AIDS as a zoonosis? Confusion over the origin of the virus and the origin of the epidemics

Journal of Medical Primatology

Volumn 33, Issue 5-6, 2004, Pages 220-226

  Marx, Preston A ^a,c   Apetrei, Cristian ^a,c   Drucker, Ernest ^b  

^a TULANE NATIONAL PRIMATE RESEARCH CENTER   (United States)

^b ALBERT EINSTEIN COLLEGE OF MEDICINE   (United States)

^c TULANE UNIVERSITY   (United States)

Author keywords

Cross species transmission; HIV; Pandemic; Pathogenesis; Primates; SIV

Indexed keywords

ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY SYNDROME; AFRICA; ARTICLE; CONFUSION; DISEASE TRANSMISSION; EPIDEMIC; EXPERIMENTATION; HUMAN; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS INFECTION; LONG TERM EXPOSURE; MEDICAL RESEARCH; MONKEY DISEASE; NONHUMAN; PLESIOMORPHY; PRIORITY JOURNAL; RABIES; SEROTYPING; SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; SPECIES; THEORY; VIRUS INFECTION; ZOONOSIS;

ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; ANIMALS; DISEASE OUTBREAKS; HIV-1; HUMANS; MACACA; PHYLOGENY; SIMIAN ACQUIRED IMMUNODEFICIENCY SYNDROME; SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS; ZOONOSES;

ANIMALIA; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 1; HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS 2; PRIMATES; SIMIAE; SIMIAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS;

EID: 5744243336     PISSN: 00472565     EISSN: None     Source Type: Journal    
DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.2004.00078.x     Document Type: Article

References (62)

