Material doubts: The consequences of plastic

Environmental History

Volumn 2, Issue 3, 1997, Pages

  Meikle, Jeffrey L ^a  

^a NONE

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EID: 5744245783     PISSN: 10845453     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
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References (137)

1. "New Products: Prometheus Unbound" Time, 19 September 1960, 94. See also David M. Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954).
2. "New Products: Prometheus Unbound" Time, 19 September 1960, 94. See also David M. Potter, People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1954).
3. 4.
4. Roland Barthes, "Plastic," in Mythologies, trans. Annette Lavers (New York: Hill and Wang, 1972), 97-99. This article was originally written between 1954 and 1956 and reprinted as "Le Plastique" in Mythologies (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1957), 192-94.
5. Roland Barthes, "Plastic," in Mythologies, trans. Annette Lavers (New York: Hill and Wang, 1972), 97-99. This article was originally written between 1954 and 1956 and reprinted as "Le Plastique" in Mythologies (Paris: Editions du Seuil, 1957), 192-94.
6. "How Your World Will Change," New York Times, 26 May 1968, sec. 12, p. 3.
7. Stuart Siegel, "A Note from the Publisher," Modern Plastics 56 (January 1979): 3.
8. Ruth Carson. "Plastic Age," Collier's, 19 July 1947, 49-50. On plastic utopianism and the Du Pont exhibitions, sec Jeffrey L. Meikle, American Plastic: A Cultural History (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1995). 68-74, 134-36, 140-47.
9. Ruth Carson. "Plastic Age," Collier's, 19 July 1947, 49-50. On plastic utopianism and the Du Pont exhibitions, sec Jeffrey L. Meikle, American Plastic: A Cultural History (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1995). 68-74, 134-36, 140-47.
10. Norman Mailer, interviewed by Arlene Francis on New York radio station WOR, quoted in Sidney Gross, "Nuts" (editorial). Modern Plastics 48 (March 1971): 51; Paul H. Weaver, "On the Horns of the Vinyl Chloride Dilemma," Fortune, October 1974, 150.
11. Norman Mailer, interviewed by Arlene Francis on New York radio station WOR, quoted in Sidney Gross, "Nuts" (editorial). Modern Plastics 48 (March 1971): 51; Paul H. Weaver, "On the Horns of the Vinyl Chloride Dilemma," Fortune, October 1974, 150.
12. Norman Mailer, "The Big Bite," Esquire, April and May 1963; reprinted in Norman Mailer, The Presidential Papers (New York: Berkley Medallion, 1970), 159, 178-79.
13. Norman Mailer, "The Big Bite," Esquire, April and May 1963; reprinted in Norman Mailer, The Presidential Papers (New York: Berkley Medallion, 1970), 159, 178-79.
14. Norman Mailer, Of a fire on the Moon (Boston: Little, Brown, 1970), 130, 186.
15. Ibid., 141-42, 316.
16. Paul Sargent Clark, "The Coming (Any Minute) Revolution for Plastics," Industrial Design, October 1967, 65; Walter McQuade, "Encasement Lies in Wait for All of Us," Architectural Forum, November 1967, 90; "S.F. Baby Killed By Plastic Bag," San Francisco News, 20 May 1959, Clipping Scrapbook, Society of the Plastics Industry Files, Washington, D.C. (hereafter cited as SPI Files).
17. Paul Sargent Clark, "The Coming (Any Minute) Revolution for Plastics," Industrial Design, October 1967, 65; Walter McQuade, "Encasement Lies in Wait for All of Us," Architectural Forum, November 1967, 90; "S.F. Baby Killed By Plastic Bag," San Francisco News, 20 May 1959, Clipping Scrapbook, Society of the Plastics Industry Files, Washington, D.C. (hereafter cited as SPI Files).
18. Paul Sargent Clark, "The Coming (Any Minute) Revolution for Plastics," Industrial Design, October 1967, 65; Walter McQuade, "Encasement Lies in Wait for All of Us," Architectural Forum, November 1967, 90; "S.F. Baby Killed By Plastic Bag," San Francisco News, 20 May 1959, Clipping Scrapbook, Society of the Plastics Industry Files, Washington, D.C. (hereafter cited as SPI Files).
19. "This Bag Spells Business," Du Pont Magazine, February-March 1956, 24.
20. Ibid., 25. Sales figures are from an Associated Press story, "Ad Campaign to Warn of Plastic Bag Danger," appearing, among other places, in the Wilkes-Barre Times-Leader-News, 18 June 1959, Clipping Scrapbook, SPI Files.
21. Ibid., 25. Sales figures are from an Associated Press story, "Ad Campaign to Warn of Plastic Bag Danger," appearing, among other places, in the Wilkes-Barre Times-Leader-News, 18 June 1959, Clipping Scrapbook, SPI Files.
22. Paul B. Jarrett, quoted by the American Medical Association, quoted in a brief history of the "Polyethylene Bag Problem," SPI Board Minutes, 23-24 July 1959, p. 28, reel 3, microfilm, Society of the Plastics Industry Archive, Hagley Museum and Library, Wilmington, Delaware (hereafter cited as SPI Archive).
23. Mildred Murphy, "Plastic Industry to Warn on Bags," New York Times, 18 June 1959, 33; "79 Infant[s] Have Died in Plastic Bags," New Kensington (Penn.) Dispatch, 24 July 1959, Clipping Scrapbook, SPI Files.
24. Mildred Murphy, "Plastic Industry to Warn on Bags," New York Times, 18 June 1959, 33; "79 Infant[s] Have Died in Plastic Bags," New Kensington (Penn.) Dispatch, 24 July 1959, Clipping Scrapbook, SPI Files.
25. Du Pont spokesman, paraphrased by Morris Kaplan, "Industry Warns on Plastic Bags," New York Times, 4 June 1959, 33; Hiram McCann, "Hazards in Film Misuse Must Be Taught Parents," Modern Plastics 36 (June 1959): 262; "This Bag Spells Business," 25; and "Dry Cleaning: Big New Market for Film," Modern Plastics 35 (April 1958): 106-7.
26. Du Pont spokesman, paraphrased by Morris Kaplan, "Industry Warns on Plastic Bags," New York Times, 4 June 1959, 33; Hiram McCann, "Hazards in Film Misuse Must Be Taught Parents," Modern Plastics 36 (June 1959): 262; "This Bag Spells Business," 25; and "Dry Cleaning: Big New Market for Film," Modern Plastics 35 (April 1958): 106-7.
27. Du Pont spokesman, paraphrased by Morris Kaplan, "Industry Warns on Plastic Bags," New York Times, 4 June 1959, 33; Hiram McCann, "Hazards in Film Misuse Must Be Taught Parents," Modern Plastics 36 (June 1959): 262; "This Bag Spells Business," 25; and "Dry Cleaning: Big New Market for Film," Modern Plastics 35 (April 1958): 106-7.
28. Du Pont spokesman, paraphrased by Morris Kaplan, "Industry Warns on Plastic Bags," New York Times, 4 June 1959, 33; Hiram McCann, "Hazards in Film Misuse Must Be Taught Parents," Modern Plastics 36 (June 1959): 262; "This Bag Spells Business," 25; and "Dry Cleaning: Big New Market for Film," Modern Plastics 35 (April 1958): 106-7.
29. "Warning: 28 Died Like This," Toronto Telegram, 25 May 1959, 41. Dry Cleaning Bag Scrapbook, no. 3. SPI Archive; "S.F. Baby Killed By Plastic Bag"; "Plastic Sheeting Claims 2 Lives," New York Journal, 12 June 1959. Clipping Scrapbook, SPI Files; William T. Cruse, quoted in William M. Freeman, "Producers Shape Plastic-Bag Code," New York Times; 29 July 1959, 60; "Of Plastic Bags. . . And Our Future," Redwood City Tribune, 6 Jury 1959. Dry Cleaning Bag Scrapbook, no. 3, SPI Archive; "How Many Must Die?," San Francisco News, 20 May 1959. Clipping Scrapbook, SPI Files Only a few months earlier, in March 1959, the public reacted with anxiety, but considerably less hysteria, to a Consumer Reports article on strontium-90 in milk. See Norman Isaac Silber, Test and Protest The Influence of Consumers Union (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1983), 108-12, and Allan M. Winkler, Life Under a Cloud: American Anxiety About the Atom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 102-3.
