzaro Spallanzani Institute, Italy. Euro Surveill 10 (2005) 36-39. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=523 (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
32. Trexler P.C. An isolator system for the maintenance of aseptic environments. Lancet 1 (1973) 91-93
33. Christopher G.W., and Eitzen E.M. Air evacuation under high level biosafety containment: the aeromedical isolation team. Emerg Infect Dis 5 (1999) 241-246
34. Haas W.H., Breuer T., Pfaff G., et al. Imported Lassa fever in Germany: surveillance and management of contact persons. Clin Infect Dis 36 (2003) 1254-1258
35. Zweighaft R.M., Fraser D.W., Hattwick M.A., et al. Lassa fever: response to an imported case. N Engl J Med 297 (1977) 803-807
36. Formenty P., Hatz C., Le Guenno B., Stoll A., Rogenmoser P., and Wildmer A. Human infection due to Ebola virus, subtype Côte d'Ivoire: clinical and biologic presentation. J Infect Dis 179 suppl 1 (1999) S48-S53
37. WHO. Infection prevention and control of epidemic- and pandemic-prone acute respiratory diseases in health care. WHO interim guidelines, June 2007. Geneva: World Health Organization. WHO/CDS/EPR/2007.6. http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/WHO_CD_EPR_2007_6/en/index .html (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
38. WHO. Public health response to biological weapons: WHO guidance (2004) (2004), World Health Organization, Geneva
39. Rydock J.P., Eian P.K., Lindqvist C., Welling I., and Lingaas E. Best practice in design and testing of isolation rooms in Nordic hospitals. TR564, Nordic Innovation Centre, Oslo (September 2004). http://www.nordicinnovation.net/_img/nt_tech_rep564teksti.pdf (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
40. CDC. Guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities. Recommendations of CDC and the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC). MMWR Recomm Rep 52 (2003) 1-42
41. American Institute of Architects. Guidelines for design and construction of hospital and health care facilities: 2006 edition (2006), American Institute of Architects, Washington, DC
42. American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. HVAC design manual for hospitals and clinics (2003), ASHRAE, Atlanta, USA
43. Department of Human Services, Victoria. Victorian Advisory Committee on Infection Control. Guidelines for the classification and design of isolation rooms in healthcare facilities. Department of Human Services: Melbourne, Victoria, 2007.
44. Roy C.J., and Milton D.K. Airborne transmission of communicable infection-the elusive pathway. N Engl J Med 350 (2004) 1710-1712
45. Menzies R., Fanning A., Yuna L., and FitzGerald M. Hospital ventilation and risk for tuberculosis infection in Canadian health care workers. Ann Intern Med 133 (2000) 779-789
46. Hutton M.D., Stead W.W., Cauthen G.M., Bloch A.B., and Ewing W.M. Nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis associated with a draining abscess. J Infect Dis 161 (1990) 286-295
47. Matlow A.G., Harrison A., Monteath A., Roach P., and Balfe J.W. Nosocomial transmission of tuberculosis (TB) associated with care of an infant with peritoneal TB. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 21 (2000) 223
48. Booth T.F., Kournikakis B., Bastien N., et al. Detection of airborne severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus and environmental contamination in SARS outbreak units. J Infect Dis 191 (2005) 1472-1477
49. Moser M.R., Bender T.R., Margolis H.S., Noble G.R., Kendal A.P., and Ritter D.G. An outbreak of influenza aboard a commercial airliner. Am J Epidemiol 110 (1979) 1-6
50. Alford R.H., Kasel J.A., Gerone P.J., and Knight V. Human influenza resulting from aerosol inhalation. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 122 (1966) 800-804
51. Wehrle P.F., Posch J., Richter K.H., and Henderson D.A. An airborne outbreak of smallpox in a German hospital and its significance with respect to other recent outbreaks in Europe. Bull World Health Organ 43 (1970) 669-679
52. Anon. Council Directive 90/679/EEC of 26 November 1990 on the protection of workers from risks related to exposure to biological agents at work (seventh individual Directive within the meaning of Article 16(1) of Directive 89/391/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities (1990). http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:31990L0679:E N:HTML (accessed Oct 29, 2008).
53. Anon. Council Directive 93/88/EEC of 12 October 1993 amending Directive 90/679/EEC. Official Journal of the European Communities (1993). http://www.biosafety.be/GB/Dir.Eur.GB/Other/93_88/TC.html (accessed Oct 29, 2008).