1. Amara RR, Villinger F, Altman JD, Lydy SL, O'Neil SP, Staprans SI, Montefiori DC, Xu Y, Herndon JG, Wyatt LS, Candido MA, Kozyr NL, Earl PL, Smith JM, Ma HL, Grimm BD, Hulsey ML, Miller J, McClure HM, McNicholl JM, Moss B, Robinson HL: Control of a mucosal challenge and prevention of AIDS by a multiprotein DNA/MVA vaccine. Science 292:69-74, 2001.
2. Apetrei C, Gormus BJ, Pandrea I, Metzger M, tenHaaft P, Martin LN, Bohm R, Alvarez X, Koopman G, Murphey-Corb M, Veazey RS, Lackner AA, Baskin G, Heeney J, Marx PA: Direct inoculation of SIVsm in black mangabey (Lophocebus aterrimus). First evidence of AIDS in a heterologous African species and different patahologic outcomes of experimental infection. J Virol, in press.
3. Ayouba A, Souquieres S, Njinku B, Martin PM, Muller-Trutwin MC, Roques P, Barre-Sinoussi F, Mauclere P, Simon F, Nerrienet E: HIV-1 group N among HIV-1-seropositive individuals in Cameroon. AIDS 14:2623-2625, 2000.
4. Ayouba A, Mauclere P, Martin PM, Cunin P, Mfoupouendoun J, Njinku B, Souquiere S, Simon F: HIV-1 group O infection in Cameroon, 1986 to 1998. Emerg Infect Dis 7:466-467, 2001.
5. Barnett SW, Murthy KK, Herndier BG, Levy JA: An AIDS-like condition induced in baboons by HIV-2. Science 266:642-646, 1994.
6. Beckerman KP: Long-term findings of HIVNET 012: the next steps. Lancet 362:842-843, 2003.
7. Beer BE, Bailes E, Goeken R, Dapolito G, Coulibaly C, Norley SG, Kurth R, Gautier JP, Gautier-Hion A, Vallet D, Sharp PM, Hirsch VM: Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from sun-tailed monkeys ( Cercopithecus solatus): evidence for host-dependent evolution of SIV within the C. lhoesti superspecies. J Virol 73:7734-7744, 1999.
8. Bodelle P, McArthur CP, Vallari A, Coffey R, Yamaguchi J, Devare SG, Beyeme MA: Identification and genomic sequence of an HIV-1 group N isolate from Cameroon. 11th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections. San Francisco, CA. Abstr. 145, 2004.
9. Bridges CB, Lim W, Hu-Primmer J, Sims L, Fukuda K, Mak KH, Rowe T, Thompson WW, Conn L, Lu X, Cox NJ, Katz JM: Risk of influenza A (H5N1) infection among poultry workers, Hong Kong, 1997-1998. J Infect Dis 185:1005-1010, 2002.
10. Broussard SR, Staprans SI, White R, Whitehead EM, Feinberg MB, Allan JS: Simian immunodeficiency virus replicate to high levels in naturally infected African green monkeys without inducing immunologic or neurologic disease. J Virol 75:2262-2275, 2001.
11. Campbell GL, Marfin AA, Lanciotti RS, Gubler DJ: West Nile virus. Lancet Infect Dis 2:519-529, 2002.
12. Chakrabarti LA, Lewin SR, Zhang L, Gettie A, Luckay A, Martin LN, Skulsky E, Ho DD, Cheng-Mayer C, Marx PA: Normal T-cell turnover in sooty mangabeys harboring active simian immunodeficiency virus infection. J Virol 74:1209-1223, 2000.
13. Chen Z, Telfer P, Gettie A, Reed P, Zhang L, Ho DD, Marx PA: Genetic characterization of new West African simian immunodeficiency virus SIVsm: geographic clustering of household-derived SIV strains with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 subtypes and genetically diverse viruses from a single feral sooty mangabey troop. J Virol 70:3617-3627, 1996.
14. Chen Z, Luckay A, Sodora DL, Telfer P, Reed P, Gettie A, Kanu JM, Shadek RF, Yee JA, Ho DD, Zhang L, Marx PA: Human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) seroprevalence and characterization of a distinct HIV-2 genetic subtype from the natural range of simian immunodeficiency virus-infected sooty mangabeys. J Virol 71:3953-3960, 1997.
15. Chitnis A, Rawls D, Moore J: Origin of HIV type 1 in Colonial French Equatorial Africa? AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 16:5-8, 2000.
16. Claas EC, de Jong JC, van Beek R, Rimmelzwaan GF, Osterhaus AD: Human influenza virus A/HongKong/156/97 (H5N1) infection. Vaccine 16:977-978, 1998.
17. Corbet S, Muller-Trutwin MC, Versmisse P, Delarue S, Ayouba A, Lewis J, Brunak S, Martin P, Brun-Vezinet F, Simon F, Barre-Sinoussi F, Mauclere P: env Sequences of simian immunodeficiency viruses from chimpanzees in Cameroon are strongly related to those of human immunodeficiency virus group N from the same geographic area. J Virol 74:529-534, 2000.
18. Courgnaud V, Salemi M, Pourrut X, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Abela B, Auzel P, Bibollet-Ruche F, Hahn B, Vandamme AM, Delaporte E, Peeters M: Characterization of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus with a vpu gene from greater spot-nosed monkeys (Cercopithecus nictitans) provides new insights into simian/human immunodeficiency virus phylogeny. J Virol 76:8298-8309, 2002.
19. Damond F, Apetrei C, Robertson DL, Souquiere S, Lepretre A, Matheron S, Plantier JC, Brun-Vezinet F, Simon F: Variability of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection in patients living in France. Virology 280:19-30, 2001.