30. "Warning: 28 Died Like This," Toronto Telegram, 25 May 1959, 41. Dry Cleaning Bag Scrapbook, no. 3. SPI Archive; "S.F. Baby Killed By Plastic Bag"; "Plastic Sheeting Claims 2 Lives," New York Journal, 12 June 1959. Clipping Scrapbook, SPI Files; William T. Cruse, quoted in William M. Freeman, "Producers Shape Plastic-Bag Code," New York Times; 29 July 1959, 60; "Of Plastic Bags. . . And Our Future," Redwood City Tribune, 6 Jury 1959. Dry Cleaning Bag Scrapbook, no. 3, SPI Archive; "How Many Must Die?," San Francisco News, 20 May 1959. Clipping Scrapbook, SPI Files Only a few months earlier, in March 1959, the public reacted with anxiety, but considerably less hysteria, to a Consumer Reports article on strontium-90 in milk. See Norman Isaac Silber, Test and Protest The Influence of Consumers Union (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1983), 108-12, and Allan M. Winkler, Life Under a Cloud: American Anxiety About the Atom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 102-3.
31. "Warning: 28 Died Like This," Toronto Telegram, 25 May 1959, 41. Dry Cleaning Bag Scrapbook, no. 3. SPI Archive; "S.F. Baby Killed By Plastic Bag"; "Plastic Sheeting Claims 2 Lives," New York Journal, 12 June 1959. Clipping Scrapbook, SPI Files; William T. Cruse, quoted in William M. Freeman, "Producers Shape Plastic-Bag Code," New York Times; 29 July 1959, 60; "Of Plastic Bags. . . And Our Future," Redwood City Tribune, 6 Jury 1959. Dry Cleaning Bag Scrapbook, no. 3, SPI Archive; "How Many Must Die?," San Francisco News, 20 May 1959. Clipping Scrapbook, SPI Files Only a few months earlier, in March 1959, the public reacted with anxiety, but considerably less hysteria, to a Consumer Reports article on strontium-90 in milk. See Norman Isaac Silber, Test and Protest The Influence of Consumers Union (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1983), 108-12, and Allan M. Winkler, Life Under a Cloud: American Anxiety About the Atom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 102-3.
32. "Warning: 28 Died Like This," Toronto Telegram, 25 May 1959, 41. Dry Cleaning Bag Scrapbook, no. 3. SPI Archive; "S.F. Baby Killed By Plastic Bag"; "Plastic Sheeting Claims 2 Lives," New York Journal, 12 June 1959. Clipping Scrapbook, SPI Files; William T. Cruse, quoted in William M. Freeman, "Producers Shape Plastic-Bag Code," New York Times; 29 July 1959, 60; "Of Plastic Bags. . . And Our Future," Redwood City Tribune, 6 Jury 1959. Dry Cleaning Bag Scrapbook, no. 3, SPI Archive; "How Many Must Die?," San Francisco News, 20 May 1959. Clipping Scrapbook, SPI Files Only a few months earlier, in March 1959, the public reacted with anxiety, but considerably less hysteria, to a Consumer Reports article on strontium-90 in milk. See Norman Isaac Silber, Test and Protest The Influence of Consumers Union (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1983), 108-12, and Allan M. Winkler, Life Under a Cloud: American Anxiety About the Atom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 102-3.
33. "Warning: 28 Died Like This," Toronto Telegram, 25 May 1959, 41. Dry Cleaning Bag Scrapbook, no. 3. SPI Archive; "S.F. Baby Killed By Plastic Bag"; "Plastic Sheeting Claims 2 Lives," New York Journal, 12 June 1959. Clipping Scrapbook, SPI Files; William T. Cruse, quoted in William M. Freeman, "Producers Shape Plastic-Bag Code," New York Times; 29 July 1959, 60; "Of Plastic Bags. . . And Our Future," Redwood City Tribune, 6 Jury 1959. Dry Cleaning Bag Scrapbook, no. 3, SPI Archive; "How Many Must Die?," San Francisco News, 20 May 1959. Clipping Scrapbook, SPI Files Only a few months earlier, in March 1959, the public reacted with anxiety, but considerably less hysteria, to a Consumer Reports article on strontium-90 in milk. See Norman Isaac Silber, Test and Protest The Influence of Consumers Union (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1983), 108-12, and Allan M. Winkler, Life Under a Cloud: American Anxiety About the Atom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 102-3.
34. "Warning: 28 Died Like This," Toronto Telegram, 25 May 1959, 41. Dry Cleaning Bag Scrapbook, no. 3. SPI Archive; "S.F. Baby Killed By Plastic Bag"; "Plastic Sheeting Claims 2 Lives," New York Journal, 12 June 1959. Clipping Scrapbook, SPI Files; William T. Cruse, quoted in William M. Freeman, "Producers Shape Plastic-Bag Code," New York Times; 29 July 1959, 60; "Of Plastic Bags. . . And Our Future," Redwood City Tribune, 6 Jury 1959. Dry Cleaning Bag Scrapbook, no. 3, SPI Archive; "How Many Must Die?," San Francisco News, 20 May 1959. Clipping Scrapbook, SPI Files Only a few months earlier, in March 1959, the public reacted with anxiety, but considerably less hysteria, to a Consumer Reports article on strontium-90 in milk. See Norman Isaac Silber, Test and Protest The Influence of Consumers Union (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1983), 108-12, and Allan M. Winkler, Life Under a Cloud: American Anxiety About the Atom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 102-3.
35. "Warning: 28 Died Like This," Toronto Telegram, 25 May 1959, 41. Dry Cleaning Bag Scrapbook, no. 3. SPI Archive; "S.F. Baby Killed By Plastic Bag"; "Plastic Sheeting Claims 2 Lives," New York Journal, 12 June 1959. Clipping Scrapbook, SPI Files; William T. Cruse, quoted in William M. Freeman, "Producers Shape Plastic-Bag Code," New York Times; 29 July 1959, 60; "Of Plastic Bags. . . And Our Future," Redwood City Tribune, 6 Jury 1959. Dry Cleaning Bag Scrapbook, no. 3, SPI Archive; "How Many Must Die?," San Francisco News, 20 May 1959. Clipping Scrapbook, SPI Files Only a few months earlier, in March 1959, the public reacted with anxiety, but considerably less hysteria, to a Consumer Reports article on strontium-90 in milk. See Norman Isaac Silber, Test and Protest The Influence of Consumers Union (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1983), 108-12, and Allan M. Winkler, Life Under a Cloud: American Anxiety About the Atom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 102-3.
36. "Warning: 28 Died Like This," Toronto Telegram, 25 May 1959, 41. Dry Cleaning Bag Scrapbook, no. 3. SPI Archive; "S.F. Baby Killed By Plastic Bag"; "Plastic Sheeting Claims 2 Lives," New York Journal, 12 June 1959. Clipping Scrapbook, SPI Files; William T. Cruse, quoted in William M. Freeman, "Producers Shape Plastic-Bag Code," New York Times; 29 July 1959, 60; "Of Plastic Bags. . . And Our Future," Redwood City Tribune, 6 Jury 1959. Dry Cleaning Bag Scrapbook, no. 3, SPI Archive; "How Many Must Die?," San Francisco News, 20 May 1959. Clipping Scrapbook, SPI Files Only a few months earlier, in March 1959, the public reacted with anxiety, but considerably less hysteria, to a Consumer Reports article on strontium-90 in milk. See Norman Isaac Silber, Test and Protest The Influence of Consumers Union (New York: Holmes and Meier, 1983), 108-12, and Allan M. Winkler, Life Under a Cloud: American Anxiety About the Atom (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 102-3.
37. "Thin Bag of Death," Life, 8 June 1059, 117. For other photographs, see "Wave of Publicity Warns Parents of Plastic Bag Danger," Santa Ana (Calif.) Register, 7 June 1959, Dry Cleaning Bag Scrapbook, no. 3, SPI Archive, and "Warning: 28 Died Like This."
38. "Thin Bag of Death," Life, 8 June 1059, 117. For other photographs, see "Wave of Publicity Warns Parents of Plastic Bag Danger," Santa Ana (Calif.) Register, 7 June 1959, Dry Cleaning Bag Scrapbook, no. 3, SPI Archive, and "Warning: 28 Died Like This."
