Hizballah in Lebanon - At the crossroads

Terrorism and Political Violence

Volumn 8, Issue 2, 1996, Pages 90-110

  Zisser, Eyal ^a  

^a TEL AVIV UNIVERSITY   (Israel)

Author keywords

[No Author keywords available]

Indexed keywords

EID: 5744253581     PISSN: 09546553     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1080/09546559608427348     Document Type: Article

References (75)

1. Al-'Ahd (Beirut), 26 Aug. 1994.
2. See Martin Kramer, The Moral Logic of Hizballah, Occasional Papers No.101 (Tel Aviv: Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv U., Aug. 1987) pp.6-7; idem., 'Sacrifice and Fratricide in Shiite Lebanon', Terrorism and Political Violence 3/3 (Autumn 1991) pp.36-7; idem., 'Hizballah: The Calculus of Jihad', in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appelby (eds.), Fundamentalism and the State (Chicago: U. of Chicago Press 1993) p.547. See also, Yosef Olmert, 'Lebanon', in Haim Shaked and Daniel Dishon (eds.), Middle East Contemporary Survey (hereafter MECS) 8 (1983-84) (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1986) p.553.
3. See Martin Kramer, The Moral Logic of Hizballah, Occasional Papers No.101 (Tel Aviv: Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv U., Aug. 1987) pp.6-7; idem., 'Sacrifice and Fratricide in Shiite Lebanon', Terrorism and Political Violence 3/3 (Autumn 1991) pp.36-7; idem., 'Hizballah: The Calculus of Jihad', in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appelby (eds.), Fundamentalism and the State (Chicago: U. of Chicago Press 1993) p.547. See also, Yosef Olmert, 'Lebanon', in Haim Shaked and Daniel Dishon (eds.), Middle East Contemporary Survey (hereafter MECS) 8 (1983-84) (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1986) p.553.
4. See Martin Kramer, The Moral Logic of Hizballah, Occasional Papers No.101 (Tel Aviv: Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv U., Aug. 1987) pp.6-7; idem., 'Sacrifice and Fratricide in Shiite Lebanon', Terrorism and Political Violence 3/3 (Autumn 1991) pp.36-7; idem., 'Hizballah: The Calculus of Jihad', in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appelby (eds.), Fundamentalism and the State (Chicago: U. of Chicago Press 1993) p.547. See also, Yosef Olmert, 'Lebanon', in Haim Shaked and Daniel Dishon (eds.), Middle East Contemporary Survey (hereafter MECS) 8 (1983-84) (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1986) p.553.
5. See Martin Kramer, The Moral Logic of Hizballah, Occasional Papers No.101 (Tel Aviv: Dayan Center for Middle Eastern and African Studies, Tel Aviv U., Aug. 1987) pp.6-7; idem., 'Sacrifice and Fratricide in Shiite Lebanon', Terrorism and Political Violence 3/3 (Autumn 1991) pp.36-7; idem., 'Hizballah: The Calculus of Jihad', in Martin E. Marty and R. Scott Appelby (eds.), Fundamentalism and the State (Chicago: U. of Chicago Press 1993) p.547. See also, Yosef Olmert, 'Lebanon', in Haim Shaked and Daniel Dishon (eds.), Middle East Contemporary Survey (hereafter MECS) 8 (1983-84) (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1986) p.553.
6. Martin Kramer, 'Redeeming Jerusalem: The Pan-Islamic Premise of Hizballah', in David Menashri (ed.), The Iranian Revolution and the Muslim World (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1990) pp. 105-30; Shimon Shapira, Shiite Radicalism in Lebanon: Historical Roots and Organizational, Political and Ideological Patterns (MA thesis, Tel Aviv University May 1987); idem., Iranian Policy in Lebanon 1959-1991 (Ph.D. thesis, Tel Aviv University 1994) pp.l07-54.