20. Damond F, Worobey M, Campa P, Farfara I, Colin G, Matheron S, Brun-Vézinet F, Robertson DL, Simon F: Identification of a highly divergent HIV-2 and proposal for a change in HIV-2 classification. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 20:666-672, 2004.
21. Desrosiers RC. Prospects for an AIDS vaccine. Nat Med 10:221-223, 2004.
22. Diop OM, Gueye A, Dias-Tavares M, Kornfeld C, Faye A, Ave P, Huerre M, Corbet S, Barre-Sinoussi F, Müller-Trutwin MC: High levels of viral replication during primary simian immunodeficiency virus SIVagm infection are rapidly and strongly controlled in African green monkeys. J Virol 74:7538-7547, 2000.
23. Dixon B: The origins of AIDS. Curr Biol 9:R192, 1999.
24. Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary, 28th edn, Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders Co., 1994.
25. Drucker E, Alcabes PG, Marx PA: The injection century: massive unsterile injections and the emergence of human pathogens. Lancet 358:1989-1992, 2001.
26. Emau P, McClure HM, Isahakia M, Else JG, Fultz PN: Isolation from African Sykes' monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis) of a lentivirus related to human and simian immunodeficiency viruses. J Virol 65:2135-2140, 1991.
27. Gao F, Yue L, Robertson DL, Hill SC, Hui H, Biggar RJ, Neequaye AE, Whelan TM, Ho DD, Shaw GM, Sharp PM, Hahn BH: Genetic diversity of human immunodeficiency virus type 2: evidence for distinct sequence subtypes with differences in virus biology. J Virol 68:7433-7447, 1994.
28. Gao F, Bailes E, Robertson DL, Chen Y, Rodenburg CM, Michael SF, Cummins LB, Arthur LO, Peeters M, Shaw GM, Sharp PM, Hahn BH: Origin of HIV-1 in the chimpanzee Pan troglodytes troglodytes. Nature 397:436-441, 1999.
29. Goldstein S, Ourmanov I, Brown CR, Beer BE, Elkins WR, Plishka R, Buckler-White A, Hirsch VM: Wide range of viral load in healthy African green monkeys naturally infected with simian immunodeficiency virus. J Virol 74:11744-11753, 2000.
30. Grimm TA, Beer BE, Hirsch VM, Clouse KA: Simian immunodeficiency viruses from multiple lineages infect human macrophages: implications for cross-species transmission. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 32:362-369, 2003.
31. Hahn BH, Shaw GM, De Cock KM, Sharp PM: AIDS as a zoonosis: scientific and public health implications. Science 287:607-614, 2000.
32. Hirsch VM, Campbell BJ, Bailes E, Goeken R, Brown C, Elkins WR, Axthelm M, Murphey-Corb M, Sharp PM: Characterization of a novel simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) from L'Hoest monkeys ( Cercopithecus l'hoesti): implications for the origins of SIVmnd and other primate lentiviruses. J Virol 73:1036-1045, 1999.
33. Hochschild A: King Leopold's Ghost. A Story of Greed, Terror, and Heroism in Colonial Africa. Boston, Massachusetts: Houghton Mifflin Comp, 1998.
34. Jackson JB, Musoke P, Fleming T, Guay LA, Bagenda D, Allen M, Nakabiito C, Sherman J, Bakaki P, Owor M, Ducar C, Deseyve M, Mwatha A, Emel L, Duefield C, Mirochnick M, Fowler MG, Mofenson L, Miotti P, Gigliotti M, Bray D, Mmiro F: Intrapartum and neonatal single-dose nevirapine compared with zidovudine for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 in Kampala, Uganda: 18-month follow-up of the HIVNET 012 randomised trial. Lancet 362:859-868, 2003.
35. Khabbaz RF, Rowe T, Murphey-Corb M Heneine WM, Schable CA, George JR, Pau CP, Parekh BS, Lairmore MD, Curran JW, Schochetman G, Lairmore MD, Murphey-Corb M: Simian immunodeficiency virus needlestick accident in a laboratory worker. Lancet 340:271-273, 1992.
36. Khabbaz RF, Heneine W, George JR, Parekh B, Rowe T, Woods T, Switzer WM, McClure HM, Murphey-Corb M, Folks TM: Brief report: infection of a laboratory worker with simian immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 330:172-177, 1994.
37. Laver G, Garman E: Pandemic influenza: its origin and control. Microbes Infect 4:1309-1316, 2002.
38. Ling B, Apetrei C, Pandrea I, Veazey RS, Lackner AA, Gormus B, Marx PA: Classic AIDS in a sooty mangabey after an 18-year natural infection. J Virol 78:8902-8908, 2004.
39. Locher CP, Witt SA, Herndier BG, Abbey NW, Tenner-Racz K, Racz P, Kiviat NB, Murthy KK, Brasky K, Leland M, Levy JA: Increased virus replication and virulence after serial passage of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 in baboons. J Virol 77:77-83, 2003.
40. Mahy BWJ: A Dictionary of Virology, 2nd edn. New York: Academic Press, 1997.
41. Marx PA, Li Y, Lerche NW, Sutjipto S, Gettie A, Yee JA, Brotman BH, Prince AM, Hanson A, Webster RG, Desrosiers RC: Isolation of a simian immunodeficiency virus related to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 from a west African pet sooty mangabey. J Virol 65:4480-4485, 1991.
42. Marx PA, Alcabes PG, Drucker E: Serial human passage of simian immunodeficiency virus by unsterile injections and the emergence of epidemic human immunodeficiency virus in Africa. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 356:911-920, 2001.