39. Jerome H. Heckman, general counsel for the SPI, quoted in Robert Leaversuch, The SPI at 50: Looking Into an Exciting, Uncertain Future," Modern Plastics 64 (September 1987): 90-51.
40. John Cheever, "The Brigadier and the Golf Widow," in The Stones of John Cheever (1978; reprint, New York: Ballantine, 1980), 599;
41. John Updike, Rabbit, Run (1960; reprint. New York: Fawcett Crest, 1969), 10, 16, 85, 87, 188.
42. Detroit Artists Workshop, "White Panther Manifesto" (1968); Yippie broadside, New York City (ca. 1967); and "Acid-Armed Consciousness." broadside, New York City (ca. 1968), all reprinted in Bamn: Outlaw Manifestos and Ephemera 1965-70, ed. Peter Stansill and David Zane Mairowitz (Baltimore: Penguin, 1971), 176-77, 107, 161.
43. Detroit Artists Workshop, "White Panther Manifesto" (1968); Yippie broadside, New York City (ca. 1967); and "Acid-Armed Consciousness." broadside, New York City (ca. 1968), all reprinted in Bamn: Outlaw Manifestos and Ephemera 1965-70, ed. Peter Stansill and David Zane Mairowitz (Baltimore: Penguin, 1971), 176-77, 107, 161.
44. Detroit Artists Workshop, "White Panther Manifesto" (1968); Yippie broadside, New York City (ca. 1967); and "Acid-Armed Consciousness." broadside, New York City (ca. 1968), all reprinted in Bamn: Outlaw Manifestos and Ephemera 1965-70, ed. Peter Stansill and David Zane Mairowitz (Baltimore: Penguin, 1971), 176-77, 107, 161.
45. Leonard Wolf, with Deborah Wolf, Voices from the Love Generation (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968), 216; Lewis Yablonsky, The Hippie Trip (1968; reprint, Baltimore: Penguin, 1973), 97, 272. The word straight in 1968 commonly referred to a member of mainstream society, a nonhippie.
46. Leonard Wolf, with Deborah Wolf, Voices from the Love Generation (Boston: Little, Brown, 1968), 216; Lewis Yablonsky, The Hippie Trip (1968; reprint, Baltimore: Penguin, 1973), 97, 272. The word straight in 1968 commonly referred to a member of mainstream society, a nonhippie.
47. Charles A. Reich, The Greening of America (1970; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1971), 6-7, 171-72, 193, 203, 408-9, 252, 430.
48. Theodore Roszak, Where the Wasteland Ends: Politics and Transcendence in Postindustrial Soc/eh'(Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1972), 14, 18-19, 63-64. Roszak admitted being influenced in this passage by Jean-Luc Godard's film Alphaiille (1965); his vision of a crumbling plastic utopia also seems eerily prophetic of Terry Gilliam's film Brazil (1985) and of the disintegration of the Soviet Union (1991).
49. Tom Wolfe, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (1968; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1969), 261, "What If He Is Right," in The Pump House Gang (1968; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1969), 107, "Introduction" and "The Put-Together Girl," in The Pump House Gang, 1, 74, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, 182 , and The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby (1965; reprint, New York: Pocket Books, 1970), 87.
50. Tom Wolfe, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (1968; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1969), 261, "What If He Is Right," in The Pump House Gang (1968; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1969), 107, "Introduction" and "The Put-Together Girl," in The Pump House Gang, 1, 74, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, 182 , and The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby (1965; reprint, New York: Pocket Books, 1970), 87.
51. Tom Wolfe, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (1968; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1969), 261, "What If He Is Right," in The Pump House Gang (1968; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1969), 107, "Introduction" and "The Put-Together Girl," in The Pump House Gang, 1, 74, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, 182 , and The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby (1965; reprint, New York: Pocket Books, 1970), 87.
52. Tom Wolfe, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (1968; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1969), 261, "What If He Is Right," in The Pump House Gang (1968; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1969), 107, "Introduction" and "The Put-Together Girl," in The Pump House Gang, 1, 74, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, 182 , and The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby (1965; reprint, New York: Pocket Books, 1970), 87.
53. Tom Wolfe, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (1968; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1969), 261, "What If He Is Right," in The Pump House Gang (1968; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1969), 107, "Introduction" and "The Put-Together Girl," in The Pump House Gang, 1, 74, The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, 182 , and The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby (1965; reprint, New York: Pocket Books, 1970), 87.
54. Ross Macdonald, The Zebra-Striped Hearse (1962; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1984), 38; Robert B. Parker, God Save the Child (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974), 8; James Crumley, The Wrong Case (1975; reprint, New York: Vintage Contemporaries, 1986), 137, 15; Dick Francis, Rat Race (1971; reprint, New York: Pocket Books, 1978), 29; Simon Brett, An Amateur Corpse (1978; reprint, New York: Berkley, 1980), 152; Robert Ludlum, The Bourne Supremacy (1986; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1987), 307.
55. Ross Macdonald, The Zebra-Striped Hearse (1962; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1984), 38; Robert B. Parker, God Save the Child (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974), 8; James Crumley, The Wrong Case (1975; reprint, New York: Vintage Contemporaries, 1986), 137, 15; Dick Francis, Rat Race (1971; reprint, New York: Pocket Books, 1978), 29; Simon Brett, An Amateur Corpse (1978; reprint, New York: Berkley, 1980), 152; Robert Ludlum, The Bourne Supremacy (1986; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1987), 307.
56. Ross Macdonald, The Zebra-Striped Hearse (1962; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1984), 38; Robert B. Parker, God Save the Child (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974), 8; James Crumley, The Wrong Case (1975; reprint, New York: Vintage Contemporaries, 1986), 137, 15; Dick Francis, Rat Race (1971; reprint, New York: Pocket Books, 1978), 29; Simon Brett, An Amateur Corpse (1978; reprint, New York: Berkley, 1980), 152; Robert Ludlum, The Bourne Supremacy (1986; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1987), 307.
57. Ross Macdonald, The Zebra-Striped Hearse (1962; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1984), 38; Robert B. Parker, God Save the Child (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974), 8; James Crumley, The Wrong Case (1975; reprint, New York: Vintage Contemporaries, 1986), 137, 15; Dick Francis, Rat Race (1971; reprint, New York: Pocket Books, 1978), 29; Simon Brett, An Amateur Corpse (1978; reprint, New York: Berkley, 1980), 152; Robert Ludlum, The Bourne Supremacy (1986; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1987), 307.
58. Ross Macdonald, The Zebra-Striped Hearse (1962; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1984), 38; Robert B. Parker, God Save the Child (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974), 8; James Crumley, The Wrong Case (1975; reprint, New York: Vintage Contemporaries, 1986), 137, 15; Dick Francis, Rat Race (1971; reprint, New York: Pocket Books, 1978), 29; Simon Brett, An Amateur Corpse (1978; reprint, New York: Berkley, 1980), 152; Robert Ludlum, The Bourne Supremacy (1986; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1987), 307.
59. Ross Macdonald, The Zebra-Striped Hearse (1962; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1984), 38; Robert B. Parker, God Save the Child (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1974), 8; James Crumley, The Wrong Case (1975; reprint, New York: Vintage Contemporaries, 1986), 137, 15; Dick Francis, Rat Race (1971; reprint, New York: Pocket Books, 1978), 29; Simon Brett, An Amateur Corpse (1978; reprint, New York: Berkley, 1980), 152; Robert Ludlum, The Bourne Supremacy (1986; reprint, New York: Bantam, 1987), 307.
60. Robert Stone, A Hal! of Minors (1967; reprint, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981), 352-53; Ishmael Reed, Mumbo Jumbo (1972; reprint, New York: Avon, 1978), 70-71; Stanley Elkin, The Franchiser (1976; reprint, Boston: Nonpareil Books, 1980), 227; Gilbert Sorrentino, Mulligan Stew (New York: Grove Press, 1979), 22.
61. Robert Stone, A Hal! of Minors (1967; reprint, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981), 352-53; Ishmael Reed, Mumbo Jumbo (1972; reprint, New York: Avon, 1978), 70-71; Stanley Elkin, The Franchiser (1976; reprint, Boston: Nonpareil Books, 1980), 227; Gilbert Sorrentino, Mulligan Stew (New York: Grove Press, 1979), 22.