7. Martin Kramer, 'Redeeming Jerusalem: The Pan-Islamic Premise of Hizballah', in David Menashri (ed.), The Iranian Revolution and the Muslim World (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1990) pp. 105-30; Shimon Shapira, Shiite Radicalism in Lebanon: Historical Roots and Organizational, Political and Ideological Patterns (MA thesis, Tel Aviv University May 1987); idem., Iranian Policy in Lebanon 1959-1991 (Ph.D. thesis, Tel Aviv University 1994) pp.l07-54.
8. Martin Kramer, 'Redeeming Jerusalem: The Pan-Islamic Premise of Hizballah', in David Menashri (ed.), The Iranian Revolution and the Muslim World (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1990) pp. 105-30; Shimon Shapira, Shiite Radicalism in Lebanon: Historical Roots and Organizational, Political and Ideological Patterns (MA thesis, Tel Aviv University May 1987); idem., Iranian Policy in Lebanon 1959-1991 (Ph.D. thesis, Tel Aviv University 1994) pp.l07-54.
9. Augustus Richard Norton, 'Lebanon: The Internal Conflict and the Iranian Revolution', in John L. Esposito (ed.), The Iranian Revolution - Its Global Impact (Miami: Florida International U. 1990) p.126; Shapira (note 3) pp.107, 109, 120-3, 140-3.
10. The annual Iranian financial aid to the Hizballah is estimated at between tens of millions of dollars to $350 million. Since 1992 there has been a substantial reduction in the amount. Al-Majalla, 15-21 Aug. 1994; Ha'aretz, 27 April 1994; William B. Harris, 'Lebanon', in Ami Ayalon (ed.), MECS 16 (1992) (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1994) p.613; N. Hamzeh, 'Lebanon's Hizballah: From Islamic Revolution to Parliamentary Accommodation', Third World Quarterly 14/2 (1993) p.328; on the Hizballah's social activities, see pp.321-37; Norton (note 4) p.127; idem, 'Shi'ism and Social Protest in Lebanon', in Juan R.I. Cole and Nikki R. Keddie (eds.), Shi'ism and Social Protest (New Haven, CT: Yale UP 1998) pp. 156-78.
11. The annual Iranian financial aid to the Hizballah is estimated at between tens of millions of dollars to $350 million. Since 1992 there has been a substantial reduction in the amount. Al-Majalla, 15-21 Aug. 1994; Ha'aretz, 27 April 1994; William B. Harris, 'Lebanon', in Ami Ayalon (ed.), MECS 16 (1992) (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1994) p.613; N. Hamzeh, 'Lebanon's Hizballah: From Islamic Revolution to Parliamentary Accommodation', Third World Quarterly 14/2 (1993) p.328; on the Hizballah's social activities, see pp.321-37; Norton (note 4) p.127; idem, 'Shi'ism and Social Protest in Lebanon', in Juan R.I. Cole and Nikki R. Keddie (eds.), Shi'ism and Social Protest (New Haven, CT: Yale UP 1998) pp. 156-78.
12. The annual Iranian financial aid to the Hizballah is estimated at between tens of millions of dollars to $350 million. Since 1992 there has been a substantial reduction in the amount. Al-Majalla, 15-21 Aug. 1994; Ha'aretz, 27 April 1994; William B. Harris, 'Lebanon', in Ami Ayalon (ed.), MECS 16 (1992) (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1994) p.613; N. Hamzeh, 'Lebanon's Hizballah: From Islamic Revolution to Parliamentary Accommodation', Third World Quarterly 14/2 (1993) p.328; on the Hizballah's social activities, see pp.321-37; Norton (note 4) p.127; idem, 'Shi'ism and Social Protest in Lebanon', in Juan R.I. Cole and Nikki R. Keddie (eds.), Shi'ism and Social Protest (New Haven, CT: Yale UP 1998) pp. 156-78.