54. Swedish Association for Hospital Hygiene. Building design and hospital hygiene: Hospital hygiene aspects of new, remodelled and renovated hospital areas 2003 (in Swedish). http://www.sfvh.nu/dokument/nybov.pdf (accessed Oct 29, 2008).
55. Blenkharn J.I. Lowering standards of clinical waste management: do the hazardous waste regulations conflict with the CDC's universal/standard precautions?. J Hosp Infect 62 (2006) 467-472
56. Johnson K.R., Braden C.R., Cairns K.L., et al. Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from medical waste. JAMA 284 (2000) 1683-1688
57. Emery R., Sprau D., Lao Y.J., and Pryor W. Release of bacterial aerosols during infectious waste compaction: an initial hazard evaluation for healthcare workers. Am Ind Hyg Assoc J 53 (1992) 339-345
58. European Commission. Summary of EU waste legislation. http://europa.eu/scadplus/leg/en/s15002.htm (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
59. Alumneef M., and Memish Z.A. Effective medical waste management: it can be done. Am J Infect Control 31 (2003) 188-192
60. Hoffman P.N., and Hanley M.J. Assessment of microwave-based clinical waste decontamination unit. J Appl Microbiol 77 (1994) 607-612
61. Coronel B., Duroselle P., Behr H., Moskovetchenko J.F., and Freney J. In situ decontamination of medical wastes using oxidative agents: a 16-month study in a polyvalent intensive care unit. J Hops Infect 50 (2002) 207-212
62. Jette L.P., and Lapierre S. Evaluation of a mechanical/chemical infectious waste disposal system. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 13 (1992) 387-393
63. Cusumano A.M., Poratto F., del Pino N., Fernandez J.L., and Vilches A. Identification of hepatitis C virus RNA in peritoneal dialysis fluid of patients with viraemia. Perit Dial Int 25 (2005) 478-482
64. Froio N., Nicastri E., Comandini U.V., et al. Contamination by hepatitis B and C viruses in the dialysis setting. Am J Kidney Dis 42 (2003) 546-550
65. Noiri E., Nakao A., Oya A., Fujita T., and Kimura S. Hepatitis C virus in blood and dialysate in hemodialysis. Am J Kidney Dis 37 (2001) 38-42
66. Hayashi H., Okuda K., Yokosuka O., et al. Adsorption of hepatitis C virus particles onto the dialyser membranes. Artif Organs 21 (1997) 1056-1059
67. Kwan B.C., Leung C.B., Szeto C.C., et al. Severe acute respiratory syndrome in dialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 15 (2004) 1883-1888
68. Rusnak J.M., Kortepeter M.G., Aldis J., and Boudreau E. Experience in the medical management of potential laboratory exposures to agents of bioterrorism on the basis of risk assessment at the United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID). J Occup Environ Med 46 (2004) 801-811
69. ProMed Mail. Ebola, lab accident death-Russia (Siberia) (04). Aug 23, 2004. Archive number 20040823.2350. http://www.promedmail.org/pls/otn/f?p=2400:1001:::NO::F2400_P1001_BACK_P AGE,F2400_P1001_PUB_MAIL_ID:1000%2C26482 (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
70. Lim P.L., Kurup A., and Gopalakrishna G. Laboratory-acquired severe acute respiratory syndrome. N Engl J Med 350 (2004) 1740-1745
71. Radun D., Niedrig M., Ammon A., and Stark K. SARS: retrospective cohort study among German guests of the Hotel 'M', Hong Kong. Euro Surveill 8 (2003) 228-230. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=436&Langu ageId=1 (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
72. Issartel B., Lesens O., Chidiac C., et al. Suspected SARS patients hospitalised in French isolation units during the early SARS epidemic: the French experience. Euro Surveill 10 (2005) 9-43. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=524 (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
73. Mantke O.D., Schmitz H., Zeller H., Heyman P., Papa A., and Niedrig M. Quality assurance for the diagnostics of viral diseases to enhance the emergency preparedness in Europe. Euro Surveill 10 (2005) 102-106. http://www.eurosurveillance.org/ViewArticle.aspx?ArticleId=545 (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
74. ProMed Mail. Lassa fever-Europe ex Sierra Leone (02). Archive number 20060724.2045. http://www.promedmail.org/pls/otn/f?p=2400:1001:::NO::F2400_P1001_BACK_P AGE,F2400_P1001_PUB_MAIL_ID:1000%2C33712 (accessed Oct 20, 2008).
75. Macher A.M., and Wolfe M.S. Historical Lassa fever reports and 30-year clinical update. Emerg Infect Dis 12 (2006) 835-837