62. Robert Stone, A Hal! of Minors (1967; reprint, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981), 352-53; Ishmael Reed, Mumbo Jumbo (1972; reprint, New York: Avon, 1978), 70-71; Stanley Elkin, The Franchiser (1976; reprint, Boston: Nonpareil Books, 1980), 227; Gilbert Sorrentino, Mulligan Stew (New York: Grove Press, 1979), 22.
63. Robert Stone, A Hal! of Minors (1967; reprint, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1981), 352-53; Ishmael Reed, Mumbo Jumbo (1972; reprint, New York: Avon, 1978), 70-71; Stanley Elkin, The Franchiser (1976; reprint, Boston: Nonpareil Books, 1980), 227; Gilbert Sorrentino, Mulligan Stew (New York: Grove Press, 1979), 22.
64. Swissair Advertisement, quoted in "Answering the Critics," Modern Plastics 57 (May 1980): 34; KitchenAid Advertisement, Good Housekeeping, ca. December 1986; "Elementary Students Fed Up with New Plastic Silverware," Associated Press story in The Daily Texan, 20 January 1988, 3; Raymond Loewy, Industrial Design (New York: Overlook Press, 1079), 36; Sidney Gross, interview by author, 9 December 1986.
65. Swissair Advertisement, quoted in "Answering the Critics," Modern Plastics 57 (May 1980): 34; KitchenAid Advertisement, Good Housekeeping, ca. December 1986; "Elementary Students Fed Up with New Plastic Silverware," Associated Press story in The Daily Texan, 20 January 1988, 3; Raymond Loewy, Industrial Design (New York: Overlook Press, 1079), 36; Sidney Gross, interview by author, 9 December 1986.
66. Swissair Advertisement, quoted in "Answering the Critics," Modern Plastics 57 (May 1980): 34; KitchenAid Advertisement, Good Housekeeping, ca. December 1986; "Elementary Students Fed Up with New Plastic Silverware," Associated Press story in The Daily Texan, 20 January 1988, 3; Raymond Loewy, Industrial Design (New York: Overlook Press, 1079), 36; Sidney Gross, interview by author, 9 December 1986.
67. Swissair Advertisement, quoted in "Answering the Critics," Modern Plastics 57 (May 1980): 34; KitchenAid Advertisement, Good Housekeeping, ca. December 1986; "Elementary Students Fed Up with New Plastic Silverware," Associated Press story in The Daily Texan, 20 January 1988, 3; Raymond Loewy, Industrial Design (New York: Overlook Press, 1079), 36; Sidney Gross, interview by author, 9 December 1986.
68. Swissair Advertisement, quoted in "Answering the Critics," Modern Plastics 57 (May 1980): 34; KitchenAid Advertisement, Good Housekeeping, ca. December 1986; "Elementary Students Fed Up with New Plastic Silverware," Associated Press story in The Daily Texan, 20 January 1988, 3; Raymond Loewy, Industrial Design (New York: Overlook Press, 1079), 36; Sidney Gross, interview by author, 9 December 1986.
69. Barry Commoner, The Closing Circle: Nature, Man, and Technology (New York: Alfred A. Knopf. 1971), 12, 15, 127, 162-64, 185, 12.
70. Joel Frados, "There's Something in the Air," Modern Plastics 44 (October 1966): 89.
71. Sidney Gross, "Garbage (2)," Modern Plastics 47 (January 1970): 63, "Garbage," Modern Plastics 46 (April 1969): 81, and "Garbage (4)," Modern Plastics 48 (August 1971): 37.
72. Sidney Gross, "Garbage (2)," Modern Plastics 47 (January 1970): 63, "Garbage," Modern Plastics 46 (April 1969): 81, and "Garbage (4)," Modern Plastics 48 (August 1971): 37.
73. Sidney Gross, "Garbage (2)," Modern Plastics 47 (January 1970): 63, "Garbage," Modern Plastics 46 (April 1969): 81, and "Garbage (4)," Modern Plastics 48 (August 1971): 37.
74. "Nonretumables Face Legislative Ban in Madison, Wisconsin," Plastics and the Environment, no. 1 (3 April 1970): 2-4, SPI Archives See also Julian Kestler, "Localities May Tax Plastics Packaging," Modern Plastics 48 (May 1971): 14, 16.
75. "Nonretumables Face Legislative Ban in Madison, Wisconsin," Plastics and the Environment, no. 1 (3 April 1970): 2-4, SPI Archives See also Julian Kestler, "Localities May Tax Plastics Packaging," Modern Plastics 48 (May 1971): 14, 16.
76. Ralph L. Harding Jr., SPI Executive Vice President, to Executive Committee of SPI Environment Policy Committee, 10 June 1971, photocopy. Executive VP-Chronological or Reading File. 1971-77, SPI Archive (hereafter cited as VP Reading File); "Plastics Return the Ecologiste' Fire," Business Week 10 July 1971, 25; Julian Kestler, "New York's Plastic Container Tax Poses Crave Threat to Plastics Packaging," Modern Plastics 48 (August 1971): 10, and "What Are the Implications of the Overturning of New York City's Tax Law?," Modern Plastics 48 (December 1971): 18.
77. Ralph L. Harding Jr., SPI Executive Vice President, to Executive Committee of SPI Environment Policy Committee, 10 June 1971, photocopy. Executive VP-Chronological or Reading File. 1971-77, SPI Archive (hereafter cited as VP Reading File); "Plastics Return the Ecologiste' Fire," Business Week 10 July 1971, 25; Julian Kestler, "New York's Plastic Container Tax Poses Crave Threat to Plastics Packaging," Modern Plastics 48 (August 1971): 10, and "What Are the Implications of the Overturning of New York City's Tax Law?," Modern Plastics 48 (December 1971): 18.
78. Ralph L. Harding Jr., SPI Executive Vice President, to Executive Committee of SPI Environment Policy Committee, 10 June 1971, photocopy. Executive VP-Chronological or Reading File. 1971-77, SPI Archive (hereafter cited as VP Reading File); "Plastics Return the Ecologiste' Fire," Business Week 10 July 1971, 25; Julian Kestler, "New York's Plastic Container Tax Poses Crave Threat to Plastics Packaging," Modern Plastics 48 (August 1971): 10, and "What Are the Implications of the Overturning of New York City's Tax Law?," Modern Plastics 48 (December 1971): 18.
79. Ralph L. Harding Jr., SPI Executive Vice President, to Executive Committee of SPI Environment Policy Committee, 10 June 1971, photocopy. Executive VP-Chronological or Reading File. 1971-77, SPI Archive (hereafter cited as VP Reading File); "Plastics Return the Ecologiste' Fire," Business Week 10 July 1971, 25; Julian Kestler, "New York's Plastic Container Tax Poses Crave Threat to Plastics Packaging," Modern Plastics 48 (August 1971): 10, and "What Are the Implications of the Overturning of New York City's Tax Law?," Modern Plastics 48 (December 1971): 18.
80. For typical discussions, see A. Stuart Wood, "Plastics' Challenge in Packaging: Disposability," Modern Plastics 47 (March 1970): 50-54; "A Plastic for Ecologiste," Time, 11 May 1970, 86; "Plastics-Mostly PVC-Under Attack in Press," Plastics and the Environment, no. 3 (29 June 1970): 1-3, SPI Archive; "SPI Position Paper Outlines Industry's Stand on Coping with the Garbage Crisis," Modern Plastics 47 (October 1970): 184; and F. Rodriguez, "Prospects for Biodegradable Plastics," Modern Plastics 48 (September 1071): 92, 94.
81. For typical discussions, see A. Stuart Wood, "Plastics' Challenge in Packaging: Disposability," Modern Plastics 47 (March 1970): 50-54; "A Plastic for Ecologiste," Time, 11 May 1970, 86; "Plastics-Mostly PVC-Under Attack in Press," Plastics and the Environment, no. 3 (29 June 1970): 1-3, SPI Archive; "SPI Position Paper Outlines Industry's Stand on Coping with the Garbage Crisis," Modern Plastics 47 (October 1970): 184; and F. Rodriguez, "Prospects for Biodegradable Plastics," Modern Plastics 48 (September 1071): 92, 94.