13. The annual Iranian financial aid to the Hizballah is estimated at between tens of millions of dollars to $350 million. Since 1992 there has been a substantial reduction in the amount. Al-Majalla, 15-21 Aug. 1994; Ha'aretz, 27 April 1994; William B. Harris, 'Lebanon', in Ami Ayalon (ed.), MECS 16 (1992) (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1994) p.613; N. Hamzeh, 'Lebanon's Hizballah: From Islamic Revolution to Parliamentary Accommodation', Third World Quarterly 14/2 (1993) p.328; on the Hizballah's social activities, see pp.321-37; Norton (note 4) p.127; idem, 'Shi'ism and Social Protest in Lebanon', in Juan R.I. Cole and Nikki R. Keddie (eds.), Shi'ism and Social Protest (New Haven, CT: Yale UP 1998) pp. 156-78.
14. The annual Iranian financial aid to the Hizballah is estimated at between tens of millions of dollars to $350 million. Since 1992 there has been a substantial reduction in the amount. Al-Majalla, 15-21 Aug. 1994; Ha'aretz, 27 April 1994; William B. Harris, 'Lebanon', in Ami Ayalon (ed.), MECS 16 (1992) (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1994) p.613; N. Hamzeh, 'Lebanon's Hizballah: From Islamic Revolution to Parliamentary Accommodation', Third World Quarterly 14/2 (1993) p.328; on the Hizballah's social activities, see pp.321-37; Norton (note 4) p.127; idem, 'Shi'ism and Social Protest in Lebanon', in Juan R.I. Cole and Nikki R. Keddie (eds.), Shi'ism and Social Protest (New Haven, CT: Yale UP 1998) pp. 156-78.
15. Zeev Schiff and Ehud Ya'ari, War in Lebanon (Hebrew) (Jerusalem: Schocken Publishing House 1984).
16. A. Soffer, 'Lebanon - Where Demography is the Fare of Politics and Life', Middle Eastern Studies 18 (1982) pp.197-205; Martin Kramer, 'Hizballah: The Calculus of Jihad' (note 2) p.540.
17. A. Soffer, 'Lebanon - Where Demography is the Fare of Politics and Life', Middle Eastern Studies 18 (1982) pp.197-205; Martin Kramer, 'Hizballah: The Calculus of Jihad' (note 2) p.540.
18. See Fouad Ajami, The Vanished Imam - Musa al-Sadr and the Shia of Lebanon (Ithaca, NY: Cornell UP 1986); Shapira (note 3) pp.16-23.
19. Shapira (note 3) p.19; Ajami (note 8) pp.125-40.
20. Augustus Richard Norton, Amal and the Shi'a: Struggle for the Soul of Lebanon (Austin: U. of Texas Press 1987).
21. Shapira (note 3) pp.24-43; Kramer, 'The Moral Logic of Hizballah' (note 2) pp.2-9.
22. Al-Kifah al-'Arabi, 9 Jan. 1994.
23. Hizballah, Nus al-Risala al-Maftuha alati Wajjahaha Hizballah ila al-Mustad'afin fi Lubnan wal-'Alam (Beirut: Feb. 1985) pp.5-6.
24. Ibid., p.15.
25. See Kramer (note 3).
26. Hizballah (note 13) p.19.
27. See Anat Kurz, Naskit Burgin and David Tal (eds.), Islamic Terrorism and Israel (Tel Aviv: Papirus 1993) pp.43-5.
28. See Kamal Salibi, The Modem History of Lebanon (London: Caravan Books 1965); idem., A House of Many Mansions (London: I.B. Tauris 1988).
29. See Kamal Salibi, The Modem History of Lebanon (London: Caravan Books 1965); idem., A House of Many Mansions (London: I.B. Tauris 1988).
30. Norton (note 4) p.123.
31. Interview with Mansour Raad, Middle East Research and Information Report 162/20/1 (Jan.-Feb. 1991) pp.11-14; Norton (note 4) p.133; Harris (note 5) p.505-9.
32. See Norton (note 4) pp. 130-2; Kramer, 'Hizballah: The Calculus of Jihad' (note 2) pp.547-52; Harris (note 5) pp.526-8.