43. + cell numbers during the early phase of experimental infection with simian immunodeficiency virus SIVmnd-1 in Mandrillus sphinx. J Virol 76:10256-10263, 2002.
44. Osterhaus AD, Pedersen N, van Amerongen G, Frankenhuis MT, Marthas M, Reay E, Rose TM, Pamungkas J, Bosch ML: Isolation and partial characterization of a lentivirus from talapoin monkeys (Myopithecus talapoin). Virology 260:116-124, 1999.
45. Palella FJ, Jr, Delaney KM, Moorman AC, Loveless MO, Fuhrer J, Satten GA, Aschman DJ, Holmberg SD: Declining morbidity and mortality among patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection. HIV Outpatient Study Investigators. N Engl J Med 338:853-860, 1998.
46. Pandrea I, Onanga R, Rouquet P, Bourry O, Ngari P, Wickings EJ, Roques P and Apetrei C: Chronic SIV infection ultimately causes immunodeficiency in African non-human primates. AIDS 15:2461-2462, 2001.
47. Peeters M, Courgnaud V, Abela B: Genetic diversity of lentiviruses in non-human primates. AIDS Rev 3:3-10, 2001.
48. Peeters M, Courgnaud V, Abela B, Auzel P, Pourrut X, Bibollet-Ruche F, Loul S, Liegeois F, Butel C, Koulagna D, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Shaw GM, Hahn BH, Delaporte E: Risk to human health from a plethora of simian immunodeficiency viruses in primate bushmeat. Emerg Infect Dis 8:451-457, 2002.
49. Ramsburg E, Rose NF, Marx PA, Mefford M, Nixon DF, Moretto WJ, Montefiori D, Earl P, Moss B, Rose JK: Highly effective control of an AIDS virus challenge in macaques by using vesicular stomatitis virus and modified vaccinia virus Ankara vaccine vectors in a single-boost protocol. J Virol 78:3930-3940, 2004.
50. Rey-Cuille MA, Berthier JL, Bomsel-Demontoy MC, Chaduc Y, Montagnier L, Hovanessian AG, Chakrabarti LA: Simian immunodeficiency virus replicates to high levels in sooty mangabeys without inducing disease. J Virol 72:3872-3886, 1998.
51. Rose NF, Marx PA, Luckay A, Nixon DF, Moretto WJ, Donahoe SM, Montefiori D, Roberts A, Buonocore L, Rose JK: An effective AIDS vaccine based on live attenuated vesicular stomatitis virus recombinants. Cell 106:539-549, 2001.
52. Rupprecht CE, Hanlon CA, Hemachudha T: Rabies re-examined. Lancet Infect Dis 2:327-343, 2002.
53. Shiver JW, Fu TM, Chen L, Casimiro DR, Davies ME, Evans RK, Zhang ZQ, Simon AJ, Trigona WL, Dubey SA, Huang L, Harris VA, Long RS, Liang X, Handt L, Schleif WA, Zhu L, Freed DC, Persaud NV, Guan L, Punt KS, Tang A, Chen M, Wilson KA, Collins KB, Heidecker GJ, Fernandez VR, Perry HC, Joyce JG, Grimm KM, Cook JC, Keller PM, Kresock DS, Mach H, Troutman RD, Isopi LA, Williams DM, Xu Z, Bohannon KE, Volkin DB, Montefiori DC, Miura A, Krivulka GR, Lifton MA, Kuroda MJ, Schmitz JE, Letvin NL, Caulfield MJ, Bett AJ, Youil R, Kaslow DC, Emini EA: Replication-incompetent adenoviral vaccine vector elicits effective anti-immunodeficiency-virus immunity. Nature 415:331-335, 2002.
54. Smith SM, Makuwa M, Lee F, Gettie A, Russo C, Marx PA: SIVrcm infection of macaques. J Med Primatol 27:94-98, 1998.
55. Souquiere S, Bibollet-Ruche F, Robertson DL, Makuwa M, Apetrei C, Onanga R, Kornfeld C, Plantier JC, Gao F, Abernethy K, White LJ, Karesh W, Telfer P, Wickings EJ, Mauclere P, Marx PA, Barre-Sinoussi F, Hahn BH, Muller-Trutwin MC, Simon F: Wild Mandrillus sphinx are carriers of two types of lentivirus. J Virol 75:7086-7096, 2001.
56. Stedman's Medical Dictionary, 27th edn, Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 2000.
57. Takehisa J, Harada Y, Ndembi N, Mboudjeka I, Taniguchi Y, Ngansop C, Kuate S, Zekeng L, Ibuki K, Shimada T, Bikandou B, Yamaguchi-Kabata Y, Miura T, Ikeda M, Ichimura H, Kaptue L, Hayami M: Natural infection of wild-born mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) with two different types of simian immunodeficiency virus. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 17:1143-1154, 2001.
58. Traina-Dorge V, Blanchard J, Martin L, Murphey-Corb M: Immunodeficiency and lymphoproliferative disease in an African green monkey dually infected with SIV and STLV-I. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 8:97-100, 1992.
59. Villinger F, Switzer WM, Parekh BS, Otten RA, Adams D, Shanmugam V, Bostik P, Mayne AE, Chikkala NF, McClure HM, Novembre F, Yao Q, Heneine W, Folks TM, Ansari AA: Induction of long-term protective effects against heterologous challenge in SIVhu-infected macaques. Virology 278:194-206, 2000.
60. Wensing AM, Boucher CA: Worldwide transmission of drug-resistant HIV. AIDS Rev 5:140-155, 2003.
61. WHO: AIDS Epidemic Update: December 2003. Geneva, Switzerland: UNAIDS. http://www.who.int/hiv/pub/epidemiology/epi2003/en/.
62. Yamaguki JY, Devare SG, Brennan CA: Identification of a new HIV-2 subtype based on phylogenetic analysis of full-length genomic sequence. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 16:925-930, 2000.