82. For typical discussions, see A. Stuart Wood, "Plastics' Challenge in Packaging: Disposability," Modern Plastics 47 (March 1970): 50-54; "A Plastic for Ecologiste," Time, 11 May 1970, 86; "Plastics-Mostly PVC-Under Attack in Press," Plastics and the Environment, no. 3 (29 June 1970): 1-3, SPI Archive; "SPI Position Paper Outlines Industry's Stand on Coping with the Garbage Crisis," Modern Plastics 47 (October 1970): 184; and F. Rodriguez, "Prospects for Biodegradable Plastics," Modern Plastics 48 (September 1071): 92, 94.
83. For typical discussions, see A. Stuart Wood, "Plastics' Challenge in Packaging: Disposability," Modern Plastics 47 (March 1970): 50-54; "A Plastic for Ecologiste," Time, 11 May 1970, 86; "Plastics-Mostly PVC-Under Attack in Press," Plastics and the Environment, no. 3 (29 June 1970): 1-3, SPI Archive; "SPI Position Paper Outlines Industry's Stand on Coping with the Garbage Crisis," Modern Plastics 47 (October 1970): 184; and F. Rodriguez, "Prospects for Biodegradable Plastics," Modern Plastics 48 (September 1071): 92, 94.
84. For typical discussions, see A. Stuart Wood, "Plastics' Challenge in Packaging: Disposability," Modern Plastics 47 (March 1970): 50-54; "A Plastic for Ecologiste," Time, 11 May 1970, 86; "Plastics-Mostly PVC-Under Attack in Press," Plastics and the Environment, no. 3 (29 June 1970): 1-3, SPI Archive; "SPI Position Paper Outlines Industry's Stand on Coping with the Garbage Crisis," Modern Plastics 47 (October 1970): 184; and F. Rodriguez, "Prospects for Biodegradable Plastics," Modern Plastics 48 (September 1071): 92, 94.
85. Robert H. Wehrenberg II, "Plastics Recycling Is It Now Commercially Feasible?," Materials Engineering 89 (March 1979): 34 For the lower estimate and a discussion of the difficulty of measuring volumes of garbage, see William Rathje and Cullen Murphy, Rubbish!: The Archaeology of Garbage (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 99-102. See also Robert D. Leaversuch, "Industry Begins to Face Up to the Crisis of Recycling," Modern Plastics 64 (March 1987): 44-47; Cass Peterson, "Recycling: Making Cents of Trash," Washington Post Service, in Austin American-Statesman, 14 June 1987. D13 Guy Darst, "Plastic Bottles to Carry Code for Recycling" Associated Press article in Austin American-Statesman, 9 April 1988, B11; Myra Klockenbrink, "Plastics Industry, Under Pressure, Begins to Invest in Recycling," New York Times, 30 August 1988, 19; "Recycling: Don't Trash That Foam," Time, 9 January 1989, 48; Barbara Rudolph, "Second Life for Styrofoam," Time, 22 May 1989, 84; SPI Council for Solid Waste Solutions, "The Urgent Need to Recycle" (advertising section), Time, 17 July 1989, 17-28; and House Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Environment and Employment, Plastics Recycling: Problems and Possibilities, 102d Cong., 2d Sess., 1992, serial 102-63.
86. Robert H. Wehrenberg II, "Plastics Recycling Is It Now Commercially Feasible?," Materials Engineering 89 (March 1979): 34 For the lower estimate and a discussion of the difficulty of measuring volumes of garbage, see William Rathje and Cullen Murphy, Rubbish!: The Archaeology of Garbage (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 99-102. See also Robert D. Leaversuch, "Industry Begins to Face Up to the Crisis of Recycling," Modern Plastics 64 (March 1987): 44-47; Cass Peterson, "Recycling: Making Cents of Trash," Washington Post Service, in Austin American-Statesman, 14 June 1987. D13 Guy Darst, "Plastic Bottles to Carry Code for Recycling" Associated Press article in Austin American-Statesman, 9 April 1988, B11; Myra Klockenbrink, "Plastics Industry, Under Pressure, Begins to Invest in Recycling," New York Times, 30 August 1988, 19; "Recycling: Don't Trash That Foam," Time, 9 January 1989, 48; Barbara Rudolph, "Second Life for Styrofoam," Time, 22 May 1989, 84; SPI Council for Solid Waste Solutions, "The Urgent Need to Recycle" (advertising section), Time, 17 July 1989, 17-28; and House Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Environment and Employment, Plastics Recycling: Problems and Possibilities, 102d Cong., 2d Sess., 1992, serial 102-63.
87. Robert H. Wehrenberg II, "Plastics Recycling Is It Now Commercially Feasible?," Materials Engineering 89 (March 1979): 34 For the lower estimate and a discussion of the difficulty of measuring volumes of garbage, see William Rathje and Cullen Murphy, Rubbish!: The Archaeology of Garbage (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 99-102. See also Robert D. Leaversuch, "Industry Begins to Face Up to the Crisis of Recycling," Modern Plastics 64 (March 1987): 44-47; Cass Peterson, "Recycling: Making Cents of Trash," Washington Post Service, in Austin American-Statesman, 14 June 1987. D13 Guy Darst, "Plastic Bottles to Carry Code for Recycling" Associated Press article in Austin American-Statesman, 9 April 1988, B11; Myra Klockenbrink, "Plastics Industry, Under Pressure, Begins to Invest in Recycling," New York Times, 30 August 1988, 19; "Recycling: Don't Trash That Foam," Time, 9 January 1989, 48; Barbara Rudolph, "Second Life for Styrofoam," Time, 22 May 1989, 84; SPI Council for Solid Waste Solutions, "The Urgent Need to Recycle" (advertising section), Time, 17 July 1989, 17-28; and House Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Environment and Employment, Plastics Recycling: Problems and Possibilities, 102d Cong., 2d Sess., 1992, serial 102-63.
88. Robert H. Wehrenberg II, "Plastics Recycling Is It Now Commercially Feasible?," Materials Engineering 89 (March 1979): 34 For the lower estimate and a discussion of the difficulty of measuring volumes of garbage, see William Rathje and Cullen Murphy, Rubbish!: The Archaeology of Garbage (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 99-102. See also Robert D. Leaversuch, "Industry Begins to Face Up to the Crisis of Recycling," Modern Plastics 64 (March 1987): 44-47; Cass Peterson, "Recycling: Making Cents of Trash," Washington Post Service, in Austin American-Statesman, 14 June 1987. D13 Guy Darst, "Plastic Bottles to Carry Code for Recycling" Associated Press article in Austin American-Statesman, 9 April 1988, B11; Myra Klockenbrink, "Plastics Industry, Under Pressure, Begins to Invest in Recycling," New York Times, 30 August 1988, 19; "Recycling: Don't Trash That Foam," Time, 9 January 1989, 48; Barbara Rudolph, "Second Life for Styrofoam," Time, 22 May 1989, 84; SPI Council for Solid Waste Solutions, "The Urgent Need to Recycle" (advertising section), Time, 17 July 1989, 17-28; and House Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Environment and Employment, Plastics Recycling: Problems and Possibilities, 102d Cong., 2d Sess., 1992, serial 102-63.
89. Robert H. Wehrenberg II, "Plastics Recycling Is It Now Commercially Feasible?," Materials Engineering 89 (March 1979): 34 For the lower estimate and a discussion of the difficulty of measuring volumes of garbage, see William Rathje and Cullen Murphy, Rubbish!: The Archaeology of Garbage (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 99-102. See also Robert D. Leaversuch, "Industry Begins to Face Up to the Crisis of Recycling," Modern Plastics 64 (March 1987): 44-47; Cass Peterson, "Recycling: Making Cents of Trash," Washington Post Service, in Austin American-Statesman, 14 June 1987. D13 Guy Darst, "Plastic Bottles to Carry Code for Recycling" Associated Press article in Austin American-Statesman, 9 April 1988, B11; Myra Klockenbrink, "Plastics Industry, Under Pressure, Begins to Invest in Recycling," New York Times, 30 August 1988, 19; "Recycling: Don't Trash That Foam," Time, 9 January 1989, 48; Barbara Rudolph, "Second Life for Styrofoam," Time, 22 May 1989, 84; SPI Council for Solid Waste Solutions, "The Urgent Need to Recycle" (advertising section), Time, 17 July 1989, 17-28; and House Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Environment and Employment, Plastics Recycling: Problems and Possibilities, 102d Cong., 2d Sess., 1992, serial 102-63.