33. The Ta'if agreement involves a change in the distribution of positions of political power among the Lebanese sects. The agreement stipulates an equality between Muslim and Christian delegates in parliament (as compared with a ratio of 5 Muslims to 6 Christians in the past). It leaves the presidency to the Maronites, but extends the authority of the Sunni prime minister and the Shi'i speaker of parliament, making their power equal to that of the president.
34. Harris (note 5) pp.519-25; A.R. Norton, 'Lebanon After Ta'if: Is the Civil War Over', Middle East Journal 45/3 (Summer 1991); S. Nasr, 'Lebanon's War: Is the End in Sight', MERIP 162/20/1 (Jan.-Feb. 1990) pp.4-9.
35. Harris (note 5) pp.519-25; A.R. Norton, 'Lebanon After Ta'if: Is the Civil War Over', Middle East Journal 45/3 (Summer 1991); S. Nasr, 'Lebanon's War: Is the End in Sight', MERIP 162/20/1 (Jan.-Feb. 1990) pp.4-9.
36. Soffer (note 7) pp.197-205; Kramer, 'Hizballah: The Calculus of Jihad' (note 2) pp.540.
37. William B. Harris, 'Lebanon', in Ami Ayalon (ed.), MECS 13 (1989) (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1991) p.524.
38. Al-Safir, 14 Sept. 1994; al-'Ahd, 9 Sept. 1994.
39. Al-Safir, 14 Sept. 1994; al-'Ahd, 9 Sept. 1994.
40. AFP (PARIS), 22 March - Foreign Broadcast Information Service, Near East and South Asia (FBIS:NES), Daily Report (DR), 22 Oct. 1994.
41. Ha'aretz, 27 April 1994; Al-Majalla, 15-21 Aug. 1994; Hamzeh (note 5) p.328.
42. Ha'aretz, 27 April 1994; Al-Majalla, 15-21 Aug. 1994; Hamzeh (note 5) p.328.
43. Harris (note 5) pp.598-608.
44. Al-'Ahd, 4, 11, 18 Nov. 1994; Hamzeh (note 5) p.328.
45. Al-'Ahd, 8 April 1994.
46. Ibid.
47. Al-Safir, 7 June 1995.
48. Al-Hayat (London), 9 Sept., 2 Oct. 1995.
49. Ibid., 2, 22 Oct. 1995.
50. Ibid., 22 April 1994; Ha'aretz, 27 April 1994.
51. Ibid., 22 April 1994; Ha'aretz, 27 April 1994.
52. Al-Hayat (London), 23 Feb. 1994; Ha'aretz, 16 April 1994.
53. Al-Hayat (London), 23 Feb. 1994; Ha'aretz, 16 April 1994.
54. Al-'Ahd, 10 April 1994; Interview with Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah, Middle East Insight 10/6 (Sept.-Oct. 1994) pp.18-22; Hamzeh (note 5) p.324.
55. Al-'Ahd, 10 April 1994; Interview with Muhammad Husayn Fadlallah, Middle East Insight 10/6 (Sept.-Oct. 1994) pp.18-22; Hamzeh (note 5) p.324.
56. Al-'Ahd, 26 Aug. 1994.
57. See, al-'Ahd, 10, 24 Sept. 1993, 28 Oct. 1994.
58. Al-Hayat, 14 April 1994; Ha'aretz, 16 April 1995.
59. Al-Hayat, 14 April 1994; Ha'aretz, 16 April 1995.
60. Al-'Ahd, 8, 15 March; Ma'ariv, 28 April, 3 May 1995.
61. Al-'Ahd, 8, 15 March; Ma'ariv, 28 April, 3 May 1995.
62. Kramer, 'Hizballah: The Calculus of Jihad' (note 2) p.539.
63. Al-'Ahd, 15 July, 26 Aug., 4, 11, 18 Nov. 1994.
64. Al-'Ahd, 15 July 1994.
65. Al-'Ahd, 9 Sept., 28 Oct. 1994, 3 Feb. 1995; Ba'lback, 'Voice of the Oppressed', 15 Feb. - DR. 15 Feb. 1995.
66. Al-'Ahd, 9 Sept., 28 Oct. 1994, 3 Feb. 1995; Ba'lback, 'Voice of the Oppressed', 15 Feb. - DR. 15 Feb. 1995.
67. See Efraim Inbar and Elie Rekhess, 'Israel', MECS (note 5) pp.517-8.
68. William B. Harris, 'Lebanon', in Ami Ayalon (ed.), MECS 17 (1993) (Boulder, CO: Westview Press 1995) pp.527-8.
69. Ha'aretz, 2, 3 May, 16 Dec. 1995.
70. Ibid., 26, 28, 29 April 1995.
71. Al-Hayat, 29 April, 3 May 1996; Reuters, 3 May 1996.
72. See an interview given by the Syrian Foreign Minister, Faruq al-Shar' to Israeli Television, Channel 1, 7 Oct. 1994 - DR. 10 Oct. 1994. See also Ha'aretz, 5 Jan. 1996.
73. Ha'aretz, 16, 18 June, 29 Dec. 1995. See also, Eyal Zisser, 'Syria', MECS (note 5) p.739.
74. Ha'aretz, 16, 18 June, 29 Dec. 1995. See also, Eyal Zisser, 'Syria', MECS (note 5) p.739.
75. Al-'Hayat, 9 Sept. 1994.