90. Robert H. Wehrenberg II, "Plastics Recycling Is It Now Commercially Feasible?," Materials Engineering 89 (March 1979): 34 For the lower estimate and a discussion of the difficulty of measuring volumes of garbage, see William Rathje and Cullen Murphy, Rubbish!: The Archaeology of Garbage (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 99-102. See also Robert D. Leaversuch, "Industry Begins to Face Up to the Crisis of Recycling," Modern Plastics 64 (March 1987): 44-47; Cass Peterson, "Recycling: Making Cents of Trash," Washington Post Service, in Austin American-Statesman, 14 June 1987. D13 Guy Darst, "Plastic Bottles to Carry Code for Recycling" Associated Press article in Austin American-Statesman, 9 April 1988, B11; Myra Klockenbrink, "Plastics Industry, Under Pressure, Begins to Invest in Recycling," New York Times, 30 August 1988, 19; "Recycling: Don't Trash That Foam," Time, 9 January 1989, 48; Barbara Rudolph, "Second Life for Styrofoam," Time, 22 May 1989, 84; SPI Council for Solid Waste Solutions, "The Urgent Need to Recycle" (advertising section), Time, 17 July 1989, 17-28; and House Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Environment and Employment, Plastics Recycling: Problems and Possibilities, 102d Cong., 2d Sess., 1992, serial 102-63.
91. Robert H. Wehrenberg II, "Plastics Recycling Is It Now Commercially Feasible?," Materials Engineering 89 (March 1979): 34 For the lower estimate and a discussion of the difficulty of measuring volumes of garbage, see William Rathje and Cullen Murphy, Rubbish!: The Archaeology of Garbage (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 99-102. See also Robert D. Leaversuch, "Industry Begins to Face Up to the Crisis of Recycling," Modern Plastics 64 (March 1987): 44-47; Cass Peterson, "Recycling: Making Cents of Trash," Washington Post Service, in Austin American-Statesman, 14 June 1987. D13 Guy Darst, "Plastic Bottles to Carry Code for Recycling" Associated Press article in Austin American-Statesman, 9 April 1988, B11; Myra Klockenbrink, "Plastics Industry, Under Pressure, Begins to Invest in Recycling," New York Times, 30 August 1988, 19; "Recycling: Don't Trash That Foam," Time, 9 January 1989, 48; Barbara Rudolph, "Second Life for Styrofoam," Time, 22 May 1989, 84; SPI Council for Solid Waste Solutions, "The Urgent Need to Recycle" (advertising section), Time, 17 July 1989, 17-28; and House Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Environment and Employment, Plastics Recycling: Problems and Possibilities, 102d Cong., 2d Sess., 1992, serial 102-63.
92. Robert H. Wehrenberg II, "Plastics Recycling Is It Now Commercially Feasible?," Materials Engineering 89 (March 1979): 34 For the lower estimate and a discussion of the difficulty of measuring volumes of garbage, see William Rathje and Cullen Murphy, Rubbish!: The Archaeology of Garbage (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 99-102. See also Robert D. Leaversuch, "Industry Begins to Face Up to the Crisis of Recycling," Modern Plastics 64 (March 1987): 44-47; Cass Peterson, "Recycling: Making Cents of Trash," Washington Post Service, in Austin American-Statesman, 14 June 1987. D13 Guy Darst, "Plastic Bottles to Carry Code for Recycling" Associated Press article in Austin American-Statesman, 9 April 1988, B11; Myra Klockenbrink, "Plastics Industry, Under Pressure, Begins to Invest in Recycling," New York Times, 30 August 1988, 19; "Recycling: Don't Trash That Foam," Time, 9 January 1989, 48; Barbara Rudolph, "Second Life for Styrofoam," Time, 22 May 1989, 84; SPI Council for Solid Waste Solutions, "The Urgent Need to Recycle" (advertising section), Time, 17 July 1989, 17-28; and House Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Environment and Employment, Plastics Recycling: Problems and Possibilities, 102d Cong., 2d Sess., 1992, serial 102-63.
93. Robert H. Wehrenberg II, "Plastics Recycling Is It Now Commercially Feasible?," Materials Engineering 89 (March 1979): 34 For the lower estimate and a discussion of the difficulty of measuring volumes of garbage, see William Rathje and Cullen Murphy, Rubbish!: The Archaeology of Garbage (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 99-102. See also Robert D. Leaversuch, "Industry Begins to Face Up to the Crisis of Recycling," Modern Plastics 64 (March 1987): 44-47; Cass Peterson, "Recycling: Making Cents of Trash," Washington Post Service, in Austin American-Statesman, 14 June 1987. D13 Guy Darst, "Plastic Bottles to Carry Code for Recycling" Associated Press article in Austin American-Statesman, 9 April 1988, B11; Myra Klockenbrink, "Plastics Industry, Under Pressure, Begins to Invest in Recycling," New York Times, 30 August 1988, 19; "Recycling: Don't Trash That Foam," Time, 9 January 1989, 48; Barbara Rudolph, "Second Life for Styrofoam," Time, 22 May 1989, 84; SPI Council for Solid Waste Solutions, "The Urgent Need to Recycle" (advertising section), Time, 17 July 1989, 17-28; and House Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Environment and Employment, Plastics Recycling: Problems and Possibilities, 102d Cong., 2d Sess., 1992, serial 102-63.
94. Robert H. Wehrenberg II, "Plastics Recycling Is It Now Commercially Feasible?," Materials Engineering 89 (March 1979): 34 For the lower estimate and a discussion of the difficulty of measuring volumes of garbage, see William Rathje and Cullen Murphy, Rubbish!: The Archaeology of Garbage (New York: HarperCollins, 1991), 99-102. See also Robert D. Leaversuch, "Industry Begins to Face Up to the Crisis of Recycling," Modern Plastics 64 (March 1987): 44-47; Cass Peterson, "Recycling: Making Cents of Trash," Washington Post Service, in Austin American-Statesman, 14 June 1987. D13 Guy Darst, "Plastic Bottles to Carry Code for Recycling" Associated Press article in Austin American-Statesman, 9 April 1988, B11; Myra Klockenbrink, "Plastics Industry, Under Pressure, Begins to Invest in Recycling," New York Times, 30 August 1988, 19; "Recycling: Don't Trash That Foam," Time, 9 January 1989, 48; Barbara Rudolph, "Second Life for Styrofoam," Time, 22 May 1989, 84; SPI Council for Solid Waste Solutions, "The Urgent Need to Recycle" (advertising section), Time, 17 July 1989, 17-28; and House Committee on Small Business, Subcommittee on Environment and Employment, Plastics Recycling: Problems and Possibilities, 102d Cong., 2d Sess., 1992, serial 102-63.
95. Boyce Rensberger, "Plastic Is Found in Sargasso Sea," New York Times, 19 March 1971, 68; John B. Cotton Jr., Frederick D. Knapp, and Bruce R. Burns, "Plastic Particles in Surface Waters of the Northwestern Atlantic," Science, 9 August 1974, 491-97.
96. Boyce Rensberger, "Plastic Is Found in Sargasso Sea," New York Times, 19 March 1971, 68; John B. Cotton Jr., Frederick D. Knapp, and Bruce R. Burns, "Plastic Particles in Surface Waters of the Northwestern Atlantic," Science, 9 August 1974, 491-97.
97. Edward J. Carpenter to Ralph L. Harding, to April 1973, VP Reading File. See also a memorandum from Harding to U.S. polystyrene producers, "Polystyrene Contamination in Long Island Sound," 2 June 1972, VP Reading File.
98. Christine Duerr, "Plastic Is Forever: Our Nondegradable Treasures," Oceans, November 1980, 59-60; Robert D. Leaversuch, "Ocean Litter Becomes Public. Legbbtive Issues," Modern Plastics 63 (October 1986): 10-11; James Pinkerton, "International Ocean Pollution Treaty Approved," Austin American-Statesman, 1 January 1988, A17.
99. Christine Duerr, "Plastic Is Forever: Our Nondegradable Treasures," Oceans, November 1980, 59-60; Robert D. Leaversuch, "Ocean Litter Becomes Public. Legbbtive Issues," Modern Plastics 63 (October 1986): 10-11; James Pinkerton, "International Ocean Pollution Treaty Approved," Austin American-Statesman, 1 January 1988, A17.
100. Christine Duerr, "Plastic Is Forever: Our Nondegradable Treasures," Oceans, November 1980, 59-60; Robert D. Leaversuch, "Ocean Litter Becomes Public. Legbbtive Issues," Modern Plastics 63 (October 1986): 10-11; James Pinkerton, "International Ocean Pollution Treaty Approved," Austin American-Statesman, 1 January 1988, A17.
101. Ralph L. Harding, "PAC Strategy Ahead," memorandum to Steering Committee of SPI Public Affairs Committee, 16 August 1972, VP Reading File.
102. For background on flammability, see "Appliances - New Front for Attack on Plastics," Modern Plastics 36 (April 1959): 246; "What About Flame Resistance in Plastics?," Modern Plastics 37 (September 1959): 81-84, 176, 178; Joel Frados, "The Flammability Gap," Modern Plastics 45 (May 1968): 77; and Stuart Wood, "Facing the Problems of Fire," Modern Plastics 45 (June 1968): 82-86.
103. For background on flammability, see "Appliances - New Front for Attack on Plastics," Modern Plastics 36 (April 1959): 246; "What About Flame Resistance in Plastics?," Modern Plastics 37 (September 1959): 81-84, 176, 178; Joel Frados, "The Flammability Gap," Modern Plastics 45 (May 1968): 77; and Stuart Wood, "Facing the Problems of Fire," Modern Plastics 45 (June 1968): 82-86.
104. For background on flammability, see "Appliances - New Front for Attack on Plastics," Modern Plastics 36 (April 1959): 246; "What About Flame Resistance in Plastics?," Modern Plastics 37 (September 1959): 81-84, 176, 178; Joel Frados, "The Flammability Gap," Modern Plastics 45 (May 1968): 77; and Stuart Wood, "Facing the Problems of Fire," Modern Plastics 45 (June 1968): 82-86.
105. For background on flammability, see "Appliances - New Front for Attack on Plastics," Modern Plastics 36 (April 1959): 246; "What About Flame Resistance in Plastics?," Modern Plastics 37 (September 1959): 81-84, 176, 178; Joel Frados, "The Flammability Gap," Modern Plastics 45 (May 1968): 77; and Stuart Wood, "Facing the Problems of Fire," Modern Plastics 45 (June 1968): 82-86.
106. Richard O. Simpson, Department of Commerce, to Ralph L. Harding Jr., n.d., received 1 December 1972, VP Reading File; Ralph L. Harding to Richard O. Simpson, 18 December 1972, VP Reading File; Cleveland Lane, B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company, to SPI Ad Hoc Public Affairs Committee on Flammability, memorandum, 21 December 1972, VP Reading File. See also "F.T.C. Accuses Plastic Industry of Deception on Fire Hazards," New York Times, 31 May 1973, 1; and Sidney Cross, "Why Now, FTC?," Modern Plastics 50 (July 1973): 37.
107. Richard O. Simpson, Department of Commerce, to Ralph L. Harding Jr., n.d., received 1 December 1972, VP Reading File; Ralph L. Harding to Richard O. Simpson, 18 December 1972, VP Reading File; Cleveland Lane, B. F. Goodrich Chemical Company, to SPI Ad Hoc Public Affairs Committee on Flammability, memorandum, 21 December 1972, VP Reading File. See also "F.T.C. Accuses Plastic Industry of Deception on Fire Hazards," New York Times, 31 May 1973, 1; and Sidney Cross, "Why Now, FTC?," Modern Plastics 50 (July 1973): 37.
108. J. H. Petajan et al., "Extreme Toxicity from Combustion Products of a Fire-Retarded Polyurethane Foam," Science, 28 February 1975, 742-44. Herman F. Mark discussed his work on flammability during a presentation at the University of Texas at Austin on 19 June 1989.
109. U.S. Representative Richard L. Ottinger (New York), quoted in Frados, The Flam-mability Gap," 77; Martin M. Brown, American International Croup Companies, quoted in C. Otis Port, "Fire!," Modern Plastics 50 (August 1973): 37, 38.
110. U.S. Representative Richard L. Ottinger (New York), quoted in Frados, The Flam-mability Gap," 77; Martin M. Brown, American International Croup Companies, quoted in C. Otis Port, "Fire!," Modern Plastics 50 (August 1973): 37, 38.
111. Sheldon Samuels, quoted in Janet H. Weinberg, "Toxic Surprises from the Plastics Industry," Science News, 7 September 1974, 155; Sidney Gross, interview by author, 9 December 1986. See also Roland R. MacBride, "OSHA and Materials Toxicity: The Issue Grows, and the Impact Begins," Modern Plastics 50 (August 1973): 16; Paul H. Weaver, "On the Horns of the Vinyl Chloride Dilemma," Fortune, October 1974, 150-53, 200, 202-4; "Of Mice and Men: Alarm Over Plastics," Time, 14 October 1974, 64.
112. Sheldon Samuels, quoted in Janet H. Weinberg, "Toxic Surprises from the Plastics Industry," Science News, 7 September 1974, 155; Sidney Gross, interview by author, 9 December 1986. See also Roland R. MacBride, "OSHA and Materials Toxicity: The Issue Grows, and the Impact Begins," Modern Plastics 50 (August 1973): 16; Paul H. Weaver, "On the Horns of the Vinyl Chloride Dilemma," Fortune, October 1974, 150-53, 200, 202-4; "Of Mice and Men: Alarm Over Plastics," Time, 14 October 1974, 64.
113. Sheldon Samuels, quoted in Janet H. Weinberg, "Toxic Surprises from the Plastics Industry," Science News, 7 September 1974, 155; Sidney Gross, interview by author, 9 December 1986. See also Roland R. MacBride, "OSHA and Materials Toxicity: The Issue Grows, and the Impact Begins," Modern Plastics 50 (August 1973): 16; Paul H. Weaver, "On the Horns of the Vinyl Chloride Dilemma," Fortune, October 1974, 150-53, 200, 202-4; "Of Mice and Men: Alarm Over Plastics," Time, 14 October 1974, 64.
114. Sheldon Samuels, quoted in Janet H. Weinberg, "Toxic Surprises from the Plastics Industry," Science News, 7 September 1974, 155; Sidney Gross, interview by author, 9 December 1986. See also Roland R. MacBride, "OSHA and Materials Toxicity: The Issue Grows, and the Impact Begins," Modern Plastics 50 (August 1973): 16; Paul H. Weaver, "On the Horns of the Vinyl Chloride Dilemma," Fortune, October 1974, 150-53, 200, 202-4; "Of Mice
115. Sheldon Samuels, quoted in Janet H. Weinberg, "Toxic Surprises from the Plastics Industry," Science News, 7 September 1974, 155; Sidney Gross, interview by author, 9 December 1986. See also Roland R. MacBride, "OSHA and Materials Toxicity: The Issue Grows, and the Impact Begins," Modern Plastics 50 (August 1973): 16; Paul H. Weaver, "On the Horns of the Vinyl Chloride Dilemma," Fortune, October 1974, 150-53, 200, 202-4; "Of Mice and Men: Alarm Over Plastics," Time, 14 October 1974, 64.
116. On FDA and migration of vinyl chloride, see Roland R. MacBride, "A Closer FDA Eye on Extraction," Modern Plastics 51 (June 1974): 22; Sidney Gross, "VCM - What Now," Modern Plastics 51 (November 1974): 49; and papers on Safety and Health with Plastics (n.p.: Society of Plastics Engineers, 1977). The phasing out of Du Pont's slogan is mentioned by Graham D. Taylor and Patricia E. Sudnik in Du Pont and the International Chemical Industry (Boston: Twayne, 1984), xx. With the exception of the final phrase - "Through Chemistry" - the slogan was later reinstated.
117. On FDA and migration of vinyl chloride, see Roland R. MacBride, "A Closer FDA Eye on Extraction," Modern Plastics 51 (June 1974): 22; Sidney Gross, "VCM - What Now," Modern Plastics 51 (November 1974): 49; and papers on Safety and Health with Plastics (n.p.: Society of Plastics Engineers, 1977). The phasing out of Du Pont's slogan is mentioned by Graham D. Taylor and Patricia E. Sudnik in Du Pont and the International Chemical Industry (Boston: Twayne, 1984), xx. With the exception of the final phrase - "Through Chemistry" - the slogan was later reinstated.
118. On FDA and migration of vinyl chloride, see Roland R. MacBride, "A Closer FDA Eye on Extraction," Modern Plastics 51 (June 1974): 22; Sidney Gross, "VCM - What Now," Modern Plastics 51 (November 1974): 49; and papers on Safety and Health with Plastics (n.p.: Society of Plastics Engineers, 1977). The phasing out of Du Pont's slogan is mentioned by Graham D. Taylor and Patricia E. Sudnik in Du Pont and the International Chemical Industry (Boston: Twayne, 1984), xx. With the exception of the final phrase - "Through Chemistry" - the slogan was later reinstated.
119. On FDA and migration of vinyl chloride, see Roland R. MacBride, "A Closer FDA Eye on Extraction," Modern Plastics 51 (June 1974): 22; Sidney Gross, "VCM - What Now," Modern Plastics 51 (November 1974): 49; and papers on Safety and Health with Plastics (n.p.: Society of Plastics Engineers, 1977). The phasing out of Du Pont's slogan is mentioned by Graham D. Taylor and Patricia E. Sudnik in Du Pont and the International Chemical Industry (Boston: Twayne, 1984), xx. With the exception of the final phrase - "Through Chemistry" - the slogan was later reinstated.
120. Quoted by Stephen J. Sansweet in "Plastics Firms Face Materials Shortages Believed Likely to Last at Least 2 Years," Wall Street Journal, 11 September 1973, 38; Gordon M. Kline, paraphrased in Roland R. MacBride, "More Feedstocks?," Modern Plastics 51 (June 1974): 20; Sidney Gross, ".500 for the Hill," Modern Plastics 51 (July 1974): 39. For other views of the immediate crisis, see Julian Kestler, "Plastics and the Energy Crisis: Big Changes Ahead in Price and Availability," Modern Plastics 49 (January 1972): 14, 16; and "Plastics Producers Sort Out the Oil Shortage," Business Week, 19 January 1974, 84, 86.
121. Quoted by Stephen J. Sansweet in "Plastics Firms Face Materials Shortages Believed Likely to Last at Least 2 Years," Wall Street Journal, 11 September 1973, 38; Gordon M. Kline, paraphrased in Roland R. MacBride, "More Feedstocks?," Modern Plastics 51 (June 1974): 20; Sidney Gross, ".500 for the Hill," Modern Plastics 51 (July 1974): 39. For other views of the immediate crisis, see Julian Kestler, "Plastics and the Energy Crisis: Big Changes Ahead in Price and Availability," Modern Plastics 49 (January 1972): 14, 16; and "Plastics Producers Sort Out the Oil Shortage," Business Week, 19 January 1974, 84, 86.
122. Quoted by Stephen J. Sansweet in "Plastics Firms Face Materials Shortages Believed Likely to Last at Least 2 Years," Wall Street Journal, 11 September 1973, 38; Gordon M. Kline, paraphrased in Roland R. MacBride, "More Feedstocks?," Modern Plastics 51 (June 1974): 20; Sidney Gross, ".500 for the Hill," Modern Plastics 51 (July 1974): 39. For other views of the immediate crisis, see Julian Kestler, "Plastics and the Energy Crisis: Big Changes Ahead in Price and Availability," Modern Plastics 49 (January 1972): 14, 16; and "Plastics Producers Sort Out the Oil Shortage," Business Week, 19 January 1974, 84, 86.
123. Quoted by Stephen J. Sansweet in "Plastics Firms Face Materials Shortages Believed Likely to Last at Least 2 Years," Wall Street Journal, 11 September 1973, 38; Gordon M. Kline, paraphrased in Roland R. MacBride, "More Feedstocks?," Modern Plastics 51 (June 1974): 20; Sidney Gross, ".500 for the Hill," Modern Plastics 51 (July 1974): 39. For other views of the immediate crisis, see Julian Kestler, "Plastics and the Energy Crisis: Big Changes Ahead in Price and Availability," Modern Plastics 49 (January 1972): 14, 16; and "Plastics Producers Sort Out the Oil Shortage," Business Week, 19 January 1974, 84, 86.
124. Quoted by Stephen J. Sansweet in "Plastics Firms Face Materials Shortages Believed Likely to Last at Least 2 Years," Wall Street Journal, 11 September 1973, 38; Gordon M. Kline, paraphrased in Roland R. MacBride, "More Feedstocks?," Modern Plastics 51 (June 1974): 20; Sidney Gross, ".500 for the Hill," Modern Plastics 51 (July 1974): 39. For other views of the immediate crisis, see Julian Kestler, "Plastics and the Energy Crisis: Big Changes Ahead in Price and Availability," Modern Plastics 49 (January 1972): 14, 16; and "Plastics Producers Sort Out the Oil Shortage," Business Week, 19 January 1974, 84, 86.
125. Mike Kenward, "Better Than Burning It," Design, no. 318, June 1975, 34. See also Sidney Gross, "Challenges of the Eighties," Modern Plastics 57 (January 1980): 55, and "Critical Buzzwords," Modern Plastics 57 (October 1980): 41.
126. Mike Kenward, "Better Than Burning It," Design, no. 318, June 1975, 34. See also Sidney Gross, "Challenges of the Eighties," Modern Plastics 57 (January 1980): 55, and "Critical Buzzwords," Modern Plastics 57 (October 1980): 41.
127. Mike Kenward, "Better Than Burning It," Design, no. 318, June 1975, 34. See also Sidney Gross, "Challenges of the Eighties," Modern Plastics 57 (January 1980): 55, and "Critical Buzzwords," Modern Plastics 57 (October 1980): 41.
128. Robert C. Lohnes, "Back to Wood, Back to Paper," New York Times, 6 June 1979, 27; Sidney Gross, interview by author, 9 December 1986; advertisement quoted in John J. Keville, "Third Annual Salute to the Plastics Industry, January 12-February 20, 1981," 47, script from radio station WLMS, Leominster, Mass., provided by John J. Keville.
129. Robert C. Lohnes, "Back to Wood, Back to Paper," New York Times, 6 June 1979, 27; Sidney Gross, interview by author, 9 December 1986; advertisement quoted in John J. Keville, "Third Annual Salute to the Plastics Industry, January 12-February 20, 1981," 47, script from radio station WLMS, Leominster, Mass., provided by John J. Keville.
130. Christopher Flavin, The Future of Synthetic Materials: The Petroleum Connection, Worldwatch Paper 36 (Washington: Worldwatch Institute, April 1980), 41, 7, 37-38, 46.
131. Richard D. Lyons, "Study Finds Synthetics a Benefit To Man Despite Petroleum Use," New York Times, 27 April 1980, 20; Sidney Gross, "What Next for the Plastics Industry," Modern Plastics 50 (October 1973): 61; Ralph L. Harding Jr., "Positive Perspective," 7 August 1972, typescript, VP Reading File.
132. Richard D. Lyons, "Study Finds Synthetics a Benefit To Man Despite Petroleum Use," New York Times, 27 April 1980, 20; Sidney Gross, "What Next for the Plastics Industry," Modern Plastics 50 (October 1973): 61; Ralph L. Harding Jr., "Positive Perspective," 7 August 1972, typescript, VP Reading File.
133. Richard D. Lyons, "Study Finds Synthetics a Benefit To Man Despite Petroleum Use," New York Times, 27 April 1980, 20; Sidney Gross, "What Next for the Plastics Industry," Modern Plastics 50 (October 1973): 61; Ralph L. Harding Jr., "Positive Perspective," 7 August 1972, typescript, VP Reading File.
134. Sidney Gross, "Image, Please," Modern Plastics 46 (August 1969): 43, and "What Is Plastics' Image, Anyway," Modern Plastics 47 (July 1970): 66.
135. Sidney Gross, "Image, Please," Modern Plastics 46 (August 1969): 43, and "What Is Plastics' Image, Anyway," Modern Plastics 47 (July 1970): 66.
136. Sidney Gross, interview by author, 9 December 1986. The quotation is from Sidney Gross, "Plastics Age Arrives Early," Modern Plastics 57 (February 1980): 45.
137. Kit Pedler and Gerry Davis, Mutant 59: The Plastic-Eaters (New York: Viking, 1972), 109.